AP .K. 7 COMMITTEE. Chairman-LORD BROUGHAM, F.R.S., Member of the National Institute of France, Captain Beaufort, R.N., F.R. and R.A.S. Professor Carey, A.M. The Bishop of St. David's. Sir Henry De la Beche, F.R.S. T. F. Ellis, Esq., A.M., F.R.A.S. B. Gompertz, Esq., F.R. and R.A.S. Vice-Chairman-EARL SPENCER. Treasurer-Sir I. L. GOLDSMID, Bart., F.R. and J. T. Graves, Esq., A.M., F.R.S. M. D. Hill, Esq., Q.C. Right Hon. Sir J. C. Hobhouse, Bart., M.P. John G. S. Lefevre, Esq., A.M. Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., M.P. Right Hon. S. Lushington, D.C.L. Cambridge-Rev. Leonard Jenyns, A.M., F.L.S. Rev. Prof. Sedgwick, A.M., F.R.S. & G.S. William Masters, Esq. Carlisle-Thomas Barnes, M.D., F.R.S.E. William Roberts, Esq. Chester Henry Potts, Esq. Edward Strutt, Esq., M.P. Lt. Col. C. Hamilton Smith, F.R.S. LOCAL COMMITTEES. Hitcham, Suffolk-Rev. Professor Henslow, Ripon-Rev. H. P. Hamilton, A.M., F.R.S., G.S. A.M., F.L.S. & G.S. Hull-James Bowden, Esq. Rev. Wm. Shepherd, LL.D. Manchester Local Association- Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bt., Treasurer. Merthyr Tydvil-Sir J. J. Guest, Bart., M.P. T. Sopwith, Esq., F.G.S. Newport, Isle of Wight-Ab. Clarke, Esq. R. G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Wm. Forster, Esq. Rev. P. Ewart, A. M. Ruthin-The Rev. the Warden. Humphreys Jones, Esq. Ryde, Isle of Wight-Sir R. Simeon, Bt. Sheffield-J. H. Abrahams, Esq. Shepton Mallet-G. F. Burroughs, Esq. South Petherton-John Nicholetts, Esq. Sydney, New S. Wales-W. M. Manning, Esq. John Rundle, Esq., M.P. C. H. Hebb, Esq. Wrexham Thomas Edgworth, Esq. John Phillips, Esq, F.R.S., F.G.S. THOMAS COATES, Esq., Secretary, No. 42, Bedford Square. London: Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES and SONS, Stamford Street. nglo-Saxons, fine arts among the, 25 Pple and pear, produce of the, 142 thens, causes of the decline of, 32 ustralian squatters, 456 lalms and Balsams, 119 farbers and surgeons, 87, 91 Baths for the working classes, 395 -, memory of, 24 tle papers at sea, 494 oulogne, Roman lighthouse at, 12 Bridges in the Himalaya Mountains, 275 ule light, atmospheric, 173 nenos Ayres, 177 AMBRIDGE, round church at, 220 apital, distribution of, 156 arat, standard, and sterling, on the Jasts from organized substances, 270 Chalets and pasturages of the Alps, 474 Chapel Royal, St. James's, 321 herry, produce of the, 107 Christ Church, Hampshire, 281 Colonel Gardiner, 353 Colours, harmony of, 60 ookery, English, French notions of, 456 Cornwall, machine at Tresavean Mine, oventry, ancient, 129 DIAMOND, commercial value of the, 214) IBRAHIM Pasha, harem of, 39. -, in the arts, uses of the, 246 Drawing crayons, 264 Drifting sands, plantations on, 114 Dust storms of New South Wales, 427 132 Improvements, public, in 1844, 497 248 Iron, importance of, 395 JEW in Jerusalem, visit to, 368 Kordofan, autumnal custom of, 308 Kuvi, 55 190 Eating fish, effects of, 352 Lapland, Christmas on the frontiers 492 Eton College, Louis Phillippe's visit 501 Fingers, eating with, 411 Florence and the Medici family, 210 Food, preservation of, 496 Funerals, expense of, 94 German life, 312 London and Dover railway, coast line London, public gardens of, 172 Lynmouth and Lynton, 227 2:29 Medallions 'en clichée,' 302 valley of, 216 Port Philip, trees of, 20 RAILWAYS, rambles from: the Mole, Reval, fair at, 120 River Gambia, sleeping fish of, 323 Scotch fishermen, superstitions of, 408 Spaniards, type of the, 20 Standard, sterling, and carat, on the St. David, cathedral of, 433 Sterling, standard, and carat, on the Stock Exchange, the, 29 Straw, pictures and devices in, 183 of Telescopes, reflectors for, 287 Nettles, English and foreign, 392 Germany and America, education in, OCCUPATIONS of the people, changes in, 139 486 Ordnance surveys, English and Irish, 389, 402 Owls, Italian, 315 PALISSY, 151, 155 Paper, rice and straw, 223 Paris, Hotel des Invalides, 265 Timber houses, old English, 89 Toulouse, description of, 21 Turkey, supply of water in, 463 VALHALLA, description of the interior of, 489 Vegetation, power of, 315 Vehicles and travelling on the Conti- Venice, water-carrying girls of, 331 Paris in 1579, description of, by a Ve- Wakes and burials, Irish, 279, 283 netian ambassador, 8 Paris, pavement of, 20 Paris, Punch in, 235 Gum, the sources and uses of, 150 Wandering Jew, the, 144 Warping, fertilization of land by, 221 Water, production of sound under, 13 Winds of New South Wales, 416 Philosophy, practical, in a small way, 11 Wine districts of France, 399, 450; of Pig-killing at Rome, 320 Pix, trial of the, 98 Plait manufacture of Tuscany, 238 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Portugal and Madeira, 431; of Spain, Wood, pictures and devices on, 175 [a, Pontia Cardamines; b, Pieris Crataegi; c, Pontia Rapa; d, Pontia Napi; e, Pontia Brassica; f, Gonopteryx Rhamni; g, Colias Hyale.] CURIOSITIES OF BRITISH NATURAL HISTORY. BUTTERFLIES. IF, having never seen or heard of a butterfly, one were to meet our gaze, as on winnowing wings it danced through the summer air from flower to flower, should we conceive it possible that it had ever been a crawling and voracious worm, and then a torpid being enveloped like a mummy in a case,-whence it sprung forth in newness of life, light-winged, and graceful in every movement, and arrayed with beauty? And though we know this to be the fact, when we look at the sluggish leaf-eating caterpillar, and contrast it with what it will be, when on broad wings it traverses garden and meadow, extracting from the flowers their nectar for food, we feel involuntary emotions of wonder, No. 755. so striking is the contrast. Well might the Greeks, elegant even in their mythology, apply the term Psyche to the soul-and to the butterfly, the latter being the mystical emblem of the former. All know what a caterpillar is,-there are few who are not familiar with the caterpillars of many of the more common butterflies, so destructive to the esculent vegetables of the kitchen-garden; but still some points in their structure and economy may not be so generally understood. The caterpillars of the butterfly tribe have hard horny jaws; a body consisting of segments, to the number of twelve, exclusive of the head. They are furnished with legs of two kinds of these, the first three pairs, attached to the three first segments of the body respectively, are true, or persistent, being the rudiments of the legs of the perfect insect; these are VOL. XIII.-B |