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and his last public utterance was upon the emancipation of British slaves in the West Indies. He died of typhus fever in 1842.

EDWARD EVERETT, born in 1794, at Dorchester near Boston, originally a Unitarian minister, became Governor of Massachusetts, American minister in London (1841-46), and Secretary of State for the United States. His literary fame rested on his Orations and Speeches. He wrote largely for the North American Review, which he edited for four years (1820-24). Everett died in 1865.

RALPH WALDO EMERSON, born in 1803 at Boston, became, after studying at Harvard, minister of a Unitarian church. This connection soon ceasing, he buried himself at Concord, to study and to write. He has spoken to the public principally through lectures, afterwards collected and published. His chief work is Representative Men, embracing strikingly eloquent estimates of Montaigne, Goëthe, Plato, Swedenborg, Shakspere, and Napoleon. He died in 1882.

Supplementary List.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON.-(1757-1804)-island of Nevis-a lawyer and statesman of the Revolution-The Federalist, to which Madison and Jay also contributed. ALEXANDER EVERETT.-(1790-1847)-Boston-elder brother of the oratordiplomatist-Europe; New Ideas on Population; America; Essays. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.-(born 1809)-Cambridge, Massachusetts-Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge-lives now at Boston-Poems; Autocrat at the Breakfast-Table (essays).

MARGARET FULLER.- (1810-1850)- Cambridge, Massachusetts - Marchesa D'Ossoli-Woman in the Nineteenth Century; Summer on the Lakes. HENRY THEODORE TUCKERMAN.-(1813-1871)-Thoughts on the Poets; Characteristics of Literature; Diary of a Dreamer; New England Philosophy.

RUFUS GRISWOLD.-(1815-1857)-Benson, Vermont-Baptist minister-Curiosities of American Literature; Poets and Prose- Writers of America. The Lectures of HENRY REED on English Literature, and of EDWIN WHIPPLE, on Subjects connected with Literature and Life, are fine specimens of criticism. THEODORE PARKER, a Unitarian minister, has written Essays on German Literature and Labour. DANIEL WEBSTER (1782-1852), HENRY CLAY (1777-1852), and JOHN CALHOUN (1782-1850), are the leading names in American oratory. NOAH WEBSTER'S English Dictionary is recognized as an authority in England. In this place may be mentioned the humorists ARTEMUS WARD, MARK TWAIN (S. L. Clemens), and FRANCIS BRET HARTE.

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SCIENTIFIC WRITERS.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, born in 1706 at Boston, began life as a printer's boy. Steadily he rose by native genius, conjoined with industry and prudence, to a foremost place among his countrymen. Poor Richard's Almanac, a repertory of Proverbial Philosophy for the poor, begun in 1732, lasted for twenty-five years. This collection is otherwise known as The Way to Wealth. He won great fame by his scientific researches, especially into the laws of Electricity, the results of which are embodied in various letters and papers. He wrote also numerous Essays, Historical, Political, and Commercial, and an Autobiography of great value. His Letters, too, have been published. In all the great political movements of the Revolution he took a leading share; but the crown of his statesmanship was won when, as Minister Plenipotentiary at the court of France, whither he went in 1776, he secured the aid of French bayonets and cannon for the struggling Americans. He died in 1790.

Supplementary List.

JOHN JAMES AUDUBON.—(1780-1851)—son of a French admiral settled in Louisiana-travelled much-Birds of America.

HENRY CAREY.(born 1793)-Philadelphia—a publisher-The Credit System; Past, Present, and Future; Harmony of Interests; The Slave Trade. ORVILLE DEWEY.-(born 1794)-Sheffield, Massachusetts-Unitarian ministerMoral Views of Commerce, Society, and Politics; The Old World and the New.

MATTHEW F. MAURY.-(1806-1873)-Virginia-captain in United States NavyPhysical Geography of the Sea.

THEOLOGIANS AND SCHOLARS.

JONATHAN EDWARDS, born in 1703, at East Windsor in Connecticut, ranks highest among American divines. He was licensed as a Congregationalist minister in 1722. The honourable office of President in the College of New Jersey, Princeton, was conferred on him in 1757, but in the following year he died of small pox. His principal work, The Freedom of the Will, is a master-piece of

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AMERICAN LITERATURE.

metaphysical reasoning. Treatises from his pen upon The History of Redemption, True Virtue, God's Chief End in the Creation, Original Sin, and the Religious Affections, also display great power of thought, "warm piety, and profound acquaintance with the Scriptures.

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Supplementary List.

JOHN WITHERSPOON.-(1722-1791)-Scotland-President of Princeton CollegeEcclesiastical Characteristics.

TIMOTHY DWIGHT.-(1752-1817)-Northampton, Massachusetts-Congregational minister, army chaplain, President of Yale College (1795-1817)-History, Eloquence, and Poetry of the Bible; Theology Explained and Defended (chief work); Poems.

CHARLES HODGE.-(1797-1878)-Philadelphia-Professor of Biblical Literature at Princeton-Commentaries on Romans, Ephesians, First Corinthians; Systematic Theology; History of the Presbyterian Church in the States. ALBERT BARNES.-(1798-1870)-Philadelphia-Presbyterian minister-Notes on the Gospels and other Commentaries.

JOSEPH ADDISON ALEXANDER.-(1809-1860)-Philadelphia-Professor in Princeton College-chief works upon Isaiah and the Psalms-associated with Dr. Hodge in a Commentary on the New Testament.

HENRY WARD BEECHER.-(born 1813)-Litchfield, Connecticut-Congregationalist minister-brother of Mrs. Stowe-Lectures; Star Papers; Life-Thoughts.

TRAVELLERS.

JOHN LLOYD STEPHENS, born in New Jersey in 1805, published in 1836-37 Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, Yucatan, and Central America. Italy, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Germany, and France came also within the limit of his wanderings. Overtasking his strength in surveying the Isthmus of Panama with a view to the connection of the oceans by a railway, he died in 1852, at the age of forty-seven.

EDWARD ROBINSON, born in 1794, at Southington in Connecticut, before entering on his duties as Professor of Biblical Literature in the Union Theological Seminary at New York, spent two years in the Holy Land and the surrounding countries, which on his return he described in Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petræa (1841). This learned and valuable work obtained for him the gold medal of the Geographical Society.

AMERICAN LITERATURE.

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Among American travellers of the last century, we may name Joнn Bartram (1701-1777), who described East Florida; JOHN WOOLMAN (1720–1772), a Quaker, in whose Journal of a Tour in England Charles Lamb delighted; JONAthan Carver (1732-1780), who explored the interior of North America, trying to reach the Pacific; and JOHN Ledyard (1751-1789), who travelled both in frozen Siberia and burning Africa, dying at Cairo.

TIMOTHY FLINT, the novelist (1780–1840) contributed to this branch of American literature The Geography and History of the Mississippi Valley-HENRY SCHOOLCRAFT (born 1793), Tours in Missouri, Arkansas, and the Copper Region of Lake Superior, besides various important works upon the Red Race in America and CHARLES WILKES, of the United States Navy, A Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, giving an account of travels in Chili, Peru, and the South Seas.

CALEB CUSHING's Reminiscences of Spain; GEORGE CHEEVER's Pilgrim in the Shadow of Mont Blanc and Pilgrim in the Shadow of the Jungfrau; BAYARD TAYLOR's Sketches in the East; J. T. HEADLEY's Letters from Italy, the Alps, and the Rhine, are among the most readable books of late American travel.

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