NOTE X.-In prose, the use of adjectives for adverbs, is im proper: as, "He writes elegant;"-say, "elegantly."

OBS. 1.-In poetry, an adjective relating to the noun or pronoun, is some times elegantly used in stead of an adverb qualifying the verb or participle; as, "To thee I bend the knee; to thee my thoughts

Continual climb."-Thomson.

Ons. 2.-In order to determine, in difficult cases, whether an adjective or an adverb is required, the learner should carefully attend to the definitions of these parts of speech, and consider whether, in the case in question, qual ity or manner is to be expressed: if the former, an adjective is proper; if the latter, un adverb. The following examples will illustrate this point: "She looks cold-she looks coldly on him."-" I sat silent;-I sat silently musing."-"Stand firm;-maintain your cause firmly."

NOTE XI.-The pronoun them should never be used as an adjective in lieu of those: say, "I bought those books,"-not, "them books." This is a vulgar error.

NOTE XII. When the pronominal adjectives, this and that, or these and those, are contrasted; this or these should represent the latter of the antecedent terms, and that or those, the former;

as,

"And, reason raise o'er instinct as you can,

In this 'tis God directs, in that 'tis man."-Pope. 'Farewell my friends! farewell my foes!

My peace with these, my love with those!"-Burns.

NOTE XIII. The pronominal adjectives each, one, either, and neither, are always in the third person singular; and, when they are the leading words in their clauses, they require verbs and pronouns, to agree with them accordingly: as, “Each of you is entitled to his share."-" Let no one deceive himself."

NOTE XIV. The pronominal adjectives either and neither relate to two things only; when more are referred to, any and none should be used in stead of them: as, "Any of the three;" -not, "Either of the three."—"None of the four ;"—not, “Nei ther of the four."

NOTE XV.-Participial adjectives retain the termination, but not the government, of participles; when, therefore, they are followed by the objective case, a preposition must be inserted to govern it: as, "The man who is most sparing of his words, is generally most deserving of attention."

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE IV.-ADJECTIVES.

Examples under Note 1.-Of Agreement.

Those sort of people you will find to be troublesome.

[FORMULE.-Not proper, because the adjective those is in the plural number, and does not agree with its noun sort, which is singular. But, according to Note 1st under Rule 4th, "Adjectives that imply unity or plurality, must agree with their nouns in number." Therefore, those should be that; thus, That sort of people you will find to be troublesome.]

Things of these sort are easily understood.

Who broke that tongs?

Where did I drop this scissors?

Bring out that oats.

Extinguish that embers.

I disregard this minutiæ.

Those kind of injuries we need not fear.

What was the height of those gallows which Haman erected}

Under Note 2.-Of Fixed Numbers.

We rode about ten mile an hour.

"Tis for a thousand pound.-Cowper.

How deep is the water? About six fathom.
The lot is twenty-five foot wide.

I have bought eight load of wood.

Under Note 3.-Of Reciprocals.

Two negatives in English destroy one another.-Lowth.
That the heathens tolerated each other, is allowed.
David and Jonathan loved one an other tenderly.
Words are derived from each other in various ways.
Teachers like to see their pupils polite to each other.
The Graces always hold the one the other by the hand.
Under Note 4.-Of Degrees.

He chose the latter of these three.

Trissyllables are often accented on the former syllable.
Which are the two more remarkable isthmuses in the world}

Under Note 5.-Of Comparatives.

The Scriptures are more valuable than any writings. The Russian empire is more extensive than any government in the world.

Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age.--Gen., xxxvii, 3.

Under Note 6.-Of Superlatives.

Of all other ill habits idleness is the most incorrigible.

Eve was the fairest of all her daughters.

Hope is the most constant of all the other passions.

Under Note 7.-Extra Comparisons.

That opinion is too universal to be easily corrected.
Virtue confers the supremest dignity upon man.

How much more are ye better than the fowls!-Luke, xii,

Do not thou hasten above the Most Highest.-Esdras, iv.
This was the most unkindest cut of all.-Shakspeare.

The waters are more sooner and harder frozen.— Verstegan. A more healthier place cannot be found.

The best and the most wisest men often meet with discourage

ments.

Under Note 8.-Adjectives Connected.

He showed us a more agreeable and easier way.

This was the most convincing and plainest argument.
Some of the most moderate and wisest of the senators.
This is an honourable and ancient fraternity.

There vice shall meet an irrevocable and fatal doom.

Under Note 9.-Adjectives Prefixed.

He is a young industrious man.

She has a new elegant house.

The two first classes have read.

The oldest two sons have removed to the westward.
England had not seen such an other king.—Goldsmith.

Under Note 10.-Adjectives for Adverbs.

She reads well and writes neat.

He was extreme prodigal.

They went, conformable to their engagement.
He speaks very fluent, and reasons justly.
The deepest streams run the most silent.
These appear to be finished the neatest.
He was scarce gone when you arrived.
I am exceeding sorry to hear of
your
The work was uncommon well executed.
This is not such a large cargo as the last.
Thou knowst what a good horse mine is.
I cannot think so mean of him.

He acted much wiser than the others.

misfortunes,

Under Note 11.-Them for Those.

I bought them books at a very low price.
Go and tell them boys to be still.

I have several copies: thou art welcome to them two,
Which of them three men is the most useful?

Under Note 12.-This and That.

Hope is as strong an incentive to action, as fear; this is the anticipation of good, that of evil.

The poor want some advantages which the rich enjoy; but we should not therefore account those happy, and these miserable. Memory and forecast just returns engage,

This pointing back to youth, that on to age,

Under Note 13.-Each, One, &c.

Let each of them be heard in their turn.

On the Lord's day every one of us Christians keep the sab bath.-Irenæus.

Are either of these men known?

No: neither of them have any connexions here.

Under Note 14.-Either and Neither.

Did either of the company stop to assist you?
Here are six; but neither of them will answer.

Under Note 15.-Participial Adjectives.

Some crimes are thought deserving death.

Rudeness of speech is very unbecoming a gentleman.
To eat with unwashen hands, was disgusting a Jew.
Leave then thy joys, unsuiting such an age,
To a fresh comer, and resign the stage.-Dryden.

RULE V.-PRONOUNS.

A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent, or the noun or pronoun which it represents, in person, number, and gender: as, "This is the friend of whom I spoke; he has just arrived."-"This is the book which I bought; it is an excellent work."-" Ye, therefore, who love mercy, teach your sons to love it too."-Cowper.

EXCEPTION FIRST.

When a pronoun stands for some person or thing indefinite or unknown to the speaker, this rule is not strictly applicable; because the person, number, and gender, are rather assumed than regulated by an antecedent: as, "I do not care who knows it."-Steele. "Who touched me? Tell me who it was."

EXCEPTION SECOND,

The neuter pronoun it may be applied to a young child, or to other crea tures masculine or feminine by nature, when they are not obviously distinguishable with regard to sex; as, "Which is the real friend to the child, the person who gives it the sweetmeats, or the person who, considering only its health, resists its importunities?"-Opie. "He loads the animal, he is show ing me, with so many trappings and collars, that I cannot distinctly view it."-Murray. "The nightingale sings most sweetly when it sings in the night."-Burke.

EXCEPTION THIRD.

The pronoun it is often used without a definite reference to any antece

dent, and is sometimes a mere expletive; as, "Whether she grapple it with the pride of philosophy."-Chalmers.

"Come, and trip it as you go

On the light fantastic toe."-Milton,

EXCEPTION FOURTH.

A singular antecedent with the adjective many, sometimes admits a pronoun, but never in the same clause; as,

"In Hawick twinkled many a light,

Behind him soon they set in night."-W. Scott.

EXCEPTION FIFTH.

When a plural pronoun is put by enallage for the singular, it does not agree with its noun in number, because it still requires a plural verb; as, "We [Lindley Murray] have followed those authors."-Murray's Gram., 8vo, "We shall close our remarks on this subiect,"Ib, "My lord, you p. 29. know I love you."-Shakspeare.

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE V.

OBS. 1.-The pronoun we is used by the speaker to represent himself and others, and is therefore plural. But it is sometimes used, by a sort of fiction, in stead of the singular, to intimate that the speaker is not alone in his opinions. Monarchs sometimes join it to a singular noun; as, "We Alexander, Autocrat of all the Russias." They also employ the compound ourself, which is not used by other people.

OBS. 2.-The pronoun you, though originally and properly plural, is now generally applied alike to one person or to more. [See Obs. 2d, page 71.] This usage, however it may seem to involve a solecism, is established by that authority against which the mere grammarian has scarcely a right to remonstrate. We do not, however, think it necessary or advisable, to encumber the conjugations, as some have done, by introducing this pronoun and the corresponding form of the verb, as singular. It is manifestly better to say that the plural is used for the singular, by the figure Encllage. This change has introduced the compound yourself, which is used in stead of thyself.

OBS. 3.-The general usage of the French is like that of the English, you for thou; but Spanish, Portuguese, and German politeness requires that the third person be substituted for the second. And, when they would be very courteous, the Germans use also the plural for the singular, as they for thou. Thus they have a fourfold method of addressing a person: as, they, denoting the highest degree of respect; he, a less degree; you, a degree still less; and thou, none at all, or absolute reproach. Yet, even among them, the last is used as a term of endearment to children, and of veneration to God!

OBS 4.-Such perversions of the original and proper use of language, are doubtless matters of considerable moment. These changes in the use of the pronouns being evidently a sort of complimentary fictions, some have made it a matter of conscience to abstain from them, and have published their reasons for so doing. But the moral objections which may lie against such or any other applications of words, do not come within the grammarian's province. Let every one consider for himself the moral bearing of what he atters. [See Matthew, xii, 36 and 37.]

OBS. 5.-When a pronoun represents the name of an inanimate object personified, it agrees with its antecedent in the figurative, and not in the literal sense; [See the figure Syllepsis, in PART IV ;] as,

"Penance dreams her life away."-Rogers.

"Grim Darkness furls his leaden shroud."-Id.

Op. 6. When the antecedent is applied metaphorically, the pronoun agrees with it in its literal, and not in its figurative sense; as, "Pitt was the pillar which upheld the state."-" The monarch. of mountains rears his snowy head." [See Figures, in PART IV.]