1658.-Pierre Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouart Groseilliers, brothers-in-law and fur-traders, pass through the Straits of Mackinac on their way to Green Bay.

1660.-Father Réné Ménard accompanies Groseilliers on the furtrader's return to Lake Superior, and attempts to found a mission on Keweenaw Bay.

1665.-Nicolas Perrot, explorer and voyageur, passes through the Straits of Mackinac to Green Bay.

1665.-Father Claude Jean Allouez succeeds to the work of Father Ménard, founding a mission on Chequamegon Bay. He was the first Jesuit missionary known to have visited the Straits of Mackinac.

1669.-Father Dablon, Superior of the Ottawa Mission, builds at the Sault the first church erected on the soil of Michigan. 1669.-Father Jacques Marquette succeeds Allouez at Chequamegon, the latter going to Green Bay.

1670.-Hudson's Bay Company founded.

1670. Earliest known mention of the "Island named Michilimackinack,” in a letter from Father Allouez to his Superior, Father Claude Dablon.

1670-71.-Father Dablon spends the winter among the Huron

Indians on Mackinac Island, making the beginning of the
Mission of St. Ignatius.

1671.-Father Marquette, this summer, follows the Hurons from

Chequamegon, to their earlier refuge on Mackinac Island. 1671.-Indian treaty concluded at the Sault, by St. Lusson, transferring vast lands, including the Mackinac country, to France. Present at this treaty were Fathers Allouez, Dablon, Druillettes, André, and the explorers Perrot and Joliet. Father Marquette arrives after the ceremony is completed.

1671.-Summer. Father Marquette transfers his activities from Mackinac Island to Point Iroquois and founds there the Mission of St. Ignatius.

1671 (Autumn). "The Ottawas of Manitoulin, on the war-path against the Sioux, arrive with a large supply of arms and ammunition lately obtained in Montreal. Joined by the Hurons of the new settlement,-and-on Green Bay-by

the Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, they march through northern Wisconsin-a well-armed body of a thousand warriors and confidently attack the Sioux in the St. Croix Valley. Utterly defeated, they retreat through the snowcovered woods, amidst sufferings and privations that lead to acts of cannibalism. The heavy loss sustained by the Hurons, who bravely covered the rear, accounts for the diminished numbers of the tribe, as stated by Marquette." (Kelton's Annals of Fort Mackinac.)

1672.-The Hurons build their fortified village on East Moran Bay.

1672 (Dec. 8).-Louis Joliet, educated as a Jesuit but now an explorer, arrives at the Mission of St. Ignace to join Father Marquette on an exploring expedition to the Mississippi.

1673 (May 17).—Marquette and Joliet leave St. Ignace and the Mackinac country and seek the Mississippi by way of Green Bay.

1673 (June 17).—Marquette and Joliet discover the upper course of the Mississippi at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. 1673.-Father Philippe Pierson succeeds Marquette at St. Ignace. 1673-4.-A large body of Ottawas and other Algonquins, prin

cipally Kiskakons, coming from Manitoulin and the opposite shore, settle near Rabbit's Back. Father Henry Nouvel, Superior of the Ottawa Mission, takes charge of them.

1674.-Marquette again visits the Mississippi.

1674.-Ottawas from Great Manitoulin settle at the St. Ignace Mission.

1674-5.-The second and permanent church of St. Ignatius and the Jesuits' residence are built at the side of the Huron village.

1675 (May 18).-Father Marquette dies on the shore of Lake Michigan, near the mouth of Marquette River.

1675 November 8th.-Father Nouvel, with two French companions, starts on a journey to Saginaw Bay, being the first missionary to explore lower Michigan.

1677 (June).-Ottawa and Iroquois Indians, in thirty canoes, bear the remains of Father Marquette to St. Ignace. On June 9, lying in a box of birch-bark, his bones are lowered into a small vault in the middle of the Mission church. 1677 (October).-Father Enjalran arrives at St. Ignace to assist Father Nouvel in the Ottawa Mission.

1677-8.-Father Nouvel builds the chapel of St. Francis Borgia, between Rabbit's Back and Gros Cap.

1678.-Duluth, a distinguished leader of the coureurs de bois, after whom Duluth, Minnesota, is named, passes through the Straits of Mackinac on a fur-trading expedition. He was a frequent visitor at St. Ignace.

1678. The fur-trade begins to assume importance, a fort having been built and garrisoned at Point St. Ignace.

1679 (Aug. 27).—The Griffin, the first vessel to sail the Great Lakes, arrives at St. Ignace, bearing La Salle, Henri de Tonti, Father Hennepin and others. Later in that year the vessel, laden with furs, was lost on the Great Lakes, supposedly in a storm.

1681.-Villeraye commandant at St. Ignace, 1681-84. 1680-81.-Duluth and Hennepin winter at Michilimackinac (St. Ignace).

1682.-La Salle reaches the mouth of the Mississippi.

1683.-Durantaye commandant at Michilimackinac, a position which he held until 1690.

1683.-Temporary distress among the Mackinac fur-traders caused by the hostile Iroquois' cutting off communication with Montreal.

1684.-Duluth temporarily in command of the fort at St. Ignace. 1684.-Durantaye, Duluth, and Perrot set out from St. Ignace to

join De La Barre's expedition against the Iroquois. Valtrie in command at the fort during their absence. 1685.-Michilimackinac made the military centre of the Northwest, the commandant being invested with authority over all the French in the Mackinac country.

1686.-Growing disaffection of the Indians from the French, fostered by the English to further the English trade.

1687.-Possible Indian massacre at Michilimackinac forestalled by Durantaye's victory over the Iroquois near Niagara, which discourages the Mackinac Indians from further disaffection.

1687.-La Salle murdered by one of his followers somewhere in the present State of Texas.

1688.-Baron Lahontan makes a visit to St. Ignace, which he describes in his Voyages.

1689. First of the French and Indian Wars (King William's War) breaks out. Grew out of the War of the Palatinate in Europe. Closed by the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697. 1690.-Louvigny commandant of the fort at St. Ignace, 16901694.

1690.-Possible Indian massacre at Michilimackinac forestalled by the arrival of Louvigny with reinforcements.

1690.-Nicolas Perrot arrives at St. Ignace, commissioned to

dissuade the Indians of the Mackinac country from a contemplated alliance with the English and the Iroquois. 1692.-Mackinac Indians co-operate in driving the Iroquois from the St. Lawrence.

1693.-Two hundred canoes freighted with beaver skins, accompanied from Michilimackinac to Montreal by the principal chiefs of the western tribes, who return with renewed confidence in the French.

1694.-Antoine de la Mothe-Cadillac commandant of the fort at St. Ignace, 1694-1701.

1695.-Mackinac Indians aid Frontenac against the Iroquois. 1695.-Cadillac defeats the execution of a treaty made by Le Baron, a Huron chief, with the Iroquois.

1697.-Cadillac arrives at Montreal with Frenchmen and Indians, to aid in the war against England.

1700.-Mission church at St. Ignace destroyed by fire. 1700-1701.-Peace concluded between the French and the Iroquois. Death of the Rat, Huron chief, at Montreal. 1701.-Cadillac removes the garrison from the fort at St. Ignace to Detroit, founded in that year. He is followed by large numbers of the Hurons.

1702.-Beginning of Queen Anne's War, known in Europe as the War of the Spanish Succession. Closed by the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713.

1705.-The Jesuits abandon the Mission at St. Ignace and return to Quebec.

1706-1742.-At some time between these years, the fort and mission at St. Ignace were re-established on the south side of the Straits near the present site of Mackinaw City. ?-1706.-Father Stephen de Carheil priest at St. Ignace. ?-1706.-Father Joseph Marest priest at St. Ignace.

1721.-Father Charlevoix visits the Straits of Mackinac and neighbouring shores and islands, including Mackinac Island, which he describes in his Journal.

1728.-De Lignery's expedition arrives at Michilimackinac. 1744.-Beginning of King George's War, known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succession. Closed by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748.

1754.-Outbreak of the French and Indian War; reflected in the Seven Years' War, begun in Europe in 1756. Closed by the Treaty of Paris, 1763.

1759.-Quebec captured from the French by the English under General Wolfe, paving the way for the downfall of French power in America.

1760 (October).-Fort at Old Mackinaw evacuated by the French. 1761 (Autumn).-Captain George Etherington arrives with English troops to garrison the fort at Old Mackinaw. Etherington remained in command until the massacre of 1763. 1763.-Treaty of Paris between France and England, by which the Mackinac country, with the rest of the French possessions in America passes to the British.

1763.-Massacre of the English at Old Mackinaw by the Ojibway Indians. This expression of hostility to the new-comers was a part of Pontiac's wide-spread conspiracy against the English.

1765.-Major Robert Rogers, the famous ranger, takes command

of the fort at Old Mackinaw, which he holds until 1768, when he is accused of conspiring to sack the fort and deliver over the post to the Spanish.