of a subject and a predicate. In the example, "I have a book," the thought is complete. In the example, "If I go," it is incomplete; both are propositions.

Fred, do you like the boys in school?

P. I like the boys who study.

T. Read the first proposition.

P. "I like the boys."

T. That is right: why is that a proposition?

P. Because it is the union of a subject and a predi

cate.

T. What kind of a proposition is it?

P. A single proposition, because it expresses complete

sense.

T. Do the words "who study" make sense?

P. They do not, if used alone, but with the other proposition they assist to complete the sense.

T. That is right. Are the words "who study" a proposition?

P. They are; because they form the union of a subject and predicate. A proposition by itself may or may not form a sentence.

Do

T. What is such a proposition as "who study ", called? you know?

P. It is called the second proposition,

T. You might call it that, but it would not be definite: we will call it a clause, as it performs different offices.

In the sentence "I like the boys who study," which do you think is the principal proposition?

P. "I like the boys."

T. Why do you think that is the principal ?

P. Because it is that which expresses the leading thought.

T. That is right. Let us all repeat that.

That which expresses the leading thought is the Leading Proposition.

P. And what of the words "who study"?

T. Do they make complete sense?

P. They do not; they seem to have something to do with the principal proposition.

T. That is right, John. They tell the kind of boys. We may call them the "study boys". It is not the principal proposition. What shall we call it? In a regiment we have principal officers and-[Fred answers "subordinate ".] That is right, Fred. As the words "who study" modify the principal proposition we will call them a subordinate clause. Now, what is a subordinate clause ?

P. The clause that modifies the principal proposition is a Subordinate Clause.

T. You may all repeat it slowly; so you see that subordinate parts or elements are those that belong to other elements. They are called subordinate because they are under in order, or importance.

Now, let us find another kind of proposition. I see two boys in the park. Tell their names.

P. Charles and Frank.

7. What are they doing?

P. Charles runs and Frank walks.
(Teacher writes answer at the board.)
T. Read the first proposition.

P. Charles runs.

T. Read the secona proposition.

P. Frank walks.

T. Does the last proposition belong to any word in the first ?

P. It does not.

T. Does the first proposition belong to any word in the second?

P. It does not.

T. Does the first proposition express a complete thought in itself?

P. It does.

T. Does the second proposition express a complete thought in itself?

P. It does.

T. Since each proposition expresses a thought by itself, meaning that it is not dependent, what shall we call it? I will tell you. We call the propositions Coordinate. It means that the propositions are of equal rank. We will now repeat:

Propositions of equal rank or order are called Coordinate.

T. A sentence composed of one proposition is called aSimple Sentence; a sentence composed of a principal and one or more subordinate propositions, is called a Complex Sentence; a sentence composed of two or more co-ordinate propositions is called a Compound Sentence.

The teacher should not leave this division until the pupils can bring into the recitation written examples of all the different sentences. He should also require the pupils to analyze the sentences.

Review

1. A proposition is the union of a subject and a predicate.

2. A proposition by itself may or may not form a

sentence.

3. A single proposition is a sentence when it expresses a complete thought.

4. A proposition may form an element of a sentence; it is then called a clause.

5. The principal proposition of a sentence is that which expresses the leading thought.

6. A subordinate proposition is one that modifies the principal.

7. Co-ordinate propositions are those of equal rank in the same sentence.

8. A simple sentence is one composed of but one proposition.

9. A complex sentence is one composed of a principal and one or more subordinate propositions.

10. A compound sentence is one composed of two or more co-ordinate propositions.

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES AND THEIR ELEMENTS

3000 Grammar Questions, with Answers, based on Brown's Grammar, with cross references to the grammars of Murray, Greene, Clark, Kerl, Quackenbos, Weld & Quackenbos, Hall, Fowler, Swinton, Reed & Kellogg, and Whitney. By HENRY KIDDLE, formerly Sup't of Schools, New York city.

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Exercises in English Syntax. By A. G. BUGBEE, 16mo, pp. 81 35 cts. Key 35 cts.