then the poverty of the people that the sums contributed were necessarily small. Connecticut gave annually the value of a peck of wheat for every family. In Massachusetts they gave what they could best spare. With some it was a cow or sheep or corn or salt; with others a piece of cloth or silver plate, a tankard, goblet, or some other treasured heirloom of the family.

As already stated, the general court had at the outset voted £400 towards the establishment of the college, but Quincy says that this sum was never specifically paid. In lieu of this, it gave, in 1640 and following years, the income of the ferry between Charlestown and Boston, and at a later date (1659) an annual grant, at first of £100 and afterwards of £150, for the support of the president, but it is said that during this period, and until the opening of the eighteenth century, the college received no grants or donations from the general court towards the erection of its buildings or the increase of its funds. These came wholly from the benefactions of private individuals. All the available receipts of the college, from all sources, during the first 18 years after it was founded "certainly did not exceed £1,400, and probably were less than £1,000." This had been expended in erecting and repairing the college building, and in providing for current expenses. In 1655, as appears by the report presented to the general court by the corporation and overseers, the real revenue of the college was about £12 sterling a year, besides £15 sterling received from scholarships. In this report it is stated that there is "nothing under their hands which they can make use of, either for the payment of debts or for the repairing of the college." In 1669, a new college building of brick, "fair and stately,"1 was erected, costing nearly £3,000, of which sum Boston gave £800, and Salem, Portsmouth, Hull, and other towns very liberally. Even the remote little town of Scarborough, Me., gave "two pounds, nine shillings and six pence." In all, besides private contributions, 44 towns, mostly in Massachusetts, sent in their quota in order to complete this building fund. From 1654 to 1700, the different sums given to the college in money or commodities amounted to a little more than £6,000 sterling. In lands, during the same period, some 2,000 acres were given, which in time became valuable. Besides this (in addition to the library of Harvard, of which the catalogue, still existing, in the handwriting of President Dunster, contains a list of 320 volumes) the magistrates gave books valued at £200, and rare contributions were made by the clergy and others, and among these were gifts from English friends. Though some of the early records have been destroyed, there are fortunately enough remaining to give a very accurate idea of the kind and amount of the benefactions made to the college. Besides these, a record was kept of the money raised by taxation, and how the several amounts were expended for college buildings, repairs, and the like. The popular understanding always was that John Harvard's estate amounted to Harvard Hall, destroyed in 1764.

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nearly £1,600, and his .egacy is stated to have been £779 17s 2d. Still, there is no record to show that the college ever received more than £395 38. Mr. Savage, the historian of Massachusetts, has suggested that a part of Harvard's property was in England, where, on account of the distracted state of the time, the administrators may have been unable to obtain it.

The poverty of the college during the seventeenth century is well shown by an act of the corporation in April, 1695, when it was "voted that six leather chairs be forthwith provided for the use of the library, and six more before the commencement, in case the treasury will allow of it." During President Leverett's administration, the financial condition of the college was greatly improved. The long contest over the provision in the will of Governor Hopkins of the Connecticut Colony, namely, "for the upholding and promoting the kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ in those parts of the earth," and for the "breeding up hopeful youth both at the grammar school and college for the public service of the country in future times," to which the heirs had opposed obstacles, was settled by a decree in chancery, in 1712. According to this decree, the amount of the legacy and interest from the death of Mrs. Hopkins, in 1699, in all, £800, was to be paid "in trust for the benefit of Harvard College and the grammar school at Cambridge." This legacy was paid in 1714, and the money vested in a board of trustees, who purchased with it an extensive and valuable tract of land and gave to it the name of Hopkinton. At nearly the same time (1713) the college received the amount which had been borrowed by the colonial treasury more than 60 years before. At that date (1647 or earlier), the Massachusetts Colony had received donations for the college, both from friends at home and in England, amounting in the aggregate to some £300 sterling. Being in need of funds, they had retained the money, paying therefor 9 per cent. interest for many years, and afterwards 6 per cent.

It was during the period of which we have been speaking that the number of students increased so rapidly that the college dormitory could no longer accommodate all of them, and lodgings had to be sought in town. Accordingly, the friends of the college turned to the general court for help, and their petition being indorsed and repeatedly pressed upon the attention of that body by the royal governor (Shute), the result was seen, in 1720, in Massachusetts Hall, a fine college edifice, costing the province about £3,500 in currency. Originally it was to have been only 50 feet in length, but the design was afterwards enlarged to 100 feet. Thus, with Harvard, Stoughton, and Massachusetts Halls, the college had attained to the dignity of a quadrangle, after the manner of the English universities.

During President Wadsworth's incumbency (1725-1737) benefactions, from home and abroad, in money, books, silver plate, apparatus, and the like, were being constantly received. To these the general

court added £1,700. It has been complained that the college received comparatively little help from the legislature. Of the first 70 years this appears to be true, but it is not true of a like period following. Among other acts it voted in 1725 the sum of £1,000 to build a new house for the president, and also increased his salary, though such was the depreciation of the currency that the salary paid rarely equaled in value £150 English money. Excepting Harvard and Stoughton Halls and Holden Chapel the charge of the college buildings was also borne by the colonial government. The library, however, which was rebuilt after the fire of 1764, grew largely out of donations made by private individuals. The total grants made to the college during its first century by the legislature of the Massachusetts colony amounted to about £8,000, but a large portion of this was voted to pay the annual salary of the president and other current expenses. From all other sources, mostly from private individuals, the college received during the same period over £22,000. These sums in reality represent values ten or even fifty-fold greater than the same amounts would to-day. The liberality of the general court, as also that of the people, to Harvard College should be gratefully acknowledged. The influence of this liberality has been felt during all the subsequent periods of New England history. President Walker said, in 1859, that almost all of the funded and productive property of the college was the accumulation of donations by private individuals since the present century began. The same is as true to-day. We are not, however, to infer that the people of this century are necessarily more liberal, but rather that they have larger means.

There was another source of income to the college that we have omitted to name. From the beginning the students were required to pay a stated amount for tuition. How much it was at first we do not know. We know simply that it was paid in various commodities, grain being then "a legal tender for the payment of debts." When the new code of laws was framed in 1734 it was made obligatory upon every student before being admitted to the college to pay £5 to the steward to defray "his future college charge," and to give a bond of £40 that he would pay college dues quarterly as they were charged in the “quarterly bills."

Harvard College had, during its first century, some devoted friends, who should always be remembered in its history, as they stand preëminent, not alone for their benefactions, but also, and perhaps much more,

A debit and credit account was kept by the steward with each member of the college. Undergraduates were charged for “commons and sizings,” tuition, “gallery"-probably a seat in the church-study-rent, "bed-making," and "fire and candle." A few payments were made in silver, but the greater part were commodities carried out as so much money, such as "a sheep weighing 67 pounds equals £1 18.," "2 bushel of wheat " 8 shillings, ete.

Quarter days.—(1) Lady day, March 25; (2) Midsummer day, June 24; Michaelmas day, September 19; and Christmas day, December 25.-(Brande.)

for their unceasing interest in all that pertained to its welfare. These were men like Chief Justice Sewall, Thomas and William Brattle, Treasurer Danforth, Joseph Dudley, Justice Walley, of the supreme court, the Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, and Thomas Hollis. Other names will be recalled, like that of William Stoughton, lieutenant-governor of the province and chief justice in the "Salem delusion" trials, who gave £1,000 in 1698 for the erection of Stoughton Hall; John Winthrop, the Saltonstalls, father and son, whose views of civil and religious liberty were in advance of their age; Robert Keyne, Edward Hopkins, Israel Stoughton, father of William; Henry Webb, William Brown, John Bulkley, and, across the water, Robert Thorner, whose donation turned Mr. Hollis's thoughts toward Harvard College; the Rev. Theophilus Gale, who gave his valuable library; Matthew Holworthy, a merchant of Hackney, in the county of Middlesex, England, whose bequest was the largest gift in money (£1,000 sterling) made to the college during the seventeenth century; and Dr. John Lightfoot, the eminent English divine and oriental scholar, who, at his death in Ely, December 6, 1675, bequeathed to Harvard College "his whole library, containing the Targums, Talmuds, Rabbins, Polyglot, and other valuable tracts relative to oriental literature." Of this collection only incidental mention is made in the account of the loss of the college library by fire in 1764, but its destruction must have been considered a very serious disaster by the friends of the college. Worthy to rank with these generous donors are also the names of many educated women who at a very early period began their benefactions to the college, and continued them until after the close of the colonial era.

But among all the generous friends of the college there was none whose name is so worthy to be placed upon the same scroll with Harvard as Thomas Hollis. As a citizen of another land and a believer in another theology from that held by the founders of the college, his unselfish and Christian catholicity of spirit make him a unique figure among all the benefactors of his age. Pure philanthropy found in him one of its fairest exponents-men who so rarely bless our world that we are apt to look upon them as phenomena. From 1719 until his death in 1731 he seems to have regarded the college somewhat as a father might a favorite child. His interest in it was "general, constant, and unswerving." He was specially desirous that a good library should be provided for it. To this end he was ever searching in the bookstalls of London for choice and costly books to send out to New England. He it was who first suggested the need of a catalogue of the books in the library, a suggestion that was at once approved and acted upon by the corporation. In addition to the divinity professorship, Mr. Hollis, in 1726, founded the professorship of mathematics and natural philosophy, and gave for it what was thought to be a liberal endowment for the time. Besides, with remittances made by him and in accordance with his directions ten scholarships were established for poor scholars, yielding

each £10 a year in Massachusetts currency, or a little more than £3, English sterling. At his death he had contributed in various ways nearly £6,000, Massachusetts currency, besides many valuable books. For years thereafter his heirs, in the same generous spirit, continued by an "ever-flowing fountain" of princely giving to keep fresh in the hearts of all lovers of Harvard College the name of Hollis. The generosity of Thomas Hollis was also of great service to the college in later times by putting it into the hearts of the successful merchants of Boston and other cities to emulate his example.

But a Hollis, a Holworthy, and others we have named by no means exhaust the list of England's benefactors to Harvard College during the first century. Gifts flowed from England in a constant stream from the origin of the institution to a period subsequent to the Revolutionary war. These acts should be gratefully remembered in New England, as they were evidently void of all personal interest, being prompted simply by a love of learning, religion, and freedom.