blows applied outside with a hammer; the instrument was liable to be bent or broken, and the urethra and bladder to be wounded by it or the fragments of the stone. The instrument now used is composed of two sliding blades, introduced in the shape and after the manner of a sound, between which the stone is seized, and then crushed by the gradual pressure of a screw; the fragments may then be washed out by injections or by the urine, large pieces being again broken by the same or a smaller instrument. This operation, by variously modified instruments, is generally preferred to lithotomy, as easier, safer, applicable in a greater variety of cases and at all ages, and quite as effectual. STONE, a new S. W. co. of Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, intersected by White river, and drained by its tributary the James; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 2,401, of whom 16 were slaves. The surface is broken and the soil fertile. Capital, Galena.

STONE, FRANK, an English painter, born Aug. 23, 1800, died Nov. 16, 1859. He originally painted in water colors, and in 1837 became a contributor to the exhibitions of the royal academy. Subsequently for more than 20 years he produced many works in genre and history, and on subjects of sentiment and imagination. Some of these are well known by engravings, particularly the companion pieces entitled "The First Appeal" and "The Last Appeal," once very popular. He was elected an associate of the royal academy in 1851.

STONE, THOMAS, a signer of the declaration of independence, born at Pointon Manor, Charles co., Md., in 1743, died in Alexandria, Va., Oct. 5, 1787. Having studied law, he commenced practice at Frederictown, Md., in 1769, and in 1771 removed to Charles co. In 1774 he was by a vote of the provincial deputies added to the Maryland delegation in congress, and in 1775 was rechosen. He strongly favored the establishment of an independent government, although under instruction from the Maryland convention to oppose it; but that state receded from its opposition in time to allow its delegates to sign the declaration. He served on several committees, including that charged to prepare a plan of confederation. Reëlected to congress in 1777, he saw that plan accepted, declined another election, and became a member of the Maryland legislature, where the measure was still opposed. In 1783 he was again elected to congress.

STONE, WILLIAM LEETE, an American journalist and author, born at New Paltz, Ulster co., N. Y., April 20, 1792, died at Saratoga Springs, Aug. 15, 1844. When a child, his father removed to the valley of the Susquehanna. The son received from him thorough instruction in Latin and Greek, and at the age of 17 entered a newspaper office at Cooperstown to learn the printer's trade, and soon began to write newspaper paragraphs. In 1813 he became the editor of the "Herkimer American," and subsequently edited political newspapers at

Hudson, Albany, and Hartford. In the spring of 1821 he became editor and one of the proprietors of the New York "Commercial Advertiser," which position he retained till his death. Though possessing decided ability as a political writer, Col. Stone (as he was always called) preferred literary pursuits to partisanship. In 1825 he was appointed by the corporation of New York to write the narrative of the "Grand Erie Canal Celebration." His tales and sketches published in the annuals were subsequently collected in 2 volumes. 'Ups and Downs in the Life of a Distressed Gentleman" (1836), a satirical work, was very successful. Among his more elaborate works were "Letters on Masonry and Anti-Masonry" (8vo., New York, 1832); "Border Wars of the American Revolution" (2 vols. 18mo., 1834); "Matthias and his Impostures" (18mo., 1835); "The Life of Joseph Brant" (2 vols. 8vo., Cooperstown, 1838); “Life and Times of Red Jacket" (8vo., New York, 1840); "The Poetry and History of Wyoming" (16mo., 1841), and "Uncas and Miantonomoh" (12mo., 1842). At the time of his death he was engaged upon a life of Sir William Johnson.

STONE BORER, a name given to several bivalve shells, especially pholas (Linn.) and lithodomus (Cuv.), from their power of boring into the hardest rocks. The pholadida (Gr. paλew, to hide in a hole) are true bivalves, and have 2 accessory plates in the neighborhood of the hinge for the protection of the dorsal muscles; they belong to the group siphonophora (Gray), or those having long respiratory siphons, united for the greater part of their length; they are all burrowing animals, penetrating the hardest substances. The shells are usually elongated, gaping at one or both ends, and closed by 2 adductor muscles; the foot is large and powerful, and the mantle is closed; they are found in all climates. The typical genus pholas is often of considerable size, with a white, hard, rough, but very brittle shell, rendering it an interesting question how it can perforate a solid rock; the operation in this case is supposed to be performed by a rotatory motion of the shell effected by the powerful foot. The date shell (P. dactylus, Linn.), about 2 inches long and 6 or 7 wide, is found along the European coast, mostly in calcareous rocks; it is eaten along the Mediterranean. The P. candida (Linn.), a much smaller species, is extensively used for bait on the coast of Devonshire. The P. costata (Linn.), a large species from the West Indies, is sold for food in the markets of Havana. The P. crispata (Linn.), much smaller, is found along the coasts of our middle and southern states. Many fossil species are known. The family of veneracea, of the same group, are also stone borers, principally by means of the foot.-Among the asiphonate bivalves, the most remarkable stone borer is the lithodomus lithophagus (Cuv.); it is commonly found in holes which it has excavated in calcareous and coral formations; it is the sea

date shell of the Mediterranean, and is a delicate article of food. Its perforations have served as important indications of the change of level of the sea coast in modern times; the columns of the temple of Serapis at Puteoli are perforated by these shells at a considerable height above the actual level of the sea.Another bivalve, coming near the clams, generally considered a stone borer, is saxicava (Lam.), which appears under such a variety of forms that 2 genera and at least 15 species have been made of the single representative S. rugosa (Lam.); the young symmetrical form constitutes the genus hiatella (Bosc). It is found in almost all parts of the world, largest in the arctic seas, in crevices of rocks and corals, assuming very exactly the shape of the cavity which contains it; it occurs, from low water mark to the depth of 140 fathoms; it is found fossil in the miocene and glacial deposits. It has been questioned whether saxicava is the excavator of the holes in which it is found, and the subject of the mechanism by which the stone borers operate is by no means well understood.-The pholas bores into the hardest stone by means of its rough rasping shell, but saxicava is smooth, covered with epidermis, and has a very small foot; accordingly some have supposed that a peculiar acid is secreted in many cases, capable of acting chemically on the rocks, and of so softening them that the branchial currents wash away the particles; while others have called into play the thickened anterior margins of the mantle, covered with silicious grains which act like a rasp. The perforations made in shells by natica seem more like chemical than mechanical action, the solvent being most concentrated where it is immediately used, and not necessarily acting, in its otherwise diluted state, on the shell of the animal secreting it; the excavations of saxicava are attributed also to the action of the brushes of vibratile cilia along the edges of the mantle. After all the explanations offered, it is possible that the excavations are only occupied, not made, by saxicava; the finding of this shell, and crepidula, petricola, &c., in cavities which fit them exactly, may be rather an evidence of a power of adaptation of their external form to the cavities into which they enter than of ability to perforate.-Sea urchins also may in many instances be called stone borers, the excavation of their cavities being effected by the constant action of their spines, and perhaps also by the vibratile cilia of their ambulacral tubes and suckers. It is conceivable, if not probable, that the continual action of soft vibratile cilia may excavate holes even in the hardest rocks.

STONE-CHAT (saxicola rubicola, Bechst.), a dentirostral bird of the warbler family, and sub-family erythacina, or old world robins. The bill is short, with broad gape furnished with bristles; wings long and rounded, with 4th and 5th quills equal and longest; tail short and broad; tarsi and toes slender, and hind toe

long. There are several species of the genus; they prefer open and rocky grounds covered with furze, and are usually seen singly or in pairs hovering about these bushes and from stone to stone, uttering a quick but agreeable chattering song, which has given the above name to the best known species; the food consists of worms and insects, the latter being generally seized on the wing in the manner of the flycatchers; the nest is on or near the ground, carefully concealed, and the eggs 6. The stonechat is about 4 inches long; the head, throat, and back black, on the latter edged with whitish_red; sides of neck, upper part of wings, and rump, white; breast orange brown; lower parts reddish white. It is resident in England, but migratory on the continent. A similar but migratory species is the whin-chat (S. rubetra, Bechst.), so named for its partiality for furze or whin bushes; it is 4 inches long, with the top of the head and upper part of the body blackish brown, each feather bordered with reddish and yellow; broad band above eyes, stripe on sides of neck, and large spot on wings and tail, white; breast rose-colored; 2 middle tail feathers dusky. These 2 species belong to the subgenus pratincola (Koch). Another European species (S. ananthe, Bechst.) sometimes straggles into North America from Greenland; it is called stone-chat by Baird, but is more properly styled the wheatear.

STONE LILY, the popular name of the fossil radiated animals of the class of echinoderms and order of crinoids, and especially of the group called encrinites. They have some resemblance to petrified lilies in the plates at the base of the body, bearing the arms and their divisions, and supported on a long, jointed stem. The perforated joints of the stem are used in rosaries, and are known in the north of England, where they are abundant, as St. Cuthbert's beads. Most of them are fossil forms, very numerous during the secondary epoch, vast strata of limestone and marble in North America and Europe being formed by the myriads of their petrified remains. They were attached at the bottom of the sea, the flexible stems yielding to the force of the waves. genus pentacrinus is found living in the West Indies. (See CRINOÏDEA, and ENCRINITE.)

The

STONEHENGE, a collection of huge stones on Salisbury plain, Wiltshire, England, about 9 m. N. from Salisbury. Seen from a distance, they appear to be merely an irregular mass of stones, but a closer inspection shows them to have originally constituted a rude architectural structure, arranged in two circles and two ovals. There are altogether about 140 stones, the smallest estimated to weigh 10 or 12 tons, and the largest 70 tons. They are much weather-worn, but in many of them the sharp angles and the tenons and mortices by which they were joined are well preserved. Most of those on the outer circle are standing, and the whole work is surrounded by a circular earth embankment 15 feet high, and a trench 30 feet

wide and 1,009 feet in circumference, and approached by a straight avenue similarly formed 594 yards long, divided into two branches at its outer extremity. There are other earthworks and numerous ancient barrows or burial mounds in the neighborhood. In the centre of the work is a massive slab of fine sandstone, supposed to have been an altar. Among the ruins have been found the relics of human bodies, and of oxen, deer, and other animals.-Stonehenge has given rise to much speculation and discussion among the learned in regard to its origin and purposes. History throws no light upon the subject. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, it was erected by order of Aurelianus Ambrosius, the last British king, in honor of 460 Britons slain by Hengist the Saxon; but Polydore Vergil argues that it was a monument to the memory of that king. Inigo Jones believed it to have been a Roman temple, and Rickman attributes it to the postRoman period. Dr. Charleton conjectured that it was built by the Danes during their temporary possession of Wiltshire. The theory best sustained by antiquaries and most plausible is that it was a druidic temple.

STONINGTON, a town and port of entry in New London co., Conn., at the E. extremity of Long Island sound, 63 m. E. from New Haven, and 50 m. S. S. W. from Providence; pop. in 1860, 7,740. It is built upon a peninsula nearly a mile long, and has a commodious harbor protected by a breakwater. It has a flourishing coasting trade, and was formerly largely engaged in whale fishing. On June 30, 1860, its shipping amounted in the aggregate to 19,587 tons, of which 7,305 tons were registered, and 12,282 enrolled and licensed; and 2,484 tons were engaged in whale fishing, 10,063 in the coasting trade, and 1,741 in the cod fisheries. There are 3 banks, a savings bank, a newspaper, 12 churches, and a number of manufactories of various kinds. The New Haven and Stonington railroad connects it with New Haven and New York, and the Stonington and Providence railroad with Providence and Boston.-The town was settled in 1649, and incorporated in 1807. On Aug. 9, 1814, it was attacked by the British fleet under Sir Thomas Hardy, and during that and the next day several attempts were made to land; but the militia speedily gathered and compelled the enemy to retire.

STONÝ POINT, a small rocky promontory on the right bank of the Hudson river, in Orange co., N. Y., 42 m. N. from New York, at the entrance of the highlands, and opposite Verplanck's Point. On both these points forts were built by the Americans during the revolution, which were captured by Sir Henry Clinton, June 1, 1779, strengthened, and strongly garrisoned; but that on Stony Point was retaken by a bold night attack under Gen. Anthony Wayne, with 550 men, July 16, and the garrison of 543 officers and men made prison

ers.

The Americans had 15 killed and 83

wounded, and the British 63 killed. The simultaneous attack on Verplanck's Point having failed, the works on Stony Point were destroyed and abandoned on the 18th.

STOPPAGE IN TRANSITU, in law, the arresting by the seller of goods on their passage to a distant purchaser who has become insolvent. Though the right to do this originated with and is still most frequently exercised in respect to water-borne goods, yet it is well settled that it applies as well in the case of goods carried by land. When and how the doctrine of stoppage in transitu became a part of our law cannot be definitely asserted. As to the time, its introduction was comparatively recent; as to the mode, it may have been in either of three ways: 1, by adoption from the continental law of that principle of the law of sales which considers that the right of property (the jus in re) does not pass to the buyer until he has possession of the goods, so that the seller continues to own the goods until they reach the buyer; 2, by supposing that the seller had, until the goods reached the buyer, a right to rescind the sale for non-payment, provided the buyer became insolvent, and that the act of stoppage in transitu was an exercise of the right. This last was at one time rather a favorite view, but the prevailing course of adjudication in the United States is decidedly against it. The third way is by considering that the common law doctrine of the seller's lien for the price on the goods sold so long as he has them in his possession, continues in force after they have left his possession, and until they have reached that of the buyer; or, in other words, that the goods are considered constructively in the possession of the seller until the buyer has actual possession. Perhaps a combination of the first and third of these ways will best account for the right of stoppage in transitu as it exists in the English and our own law; that is to say, the rule of the civil or continental law, recommending itself by its reason and justice, established itself in the law merchant. When, as a part of that system, it came to the observation of the English courts, they recognized its reasonableness, and sought to support it by some familiar principle of the English law. This they found in the law of lien and in the continued constructive possession of the seller; and upon this law, and adopting its general principles, they founded the law of stoppage in transitu.—The right exists only between a buyer and a seller. surety for the price of the goods, bound to pay for them if the buyer does not, has not this right; but every one who is substantially a seller has. Thus, one ordered by a foreign correspondent to buy goods for him, and then buying them in his own name and on his own credit, and sending them as ordered, may stop them in transitu. So may a principal who sends goods to his factor, or one who remits money for any particular purpose. The reception and negotiation of a bill for the goods does

A

not defeat the right, nor does part payment. But goods cannot be stopped when they are sent to pay a precedent and existing debt.-The right arises only upon actual insolvency, which however need not be legal or formal bankruptcy or insolvency. It is enough if the buyer cannot pay his debts; and it is enough, too, if the buyer refuses to comply with the specially agreed terms of the sale, for this is insolvency so far as the seller is concerned. When the goods are stopped, the buyer may, by payment of the price or by tender of security if they were sold on credit, defeat the stoppage and reclaim the goods. If the seller stop the goods maliciously, and without actual belief of the insolvency on good grounds, he would doubtless be answerable for any damages which the buyer might sustain. The seller's right to stop the goods cannot be defeated by any bargain between the consignee and his assignee, or by any claim or lien or attachment of any other person. In some cases it may be necessary for the seller to discharge the claim before he can have complete control of the goods, as for example in case of a lien for freight; but this is not necessary when the attachment is by a creditor of the buyer or consignee, because the seller's lien has the precedence.-Nice questions have arisen in respect to the transitus. Generally speaking, the goods are in transit when they are not in the actual possession either of the buyer or of the seller. But the law goes sometimes further than this, and inquires into the constructive possession; for the goods may be in the actual possession of the seller, and yet so far constructively in the possession of the buyer that the seller cannot retain them; or they may be in the actual possession of the buyer, but under such circumstances that the seller's right is not taken away. It becomes, therefore, very important to ascertain in many instances whether the transit is or is not complete. A carrier of goods, by land as well as by sea, acquires a lien on the goods which he carries for the freight money. The goods are still in transit, and may be stopped, so long as the carrier withholds them from the buyer by his lien for the freight, and a seller who seeks to stop them then must discharge this lien. In general, whenever a carrier enters into a new arrangement with the consignee, by which he agrees to hold the goods as the property of the consignee and at his disposal, there is a termination of the transit. Yet all acts in reference to such question must be open to explanation by existing circumstances, the general inquiry in such case being whether the carrier, warehouseman, wharfinger, or other person having actual possession of the goods at the time of the intended stoppage in transitu, was then acting as the agent of the seller or of the buyer; for if of the latter, the transit was terminated. If the buyer order the goods to be sent to some other person by any suitable conveyance without designating any one especially,

or by a designated carrier who is not specifically his agent or servant, the goods remain in transitu until they reach that second person. Questions of constructive possession arise very frequently in respect to goods in the charge of warehousemen. In general, every warehouseman is the agent of any party who puts the goods in his warehouse and can take them out at his pleasure; and therefore his possession is the possession of such party. This is carried so far, that where a seller had a warehouse, and it was part of the bargain of sale that the goods might remain in his warehouse until the buyer took them out, without charge, and they remained there after the sale under this bargain, it was held that the actual possession of the seller was the constructive possession of the buyer, and that the seller could not stop or retain them for the price. On this point it is a material question whether any thing remains to be done by the seller; if nothing, this goes far to make the warehousing a delivery to the buyer. If a seller of goods that are warehoused delivers an order for them to a buyer, this alone may not transfer the possession; but if the buyer delivers the order to the warehouseman, this in general transfers the possession, and still more so if the warehouseman enters the same in his books or otherwise accepts the order, so as to be responsible for the goods to the buyer. If the buyer sells to a third party, to whom the warehouseman certifies that the goods are transferred to his account, and who thereupon pays the price, the warehouseman becomes responsible to this third party; and if the original seller, though there remained something material to be done by him to the goods, justified the warehouseman in so certifying, he would be held to have lost his right of stoppage in transitu.-The effect of the bill of lading upon the right of a seller to stop the goods in transitu is very important. The law merchant regards the bill of lading, not as a mere receipt which the carrier gives for the goods, but rather as a muniment of title, carrying property with it, and of itself a negotiable instrument. This view, in its entire breadth, the common law has not yet adopted. It admits, however, that the bill of lading is quasi negotiable, and that an indorsement and delivery of it for value operate as a symbolic delivery of the goods mentioned in it. It results from this doctrine that a consignee, who sells for value goods to arrive and indorses over the bill of lading, confers upon the purchaser a title and property which destroy the right of the seller of the goods to stop them in transitu. If, however, the party buying from the consignee knows that the sale is in fraud of the original seller, it is voidable by that seller of course; and if he knows that the consignee is, or is about to become, insolvent, this knowledge would probably have the same effect. Generally, the purchaser's claims will be defeated, not only by his knowledge or adequate means of knowledge of the consignee's

fraud, but by knowledge or notice of any circumstances which rendered the bill of lading not properly assignable. If the bill of lading be transferred and indorsed by way of pledge to secure the consignee's debt, the consignor does not lose entirely his right to stop the goods, but holds it subject to the rights of the pledgee. That is, he may enforce his claim to hold the surplus of the goods after the pledgee's claim is satisfied; and he holds this surplus to secure the debt of the consignee to him. But the pledgee's claim, which the consignor is thus bound to recognize, would not be for a general balance of account, but only for the specific advances made upon the security of that particular bill of lading; and therefore, by paying or tendering that amount, the consignor acquires the right of retaking all the goods. The insolvency of the buyer, however complete or however manifested, will not operate of itself as a stoppage in transitu. The goods must be actually stopped, in some way which the law recognizes as adequate, by the seller or his authorized agent. An actual taking possession by the seller is however not necessary, at least not in all cases, although actual possession should be taken if possible, and as soon as possible. Yet a constructive possession may suffice for the seller. This is usually and properly acquired by giving notice to the carrier of the title and purpose of the seller, forbidding him to deliver the goods to the buyer, and requiring him to give them up to the seller or his agent, or to hold them subject to his order. This notice should be given to the person who has actual possession of the goods. If the carrier, after sufficient notice to the contrary, actually delivers the goods to the buyer, the delivery does not defeat the seller's right. He has still a constructive possession, and the carrier is responsible to him for all the injury he may sustain. Or, if the buyer becomes insolvent, and the goods pass into the possession of his assignees, the seller may maintain an action of trover against them. What the consignor may do personally, he may do by his agent; and if the demand be made by one who acts as agent, but without authority, a subsequent adoption and ratification will have the effect of a previous authority, provided this be made before the goods are demanded by the buyer.

STORACE, STEPHEN, an English composer, of Italian extraction, born in London in 1763, died there, March 19, 1796. He received his musical education at the Conservatorio San Onofrio, Naples, and subsequently visited with his sister Anna, an accomplished singer, some of the chief cities of Europe. Returning to England in 1787, he was soon after appointed composer to Drury Lane, in which capacity he produced the "Haunted Tower," "No Song, no Supper," "The Pirates," "The Iron Chest, all successfully performed on the stage, and a number of miscellaneous pieces. STORAX. See BALSAMS.

STORK, a wading bird of the heron family, sub-family ciconina, and genus ciconia (Linn.); other allied genera are the jabiru and marabou, described under their own names. In the storks the bill is long, straight, strong, gradually tapering to a sharp tip; sides compressed; wings long and ample, the 3d and 4th quills the longest and equal; tail short and broad; tarsi long and scaled; toes short and stout, webbed to the 1st joint; hind toe elevated, partly resting on the ground. They are large birds, most abundant in warm countries, and performing periodical migrations to and from the marshy regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa; like vultures and other carrion feeders, they eat almost any kind of garbage that comes in their way, and are hence valuable scavengers in hot climates; they seek their food on the borders of streams; the body is light and well balanced; during flight the head is thrown back and the legs extended; the space round the orbits is destitute of feathers, and in some the whole face and throat are naked. There are about a dozen species, of which the best known is the white stork (C. alba, Briss.); it is 33 feet long, the bill 72 inches; the general color is white, with the quills and wing coverts black, and bill and feet red; around the eyes a bald blackish circle; it is the cigogne of the French. They arrive in N. Europe, especially in Holland and Germany, in the spring, returning in the autumn to Africa by night and in large flocks; the only noise they make is by clapping the mandibles together like a pair of castanets; they rest sleeping on one leg, with the neck folded and head turned backward on the shoulder. The food consists of reptiles, fish, young birds, and insects. The flesh was once considered a dainty dish, but is not now eaten; many famous medical preparations were in old The nest is times made from these birds. large, coarsely made of sticks and twigs, placed on housetops (often in the midst of crowded cities), and is repaired by the males year after year; the eggs are 3 or 4, white tinged with buff, 2g by 2 inches; both sexes incubate, and the young are hatched in about a month; the nestlings are tenderly cared for, and are fed by food regurgitated from the parents' stomachs. The flight is very high, and the gait slow, with long and measured steps; the disposition is gentle, the manner familiar, and the docility considerable; they do not propagate in captivity, and have rather a melancholy look. According to the ancient mythology, Antigone, the sister of Priam, was changed into a stork by Juno for having boasted of her superior beauty; but the jealous goddess left her with all her virtues and amiable qualities; the stork, accordingly, has been considered by the ancients as the personification of piety, conjugal and filial love, gratitude, and temperance; it was supposed to bear a charmed life, and it was a crime to offer it violence; in some places it was even an object of worship, and in hieroglyphic language is the symbol