into the lower part of the back or rump, and the skin is inverted and carefully loosened. Before reaching the wings, they are somewhat softened by stretching and pulling, and when the skin is loosened around the first bone, this is cut through the middle, or, if sufficiently exposed, at the elbow joint. When the skull is exposed, much care is required to remove the delicate membrane of the ear without tearing it; and similar care is required not to cut through the membrane that covers the eye. The eyes themselves are removed from their sockets and the brain from the skull, several cuts being made through the latter near the base of the lower jaw and through the roof of the mouth, &c. Every particle of muscle and fat being removed from the head and neck, the preservative is abundantly applied in and about the skull and also to the inside of the skin, and the parts are then restored to their natural position. The muscle and fat are also removed from about the wings, legs, and tail, and if necessary an incision is made along the forearm so as to expose the two joints for this purpose. The remaining bones of the two wings should then be tied together inside of the skin by strings drawn up till the wings are brought to the same distance apart as when attached to the body. Skins may be transported in this condition, or be immediately stuffed. This operation is performed by introducing cotton through the mouth into the orbits and upper part of the throat until these acquire their natural shape. A roll of cotton is then put into the skin and pushed firmly up the neck to the base of the skull. The body is then filled, not quite to its original dimensions, and the incision in the skin is sewed up. The bird may be kept in a cylinder of paper into which it is thrust, the legs and mandibles being first tied together and the feathers carefully adjusted. If the specimens are to be set up in natural positions, wires are introduced in the course of the stuffing and secured in the wings, neck, and feet, coming out through the latter. Glass eyes are manufactured and sold to be introduced in the orbits in imitation of the natural ones. In skinning birds with large heads and long necks, it is sometimes necessary after reaching the base of the skull to cut off the neck, and then drawing back the head make an incision on the outside down the back of the skull in order to skin the head. The process of skinning is variously modified according to the different characters of the animals. To protect hair or fur against moths and other destructive insects, the skins should be soaked in a solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol or whiskey for a day to several weeks according to the size; they must then be thoroughly washed or rinsed in clean water. Finely powdered green vitriol sprinkled in feathers is an excellent protection against moths.-The larger fishes are also skinned and stuffed; but in many cases it is sufficient to preserve only one half the fish, and the method then pursued is as fol

lows. The fish is laid on a table with the left side up, the fins are spread out, and a piece of paper is laid under each one that is to be preserved. When the fins are dried, the fish is turned over and a cut is made through the skin from the upper and posterior part of the head along the back to the tail, across the base of the caudal fin down, and thence along the belly to the lower part of the head again, cutting below the articulations of the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. The body is then separated from the left side of the skin, commencing at the tail, and is cut off near the head. The inside of the head is then cleaned out and the eye is removed, leaving only the cornea and pupil, which are covered with a piece of black paper of the size of the orbit. The preservative is then applied, and the head and section of the body are filled with cotton, when the skin is turned over, pinned down upon a board at the base of the fins, and left to dry.-Detailed directions for preserving objects of natural history are given by Prof. S. F. Baird, in the "Report of the Smithsonian Institution" for 1856. See also Swainson's "Taxidermy," forming a volume of Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclopædia."

TAY, a river and loch of Perthshire, Scotland. The river rises in a small loch on the border of Argyleshire, and is called the Fillan until it passes through Loch Dochart, 8 or 9 m., and thence to Loch Tay, 10 m. further, it is generally known as the Dochart. Near Loch Tay it receives the Lochie, and below that loch the river Lyon and numerous other tributaries. Its whole length is nearly 120 m., and its course describes almost a semicircle from N. E. to S., until it reaches Perth, whence it flows nearly E. through the frith of Tay into the North sea. It has tide water to Perth, and is navigable that distance for vessels drawing 9 feet. From this point it flows through the finest valley of Scotland, and discharges a larger volume of water than any other river of the British islands. Its salmon fisheries are celebrated. Loch Tay is a romantic lake about 14 m. long and 1 m. wide, with steep, precipitous banks, and is said to have been sounded to a depth of 600 feet. The mountain Ben Lawers, on its N. W. shore, rises to a height of 3,945 feet.

TAYGETUS. See LACONIA.

TAYLOR, the name of counties in 6 of the United States. I. A N. W. co of Va., intersected by the Tygart's Valley river; area, 130 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 7,463, of whom 112 were slaves. The surface is very hilly, and the soil in some parts fertile. The productions in 1850 were 101,118 bushels of Indian corn, 23,995 of wheat, 41,499 of oats, 4,051 tons of hay, and 87,110 lbs. of butter. There were 11 churches, and 702 pupils attending the public schools. Iron ore and bituminous coal are abundant. The value of real estate in 1856 was $1,226,934, being an increase of 10 per cent. since 1850. Capital, Williamsport. II. A W. co. of Ga., formed since the census of 1850, bounded E. by

Flint river and drained by White Water and other creeks; area, about 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 6,000, of whom 2,397 were slaves. The surface is undulating and the soil generally fertile. It is intersected by the Muscogee railroad. Capital, Butler. III. A new co. of Fla., bounded S. W. by Appalachee bay and W. by the Aucilla river, and drained by the Fenaholoway; area, over 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 1,384, of whom 125 were slaves. IV. A W. co. of Texas, drained by affluents of the Brazos and Colorado rivers; area, 625 sq. m. It was still unorganized when the census of 1860 was taken. Capital, Taylor. V. A central co. of Ky., drained by Green river and its affluents; area, about 275 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 7,481, of whom 1,597 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 365,085 bushels of Indian corn, 91,639 of oats, 10,087 of wheat, and 592,106 lbs. of tobacco. There were 17 churches, and 461 pupils attending public schools. The proposed route of the Danville and Nashville railroad passes through this county. Capital, Campbellsville. VI. A S. W. co. of Iowa, bordering on Mo., and drained by East Nodaway, One Hundred and Two, and Platte rivers; area, 560 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 3,589. The surface is generally level and the soil fertile. The productions in 1859 were 137,162 bushels of Indian corn, 5,604 of wheat, 4,163 lbs. of wool, 54,009 of butter, and 2,007 gallons of sorghum molasses. It is on the line of the projected southern railroad. Capital, Bedford.

TAYLOR, BAYARD, an American author and traveller, born in Kennett Square, Chester co., Penn., Jan. 11, 1825. At 17 years of age he became an apprentice in a printing office in West Chester, and at the same time a contributor of verses to the periodical press. In 1844 he published a volume of poems under the title of "Ximena," and having collected a small sum of money, the fruits of his past and prospective literary labors, he departed on a European tour, principally pedestrian, of which he published an account on his return to America in 1846, entitled "Views a-Foot, or Europe seen with Knapsack and Staff." After editing for a year a newspaper in Phoenixville, Penn., he removed to New York, and wrote for the "Literary World," and subsequently for the "New York Tribune," of which journal he became in 1849 a part proprietor and associate editor. Soon afterward he commenced the first of a series of extensive foreign tours, which have since occupied the greater portion of his time, and the narratives of which have regularly appeared in the columns of the "Tribune" in the form of epistolary correspondence, and subsequently been gathered into volumes of travels. Visiting California in 1849, then the focus of attraction to adventurous spirits on account of the recent discovery of its gold fields, he, returned home by way of Mexico, and published in 1850 "El Dorado, or Adventures in the Path of Empire." In the summer of 1851 he set out on a pro

tracted tour in the East, in the course of which he ascended the Nile to lat. 12° 30′ N., and afterward traversed large portions of Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe; and in the latter part of 1852 he made a new departure from England, crossing Asia to Calcutta, and thence proceeding to China, where he was enabled to join the expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan. Returning to New York in Dec. 1853, he published in the succeeding year his "Journey to Central Africa" and "Lands of the Saracen," followed by "Visit to India, China, Loo-Choo, and Japan in 1853." His subsequent travels are indicated by the titles of the volumes recording them: "Northern Travel; Summer and Winter Pictures of Sweden, Denmark, and Lapland" (London and New York, 1857), and "Travels in Greece and Russia, with an Excursion to Crete." Mr. Taylor's first considerable volume of poems was entitled “Rhymes of Travel, Ballads, and other Poems" (1848), and was followed by a "Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs" (1851); "Poems of the Orient" (1854); and "Poems of Home and Travel" (1855), the last named volume, according to the author's statement in the preface, comprising such_pieces only as he desired to acknowledge. In connection with his travels he has also produced "At Home and Abroad; a Sketch Book of Life, Scenery, and Men" (1859; 2d series, 1862); and he has edited a "Cyclopædia of Modern Travel" (8vo., Cincinnati, 1856). A volume of poems, entitled “The Poet's Journal," and a novel of American life, are announced to appear in the course of 1862. Mr. Taylor's poem of "The American Legend" was originally delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa society of Harvard university in 1850.

TAYLOR, BROOK, an English mathematician, born at Edmonton, Aug. 28, 1685, died at his estate of Bifrons in Kent, Dec. 29, 1731. In 1701 he entered St. John's college, Cambridge, where he soon distinguished himself as a mathematician, in 1708 wrote his treatise on the "Centre of Oscillation," which was not published till some years later, in 1709 took the degree of LL.B., and in 1712 was chosen a fellow of the royal society. He had already solved Kepler's problem, and was corresponding with Dr. Keill on the most abstruse mathematical topics. From 1714 to 1718 he was secretary of the royal society, to which he contributed papers of great ability on magnetism and mathematical subjects. His Methodus Incrementorum (1715) is the first treatise in which the calculus of finite differences is proposed for consideration. In 1715 he conducted a controversial correspondence with Count Raymond de Montmort on the tenets of Malebranche, and in 1719 he published his "New Principles of Linear Perspective." Among his manuscripts are a are a “Treatise on Jewish Sacrifices," and a dissertation on the "Lawfulness of Eating Blood." He also prepared a "Treatise on Logarithms," which was not printed. In the

last year of his life he sank into a condition of partial imbecility.

TAYLOR, GEORGE, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, born in Ireland in 1716, died in Easton, Penn., Feb. 23, 1781. He received a good education, but disliking the medical profession, for which he was destined, came to America as a "redemptioner," and on his arrival bound himself for a term of years to an iron manufacturer at Durham, Penn., and was at first employed in menial occupations. His education and intelligence being discovered, his employer made him his clerk, and after his death Taylor married his widow and became master of the establishment. He was elected to the provincial assembly in 1764, and was one of the committee to call a general congress and to instruct the delegates. He continued a member of the provincial assembly till 1770, when he was made a judge of the county court and colonel of militia. In Oct. 1775, he was again elected to the provincial assembly, and was active in the promotion of revolutionary measures. The action of some of the members of the continental congress in the summer of the next year, in refusing their assent to the declaration of independence, led to the election of new members on July 20, 1776, of whom Mr. Taylor was one. He signed the declaration on Aug. 2, subsequently negotiated a treaty with several of the Indian tribes on behalf of the United States, and in March, 1777, retired from congress, and did not again return to public life. TAYLOR, HENRY, an English author, born in the early part of the 19th century. In 1824 he entered the colonial office, where he is now the second senior clerk. His writings, produced principally between 1827 and 1850, comprise dramas, poems, and essays. He is chiefly known by two dramas in blank verse, "Philip van Artevelde" (1834) and "Edwin the Fair," which have been aptly described as illustrations of the form "we might expect the written drama naturally to assume, if it were to revive in the 19th century, and maintain itself as a branch of literature apart from the stage." His remaining works include "The Eve of the Conquest, and other Poems" (1847); "Notes from Life, in Six Essays" (1848); "Notes from Books, in Four Essays" (1849); and "The Virgin Widow" (1850), a play in 5 acts, chiefly in verse. In 1836 he published "The Statesman," embodying much of his experience of public life.

TAYLOR, ISAAC, an English author, born at Lavenham, Suffolk, Aug. 17, 1787. His father, Isaac Taylor, originally a line engraver in London, became minister of dissenting congregations in Colchester and Ongar, and wrote several popular books for children. His mother, Ann Taylor, also wrote "Maternal Solicitude" and other educational works. He was privately and carefully educated, with reference in turn to the dissenting pulpit, the bar, and to art as a profession, but was led by his tastes to the pursuits of literature and scholarship. He has lived in studious retirement at Stanford Rivers,

Essex, devoting himself to the education of his children at home and to the composition of important works on philosophical and religious questions. Although a layman, he occasionally preaches on Sunday. His first publications were: "Elements of Thought" (1822), in which he showed himself a disciple of the Scotch metaphysical school; "History of the Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern Times" (1827), an account particularly of the means by which the authenticity of the Holy Scriptures is_ascertained; and "The Process of Historical Proof" (1828), also written in defence of the genuineness of the documentary evidence of Christianity. In 1829 appeared anonymously the "Natural History of Enthusiasm," his most popular work, which pictures in glowing language and with unsectarian zeal an era of revived faith and ecclesiastical union, and which, notwithstanding its elaborately grandiloquent style, was received with special favor by the religious public at the time when the excitement connected with Edward Irving was at its height. It was the first of a series of essays which he meditated on fanaticism, superstition, credulity, the corruption of morals, and scepticism, in which all the principal phases of abnormal religious development should be treated. Of these only the essay on "Fanaticism". (1843) was written, the author having been diverted from his plan by the appearance of the Oxford "Tracts for the Times." He published a series of tracts in reply to those of Dr. Pusey and his associates, which were collected under the title of "Ancient Christianity" (2 vols., 1839-'43). He wrote with similar intent a work on "Spiritual Despotism" (1835), characterized by Sir James Stephen as "the most original, comprehensive, and profound contribution which any living writer in England has made to the science of ecclesiastical polity." His "Physical Theory of Another Life" (1836), in form a speculative treatise, is substantially a narrative of the scenes and incidents of immortality, illustrated from both sacred and profane writers. His most important later publications are: "Loyola and Jesuitism" (1849), and "Wesley and Methodism" (1851), in which he reviews two of the principal modern movements in the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches; "The Restoration of Belief" (1853), an examination of recent sceptical tendencies and results; "The World of Mind” (1857), the aim of which was to set forth "first, what is common to all orders of living beings, and then what is peculiar to the human mind, and which is the ground of its immeasurable superiority;" and "The Spirit of the Hebrew Poetry" (1861), in which he argues that David and Isaiah are the indispensable guides of theistic thought, and that all departure from the theological phraseology of the Hebrew poets is almost always a step toward atheism. He is also the author of several less speculative didactic and devotional volumes, entitled "Home Education" (1838), "Lectures on Spiritual Christianity" (1841), and "Saturday Even

ing" (1842), and has contributed many essays to reviews. His sisters, ANN TAYLOR (Mrs. Gilbert) and JANE TAYLOR (1783-1824), wrote jointly several juvenile books which had remarkable success, as "Hymns for Infant Minds" and "Original Poems." The latter also wrote "Essays in Rhyme," a tale entitled "Display," and "Contributions of Q. Q.”

TAYLOR, ISIDORE SEVERIN JUSTIN, baron, a French traveller and author, born in Brussels, Aug. 15, 1789. He studied design under the painter Suvé, and had commenced the life of a littérateur and artist when he was enrolled in the French conscription of 1811, but obtained his discharge and made a tour of artistic exploration in Flanders, Germany, and Italy. Returning to France in the last days of the empire, he served several years in the army, rising to the position of major and aide-de-camp of Gen. Dorsey. He then resigned and made excursions to Italy, Greece, European Turkey, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and the African coasts, bringing thence rich collections in archæology or objects of curiosity, which he placed in the galleries of Versailles, the Louvre, and the various museums of Paris. He exerted himself also to procure from the French chambers the restoration of the principal monuments of the middle ages in France; in 1824 was made royal commissary of the comédie Française, and introduced great improvements in scenery and in the character of the operas performed; and at the direction of the government twice visited Egypt, and negotiated the transfer to France of the obelisks of Luxor and the other rare Egyptian antiquities of the Louvre museum. Louis Philippe after his accession confided to him several important artistic missions. Baron Taylor has been very active also in the organization of societies for the benefit of artists and men of letters, of several of which he is perpetual president. In connection with C. Nodier and De Caillieu, he edited Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans l'ancienne France (fol., 1820-'54), a work still incomplete, in the illustration of which several of the most eminent artists in France have assisted; Voyage pittoresque en Espagne, en Portugal et sur la côte d'Afrique de Tanger à Tétouan (4to., 1826 et seq.); La Syrie, l'Égypte, la Palestine et la Judée (4to., 1837 et seq.); Pèlerinage à Jérusalem (1841); and Voyage en Suisse, en Italie, en Sicile, en Angleterre, en Écosse, en Allemagne, en Grèce, &c. (1843). While in the army he also published 5 dramas (1815-'22).

TAYLOR, JEREMY, D.D., an English theologian, born in Cambridge in 1613, died at Lisburn, Ireland, Aug. 13, 1667. His father was a parber and surgeon. The son was educated at the grammar school in Cambridge, and at the age of 13 entered Caius college as a sizar, or poor scholar. In 1633 he received the degree of M.A., having distinguished himself by his proficiency in theological studies. Having attracted the attention of Archbishop Laud, he received through his aid a fellowship in All

Souls' college in Oxford, and the rectory of Uppingham in Rutland. His marriage in May, 1639, compelled him to relinquish his fellowship, and he remained in the quiet discharge of his pastoral duties until the troubles in the state drew him prominently into notice. In these political difficulties he took sides with the royalists, became a favorite with Charles I., and secured the degree of D.D. by a defence of episcopacy which he wrote at the king's request. For a time, as chaplain to the king, Taylor followed the fortunes of his master, losing by his devotion his living in the church, suffering imprisonment, and compelled at last to seek refuge in the parish of Llanfihangel, Caermarthenshire. Here, with William Nicholson, afterward bishop of Gloucester, and William Wyatt, afterward prebendary of Lincoln, Taylor for some time taught school. During his residence in Wales a large part of his sermons were composed, and several of his most elaborate works, among others his "Discourse on the Liberty of Prophesying," on "Holy Living and Dying," and the "Life of Christ." In these compositions his mild and tolerant spirit appears, as well as his aversion to controversy. In 1654, however, he ventured into the field of debate, as the opponent of transubstantiation and as the advocate of episcopacy. A double imprisonment was the result of this polemic zeal, and the loss of much of his second wife's fortune. Added to these trou. bles was the annoying suspicion of heresy concerning original sin, which was excited by his work on "Repentance." In 1658 he was confined in the tower of London, through the act of his publisher in prefixing to the "Collection of Offices" an engraving of a kneeling Christ. After his release he obtained the place of lecturer at Lisburn in Ireland, where he was removed in some degree from the enmity of the Puritan party. Yet even here he was closely watched, and was more than once in danger of arrest as an enemy to the state. After the death of Cromwell, Taylor returned to London, where he was received with honor as the defender of monarchy and the church, and was soon appointed by Charles II., to whom he had dedicated his "Ductor Dubitantium," to the bishopric of Down and Connor in Ireland, to which that of Dromore was soon added, and a member of the Irish privy council; and he was also elected vice-chancellor of the Dublin university. In the administration of his episcopal duties Taylor found great difficulty, from the confusion which the civil wars had wrought in the social condition and the religious life of the Irish people; and though he labored with unwearied fidelity, as pastor, as bishop, and as privy councillor, his episcopal life cannot be called successful.-As a writer of sermons, Jeremy Taylor has by general consent the highest rank among the writers of the English church. The characteristics of his style are: exuberant beauty of diction, both in the choice of words and the flow of the sentences; redundant

illustration from natural scenery, from the customs of life, from science, from history, and from Scripture; great fondness for metaphor; accuracy of method in statement and in division; prolixity, running into almost endless digressions and reveries; with a prevailing moderation, dignity, and majesty of tone. His doctrines were those of moderate orthodoxy. He is the advocate of toleration, of freedom of thought, of charity, and of practical religion as of more worth than dogmatic strictness. His private life was free from any blemish, and even his foes honored his virtue. The works of Taylor have been published in many forms, sometimes separately, and sometimes in complete editions, as in that of Bishop Heber (15 vols., 1822). The most important are the “Holy Living and Dying," a very minute and practical treatise concerning all the routine of the Christian life; the "Life and Death of Jesus Christ," a treatise curious for its quaint and endless erudition, which is still very popular; the "Ductor Dubitantium," which deals with difficult points and cases of conscience; the "Liberty of Prophesying," which is the broadest and most catholic of all his treatises; and the "Dissuasive from Popery," an effort to convert the Irish people to the church of England. The life of Taylor has been written best by Bishop Heber, as the preface to his edition of Taylor's works, and by Willmot (London, 1846).

TAYLOR, JOHN, an English author, called "the water poet," born in Gloucester in 1580, died in London in 1654. He was educated at the free school of Gloucester, and subsequently was apprenticed to a London waterman, an occupation which he followed during the greater part of his life. He also held some position at the tower of London, and kept a public house in Phoenix lane, Long Acre. His publications, in prose and in verse, amounting to upward of 80, have little literary merit, but are of value as illustrations of opinions and manners during the first half of the 17th century. Two of the most curious of his prose works are devoted to descriptions of a journey on foot to Scotland in 1618, and of another, made principally in a boat, from London to Hereford in 1641. He was a stanch loyalist, and when Charles I. was beheaded hung up over his hostel the sign of the "Mourning Crown." His title of "water poet" was self-conferred.

TAYLOR, JOHN, D.D., an English dissenting minister, born near Lancaster in 1674, died at Warrington, March 5, 1761. He was educated at Whitehaven, and settled for 18 years at Kirkstead in Lincolnshire, where he taught a grammar school beside supplying the small congregation there. In 1733 he was chosen pastor of a Presbyterian congregation at Norwich, where he preached for 24 years, and avowed anti-Trinitarian sentiments. In 1757 he became principal of the dissenting academy at Warrington, but met with much opposition. His principal published works are: "An He

brew English Concordance" (2 vols. fol.); “A Paraphrase on the Epistle to the Romans;" "The Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin;" "The Scripture Doctrine of the Atonement;" "A Sketch of Moral Philosophy;" and "A Scheme of Scripture Divinity," published afterhis death by his son.

TAYLOR, JOHN, an English author and classical scholar, born in Shrewsbury in 1703, died in Cambridge, April 4, 1766. He was educated at Shrewsbury grammar school and at St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1780. Subsequently he became university librarian and registrar at Cambridge, where the greater part of his life was passed. His first publication of importance was an edition of the orations and fragments of Lysias (4to., London, 1739), evincing a remarkably intimate knowledge of the Attic law. In 1741 he was admitted an advocate in doctors' commons, although it does not appear that he ever practised as a civilian; and in 1743 he produced a dissertation in Latin on the Sandwich marble and an edition of two orations by Demosthenes and Lycurgus. Several years later he took orders, and in 1757 was appointed canon residentiary of St. Paul's. In 1755 appeared his most important work, "Elements of Civil Law," of which a 2d edition was published in 1769, and an abridgment in 1793 under the title of "A Summary of the Roman Law." During the latter part of his life he was engaged upon an edition of the Greek orators, to comprise 5 volumes, of which the 3d, containing the 10 orations of Demosthenes, appeared in 1748, and the 2d, containing the controversial orations of Demosthenes and Eschines, together with the epistles ascribed to the latter, in 1757. The remainder of the work was left incomplete at his death.

TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM, D.D., an American clergyman, born in New Milford, Conn., June 23, 1786, died in New Haven, March 10, 1858. He was graduated at Yale college in 1807, and then devoted 5 years to the study of theology, mainly under the guidance of President Dwight, in whose family he resided for two years as the president's amanuensis. In 1812 he was ordained pastor of the first church (Congregational) in New Haven, as the successor of Moses Stuart. As a preacher Dr. Taylor soon gained a wide reputation, both for the clearness and force of his reasoning in doctrinal discussions, and for the fervor and pathos of his practical appeals. When his mind was wrought up to its highest tone, his sermons were characterized as "logic on fire." In 1822 he was called to the Dwight professorship of didactic theology, then just established in Yale college. In this office he continued until his death, a period of 36 years, giving instruction to nearly 700 students in course of preparation for the ministry. While yet a pastor, Dr. Taylor had shown his aptitude for theological discussion, in a series of articles upon the Unitarian controversy, which he contributed to the