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relations may be fraught with the direst consequences, not because of the blood relationship, but from the greater probability that consanguine marriages will bring together persons of incompatible temperaments; cousins will, as surely as strangers, have healthy children, provided their temperaments are compatible. Marriage in contravention to the physiological conditions known as temperaments he names physiological incest, whether with blood relations or not. The law is briefly this: one of the parties must possess exclusively a vital temperament, and the other a more or less non-vital one; and all marriages in opposition to this law are more or less incestuous; in other words, physiological incest arises from physiological and not personal or external similitude. 1. His sanguine temperament does not differ essentially from that described above; he places in it, with various adjuncts, beside Washington and Gen. Scott, Alexander the Great, Cæsar, Napoleon I., Cornwallis, and Edward Everett (the last, however, with a decided encephalic adjunct). 2. In the bilious temperament the outlines of the person are angular, and the muscular movements are supple; the complexion is not necessarily dark, any more than it is of necessity florid in the sanguine; its members are apt to be impatient and impetuous; among them he places Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Mohammed, Dante, Pizarro, Wellington, Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson. 3. In the lymphatic temperament the head is of good size, without angularity; the person is rather shapeless, the flesh soft, the lips thick, the cheeks heavy, and the expression when at rest listless; it is compatible with excellent judgment and exalted patriotism, and is by no means necessarily the disgusting sac of humors generally represented by physiologists. This temperament is usually the result of the ease and indulgence arising from wealth, and is greatly favored by a moist atmosphere, as in China, Holland, and the deltas of the Nile and the Mississippi; it is well illustrated by the Chinese mandarins, and in the works of Rubens. The Esquimaux are bilious, not lymphatic, as often described; fat must not be confounded with lymph, the latter pervading the whole system; obesity blunts every capacity, sometimes reducing man almost to the condition of a hibernating animal, while a decidedly lymphatic person may display high mental endowments. 4. In the encephalic temperament (probably what the ancients meant by the melancholic) the cerebrum is relatively large and the cerebellum small; the person is contracted, the limbs slender, neck long, chest narrow, and abdomen flat; the face is thin, and the forehead massive and especially expanded in the upper third; the expression is severe, thoughtful, and often gloomy; the vital powers are slowly developed, and yet it is compatible with health and longevity; persons of this class are capable of profound investigation, but are very subject to monomania; of

this Pascal s an example. The last two temperaments are the results of civilization, and are not found among savage races; none of the 4 mentioned are found pure and single, or very rarely, but almost always in combination. 5. In the union of the sanguine and the bilious the hair, eyes, and complexion are light or dark according to the preponderance of each element; the head is compact, and the muscles firm and strong; Alfred the Great of England is a good example of this temperament. 6. In the sanguine-lymphatic the head is round, the face broad, the person full, and the complexion fair; the females are often beautiful, their complexion being a mixture of the lily and the rose; it is an unfavorable combination, and few who have it become celebrated for any thing good; it entails the tendency to crime, especially assassination and rowdyism; the emperor Nero may be taken as an example of it. 7. In the sanguine-encephalic the head is narrow and the forehead elevated, the skin, &c., light, the person slight, and the muscles feeble; its members are amiable, but too gentle for the rugged pursuits of life; they are generally found in the counting room and in stores, and in employments better fitted for females; some artists have been of this temperament, of which Benjamin West is an instance. 8. In the bilious-lymphatic the head is rounded, the hair, &c., dark, and the face and person full; the females are often very handsome. Persons of this temperament are good-natured, not ambitious, but useful for the soundness of their judgment. 9. The bilious encephalic is like the sanguine encephalic, except that the hair, &c., is dark; illustrations are Columbus, Shakespeare, Lord Bacon, Dr. Johnson, Pope, and Prescott the historian. 10.. The first of the ternary compounds is the sanguine-bilious-lymphatic, like the sanguine-bilious, but with less plump person, thicker lips, and forehead broad below, contracting rapidly as it rises; the nose has generally a small protuberance at the end. It may possess much muscular strength and activity, many of the English prize fighters having belonged to it, and it forms a large element in mobs and riotous assemblages, whether in a good or bad cause. In this have been placed Peter the Great, C. J. Fox, Leo X., George IV. of England, Stephen Girard, Baron Larrey, and Henry Ward Beecher. 11. In the sanguinebilious-encephalic the head is above the average size, and generally rather angular with the upper forehead expanded; it has less muscular energy than the last; many artists are of this temperament; Melanchthon belonged to it, as does Gov. Banks of Massachusetts, the latter with a bilious predominance. 12. In the sanguine-encephalic-lymphatic the head is large, with elevated and expanded forehead; it has great literary capacity, but is little adapted for the sharp conflicts of life; Addison, Swift, Walter Scott, Lewis Cass, and the late Chief Justice Shaw are examples of it. 13. In the

bilious-encephalic-lymphatic the head is large, with expanded forehead, dark complexion and eyes, and full person; it is adapted for high position in any sphere of life; examples of it are Daniel Webster, the emperor Nicholas of Russia, John Bunyan, Gibbon, Prof. Agassiz, and Washington Irving. 14. The quaternary, and most gifted of all the temperaments, is the sanguine-encephalic-bilious-lymphatic; the sanguine element gives vitality, the bilious activity, the encephalic intellectual energy, and the lymphatic prevents morbid irritability; the head is large, the complexion dark, the forehead high, and the person full and round; here most probably belong Julius Cæsar, Napoleon I., Cromwell, Daniel O'Connell, and Stephen A. Douglas; it is a combination of the forces of all the elementary temperaments. All of the above temperaments are incompatible with themselves, but 1, 2, and 5 are the least so; these 3 are compatible with all the others, and one of the parties, to insure healthy progeny, should be of them or exclusively vital. TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. NENCE, TOTAL.

See ABSTI

TEMPERATURE. See CLIMATE. TEMPLARS, or KNIGHTS OF THE TEMPLE, the most celebrated and powerful of the religious military orders of Christendom. Its origin is ascribed to Hugues de Payens, Geoffroi de St. Omer, and 7 other French knights, who in 1118 or 1119, in addition to the 3 vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, took a 4th, by which they bound themselves to defend the holy sepulchre of Christ and to afford protection to the numerous pilgrims who then annually flocked to the Holy Land. The military character associated with the new order attracted immediate attention, and after its formal incorporation by Pope Honorius II. in 1128 at the instigation of St. Bernard, its numbers rapidly increased, members of the noblest families of Europe seeking admission into its ranks, and people of every degree vying with each other in endowing it with gifts of land or money. In 1128 the templars also received from Honorius a peculiar dress consisting of a white mantle, to distinguish them from the hospitallers, who were habited in black; and in 1146 they added a red cross on the left breast. This emblem was also borne on their banner, formed of striped black and white cloth, and called béaucéant, a word rendered famous throughout Christendom as the battle cry of the order. Soon after their establishment Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, gave them a part of his palace as a residence, to which the canons of the adjoining convent of the temple added another building for keeping their arms, whence they were called knights of the temple. After the order had acquired power and possessions throughout Europe and the East, it came under the control of a complex form of government, consisting of a grand master or head of the order, elected by the chapter or general body of the knights, and

who had under him a seneschal and other high officers; provincial masters, who presided over the several countries or provinces in which the templars had possessions; priors or masters, who had charge of the districts into which a province was divided; and preceptors or superintendents of the single houses of the order in the districts. The province in which the grand master resided, and which for upward of 173 years from the foundation of the order continued to be in Palestine, was always considered the chief seat of the order, and its chapter had the powers of a general chapter when that body was not in session. Of the 9,000 lordships and estates which the order possessed in the middle of the 13th century, the chief part were in France, and to that country generally belonged the grand master, who in some respects assumed the dignity of a sovereign prince. For more than 40 years after their organization the templars comprehended only laymen; but by a bull of 1172 Pope Alexander III. allowed the order to receive spiritual members, who celebrated mass and other religious offices in its houses, acted as secretaries to the chapter, or filled the office of preceptor. Somewhat later persons not of noble birth or knightly rank were admitted as servitors or serving brethren, of whom there were two classes, those who attended the knights in the field in the capacity of squires, and those who exercised various handicrafts in the preceptories, the former being held in the greater estimation. There were also affiliated members, who took none of the vows and assumed none of the duties of the order, but sought even a qualified admission into its ranks for the security thereby afforded; and lastly children dedicated by their parents to the order, and hence called donati, and persons who under the name of oblati pledged themselves to maintain its rights. Among other important advantages conferred upon the templars was that of having the offices of religion performed in their houses once a year, even in countries under an interdict, whence in practice they became exempt from the effects of an interdict, a circumstance which added greatly to their influence and numbers. They became in time a formidable and wealthy military community, the members of which, animated by the closest corporate spirit and subjected to the severest internal discipline, had no property or interest distinct from the order in general, acknowledged no spiritual authority but the pope, and held themselves amenable to him only in secular matters. Originally subsisting upon the alms of the charitable and making a show of poverty, as illustrated by their seal, which represented two knights riding upon a single horse, they increased so rapidly in wealth as to become more interested in extending and guarding their possessions than in affording protection to pilgrims; and notwithstanding their unquestioned prowess and daring, their frequent feuds with the rival order of the hospitallers, and

their open licentiousness and lust of gain, often injured rather than aided the cause to which they had devoted themselves. Hence they fought more for themselves than for the common cause of Christianity, aided or thwarted the plans of campaigns at their pleasure, and frequently stained their knightly name and fame by open treachery, as in the 6th crusade under the emperor Frederic II., the partial failure of which was attributed to the machinations of the templars. So far had they departed from the motives and principles of the founders of the order, that during the gradual decline of the Christian kingdom in Palestine they endeavored by separate treaties with the Saracens to secure their own possessions in that country. After having their chief seat successively in Jerusalem (1118-'87), Antioch (1187-'91), Acre (1191-1217), and the Pilgrim's Castle near Cæsarea (1217-'91), they were nevertheless compelled at the final extinction of the Latin power in Palestine in 1291 to remove to the island of Cyprus, which they had purchased from Richard I. of England for 35,000 silver marks. Though driven out of the Holy Land, the organization evinced no signs of decay, and its extensive ramification throughout Europe drew upon it the suspicion and jealousy of princes, whose cupidity was also excited by its immense wealth in landed revenues and hoarded coin. Under the influence of these motives, and irritated by his inability to tax the order, Philip the Fair of France, in concert with Pope Clement V., determined upon its destruction. Accordingly, in 1306 Jacques de Molay, the grand master of the templars, was enticed to Paris, on a pretext of consulting him with reference to a new crusade and other matters; and on Oct. 13, 1307, all the members of the order in France, including De Molay himself, were taken into custody, and their houses and goods were everywhere seized. The formal charges on which they were arrested, and which were preferred by two degraded templars, imputed to them grave heresies connected with their secret rites of initiation and internal discipline, and graver violations of morality. How far the influence of oriental manners and superstitions may have affected the belief or habits of the order during their long residence in Palestine, it is difficult to determine; but although it is not improbable that they had borrowed to some extent from the Gnostic rites and magical practices of the eastern races with whom they had come in contact, there is no evidence beyond their own confessions, wrung from them by torture, to substantiate the charges of their accusers. Under these circumstances the pope hesitated to promulgate the decree for the extinction of the order; but the less scrupulous Philip, finding his colleague loath to imitate his own intemperate zeal, procured one of his creatures, the archbishop of Sens, whose jurisdiction extended over Paris, to convoke his provincial council in that city on May 10,, 1310; and on the

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13th of the month, by command of that body, 54 members of the order were burned at the stake in a field behind the abbey of St. Antoine. The example was imitated elsewhere, and on May 2, 1312, Clement on his own responsibility, the general council of Vienne then in session being averse to precipitate measures, issued a bull for the abolition of the templars. Their movable property was for the most part appropriated by the sovereigns of the countries in which it was deposited; and although their landed possessions were nominally transferred to the hospitallers, the crown as a general thing secured the disposition of them. The order ceased at once throughout Christendom except in Portugal, where it merely assumed the name of the chevaliers of Christ, which order still subsists. The last act of the drama was the execution at the stake of De Molay, Guy of Auvergne, and other high dignitaries of the order, of whom the two first named died protesting their innocence, having previously recanted the confessions extorted from them by hopes of absolution or by torture.

TEMPLE, RICHARD GRENVILLE, earl, an English statesman, born in 1711, died in 1777. He was the eldest son of Richard Grenville and Hester Temple, and in 1752 succeeded his mother, who had in 1749 been created Countess Temple, as Earl Temple. The marriage of his sister Hester Grenville with William Pitt, afterward earl of Chatham, was the means of introducing him to public life, and during the first Pitt administration he was a prominent member of the cabinet. According to Macaulay, he was not remarkable for administrative talents, but was a skilful parliamentary tactician. In 1852-23 appeared "The Grenville Papers" (4 vols. 8vo.), comprising the correspondence of Earl Temple and his brother George Grenville between 1742 and 1777, edited by W. J. Smith from the original papers deposited at Stowe, the chief seat of the family. They throw much light upon the political movements of the period which they cover, and are asserted by the editor to afford evidence of the identity of Earl Temple with Junius. The present representative of the Grenvilles is the duke of Buckingham and Chandos.

TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, an English statesman and author, born in London in 1628, died at Moor Park, Surrey, Jan. 27, 1699. He was the son of Sir John Temple, master of the rolls in Ireland. He passed two years at Emmanuel college, Cambridge, went abroad without taking a degree, and after a somewhat extended continental tour, in the course of which he acquired a mastery of the French and Spanish languages, he returned to England, was married in 1654, and for several years resided with his father in Ireland. In 1660 he was chosen a member of the Irish convention for the county of Carlow, and also represented that constituency in the first Irish parliament convoked after the restoration. In 1663 he repaired to England with his family, carrying letters of recommendation

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from the duke of Ormond to Lord Arlington, one of the secretaries of state, and in 1665 was sent by that minister on a secret mission to the bishop of Münster, who had stipulated, in consideration of the payment by the English government of a large subsidy, to make a land attack upon the Dutch, who were then at war with England. Although the bishop deserted his allies and made a separate treaty with the Dutch, Temple's diplomatic services were so highly esteemed by Charles II. that he was created a baronet and appointed resident at Brussels. In the autumn of 1667, soon after the conclusion of peace with Holland, Temple made a visit incognito to that country, and, in view of the dangerous encroachments of France upon the Spanish Netherlands, urged upon his government the necessity of an offensive and defensive league with Holland against the projects of Louis XIV. Receiving, in Jan. 1668, the necessary powers to negotiate such a treaty, he concluded in the same month the celebrated triple alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden, by which the contracting parties bound themselves to endeavor to bring about a peace between France and Spain, and to keep the former power out of the Low Countries. This measure, characterized by Macaulay as "the single eminently good act performed by the government during the interval between the restoration and the revolution," gave Temple at once a European reputation, and is considered the master stroke of his political career. After perfecting at Aix la Chapelle negotiations for peace in pursuance of the triple alliance, he repaired in Aug. 1668, in the capacity of ambassador, to the Hague, where he cultivated a warm friendship with the grand pensionary De Witt and the young prince of Orange. Recalled to England in Sept. 1670, he discovered that the ministry had treacherously formed a secret treaty with France, by which the triple_alliance was rendered of no effect, and in June, 1671, received his dismissal from office. For two or three years he resided at his estate of Sheen; but in 1674 he was summoned from his retirement to negotiate a peace with Holland, which he accomplished in London in the space of 3 days. He returned soon afterward to his former position at the Hague, and was also one of the mediators deputed to attend the congress of Nimeguen, which after tedious negotiations resulted, in the latter part of 1678, in a hollow and unsatisfactory treaty of peace between France and Holland, to which Temple declined to affix his signature. In the interval he contributed largely to bring about the marriage of the prince of Orange with Lady Mary, daughter of the duke of York. Returning to England in 1679, he was solicited by the king to accept the office of secretary of state, which had indeed been offered to him before; but feeling, to use his own words, that "the scene was unfit for such an actor as he knew himself to be," he excused himself on the score of not having a seat in parliament. The king, harassed

by the violence of parliament, gladly availed himself of the advice of Temple, whose plan for a new privy council of 30 members, 15 to be great officers of state and 15 independent noblemen and gentlemen of great weight and landed possessions, was in April, 1679, carried into effect, to the great satisfaction of the public. Almost immediately afterward one of the fundamental principles on which it had been constructed, the prohibition of a secret interior council or cabinet, was violated; Lord Shaftesbury was admitted a member against the remonstrance of Temple; and in general the objects of the projector were so perverted, that he gradually ceased to attend the regular meetings. A single session of parliament, to which he had been elected from the university of Cambridge, sufficed to satisfy him with legislative life; and upon his name being stricken by the king from the list of privy councillors, he gladly retired in 1680 to his gardening and library at Sheen. Thenceforth he lived in retirement, either at Sheen or at Moor Park, a seat in Surrey, engaged in the completion of his memoirs, and enjoying the confidence and friendship of William III., who vainly urged him in 1688 to accept the secretaryship of state, and who frequently visited him for advice in public matters. During the last 10 years of his life he was attended in the capacity of secretary by Jonathan Swift. His works, comprising "Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands," essays on the "Origin and Nature of Government,' ""Ancient and Modern Learning," "Gardening," &c., and a variety of political and miscellaneous tracts, contain many acute observations, expressed in so easy a style that he is called by Johnson "the first writer who gave cadence to English prose. "Sir James Mackintosh calls him "the model of a negotiator;" but according to Macaulay "he was merely a man of lively parts and quick observation; a man of the world among men of letters; a man of letters among men of the world." As a fine gentleman he was one of the most distinguished of the age. His collected works were first published in 1720; the last and best edition is in 4 vols. 8vo. (London, 1814).

TENANT. See LEASE, and TENURE. TENASSERIM PROVINCES, a tract of land in British India beyond the Ganges, attached to the government of Penang, under the Bengal presidency, extending about 500 m. along the E. side of the bay of Bengal, with a breadth of from 40 to 80 m., between lat. 11° and 19° N. and long. 97° 30′ and 99° E., bounded N. by the native state of Laos, E. and S. by Siam and the Malay peninsula, and W. by the bay of Bengal, gulf of Martaban, and Pegu, from the last of which it is separated by the river Salwin; area, 30,000 sq. m.; pop. estimated at 200,000. The country is divided into the provinces of Amherst, Tavoy, Ye, and Mergui; and the chief towns are Amherst, the capital, Maulmain, Martaban, Tavoy, Mergui, and Tenasserim. The sea coast S. of lat. 11° 40' is bold and rocky, while to the N.

it is flat and much more indented with bays, creeks, and the estuaries of rivers and streams. Along its whole extent are situated islands which appear from seaward to form part of the shore. Those lying between lat. 8° and 14° 40′ N. are known collectively under the name of the Mergui archipelago, and extend from 30 to 80 m. from the shore. The principal islands of this group, from S. to N., are Sullivan island, Kisseraing, Domel, Kalegouk or Bentinck, Ross, King's, and Tavoy. The most important island on the coast, however, is Balugyun, opposite the town of Maulmain, 17 m. long and 8 broad.-The whole territory of Tenasserim, particularly toward the N., is intersected by numerous rivers, the principal being the Salwin, Atta-Yen, Tavoy, and Tenasserim. The E. boundary is formed by a range of wooded mountains varying in height from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea. In the N. there is a separate range, about 2,000 feet high, covered with hamboo jungles. There are extensive plains and fertile valleys lying upon the banks of the rivers toward the N. The staple productions are rice, cotton, sugar cane, indigo, and tobacco; and wheat, nutmegs, different spices, and dye stuffs are raised. Nearly 380 different varieties of timber have been enumerated. Iron ore is very abundant, and exceedingly rich. Tin, gold, copper, bismuth, antimony, and manganese are also found. Coal of good quality has been discovered in several places. The climate is considered remarkably healthy, the rate of mortality among Europeans being little more than it is in Europe in like circumstances. The thermometer never rises above 90°, the average being 77°. The rainy season begins in the S. part of the territory about the 1st of May, and at Maulmain a month later; the fall is much the greater toward the N., where it is estimated at 200 inches in a year.-The population comprises Burmese, Peguans, Siamese, Karens, Seelongs, Hindoos from the Coromandel coast, half caste Portuguese, Chinese, a few American missionaries, and the English officials and traders. The Burmese and Peguans are the most numerous; and the Siamese are principally settled in the neighborhood of the Tenasserim river. The chief manufactures are cotton and silk goods, coarse pottery, and iron cooking vessels. Ship building is largely carried on at Maulmain, and to a less extent at Mergui and Tavoy. The chief exports consist of rice, tobacco, gambier, ivory, edible birds' nests, and teak timber.-The Portuguese visited the territory which forms the Tenasserim provinces early in the 17th century; and in 1687 some English were massacred at Mergui, the country being then a dependency of Pegu. It afterward became subject to Siam, from which power it was taken about the middle of the last century by the Burmese, who held it till it was annexed to British India at the termination of the Burmese war in 1826. From the long unsettled state of the country, the entire population of the 4 provinces at that time only amounted to

about 30,000; but since security for life and property has been established population has rapidly flowed in from the surrounding states.

TENCH, a soft-rayed, fresh water fish of the carp family, and genus tinca (Cuv.), peculiar to the old world. The best known species is the T. vulgaris (Cuv.), rarely more than 14 inches long, of a deep yellowish brown color, and sometimes golden and greenish; the dorsal and anal fins have no osseous rays, and the former is inserted behind the commencement of the ventrals; the teeth on the pharynx are compressed and club-shaped; scales very minute, covered with mucus; a very small labial barbel at each side of mouth; the body thick and broad, and the ventrals in the male much larger than in the female. It is spread over Europe and N. Asia, and is more or less abundant in the ornamental waters and ponds of Great Britain, but is not found much above lat. 60° N.; it prefers stagnant waters with a muddy bottom, concealing itself in winter in the mud in a torpid state; like the carp it is very tenacious of life; the food consists of worms and aquatic insects, with sometimes seeds and plants. The eggs are deposited in May or June; they are very minute, of a greenish color, about 300,000 in a single female, and are placed among aquatic plants. In its natural state the flesh is apt to be soft, insipid, or ill-flavored, and difficult of digestion; but it is said to be very delicate when the fish are properly fed.

TENCIN, CLAUDINE ALEXANDRINE GUÉRIN DE, a French courtesan and novelist, born in Grenoble in 1681, died in Paris, Dec. 4, 1749. Yielding to the wishes of her family, she became a nun; but, struggling to free herself from her vows, she first succeeded in being transferred as canoness to the chapter of Neuville, near Lyons, where she enjoyed much more liberty, and finally in 1714 obtained her complete secularization. She repaired to Paris, and became first the mistress of the duke of Orleans, and then of the abbé Dubois, who gave her a splendid house. She advanced the fortune of her brother, afterward Cardinal de Tencin and minister of state under Fleury, to whom she was passionately attached, while gaining for herself wealth through her connection with the financier John Law, and fame through her intercourse with Fontenelle, Montesquieu, and other literary characters, whom she entertained at her house and playfully styled her "beasts” or "menagerie." By Destouches-Canon, one of her numerous lovers, she had a child who was abandoned at the porch of the church of St. Jean le Rond, and became afterward the celebrated D'Alembert. In April, 1726, another, La Fresnais, a councillor in the parliament, in a fit of despair killed himself at her house, and in his will accused her of being his destroyer. She was consequently incarcerated in the Bastile; but the charge was proved to be unfounded, and she was released in the beginning of July. She now became more discreet, lived more than ever among the society of wits

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