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in principle, a bad husband, a faithless lover, offering his affections to 2 or 3 married women at once, the dupe of every coarse flatterer, and false to his professions of virtue or sensibility. With wonderful power to move his readers to tears or laughter, he was rather a great jester than a great humorist, wasting his pathos on the most trivial objects, apparently "to make points and seek applause," and leaving the

or a piece of consummate acting. Masson, however, is of the opinion that "not even the artificiality of his pathos can take away the effect on our sympathies," and that "so far as sensibility can be taught by fiction, his works teach it." The gravest charge brought against him, and one which not even the character of the age in which he lived nor the exquisite accuracy and finish of his diction can palliate, is a tendency to indecency. "There is not a page in Sterne's writings," says Thackeray, with a severity perhaps not wholly merited, "but has something that were better away, a latent corruption-a hint, as of some impure presence; the foul satyr's eyes leer out of the leaves constantly." Sterne was tall and thin, with a hectic and consumptive appearance.

the book, were largely borrowed from Rabelais, Burton, and other authors not generally read in Sterne's time or even now. But after making liberal allowances for plagiarisms, his Uncle Toby, Corporal Trim, Mr. Shandy, Dr. Slop, and Widow Wadman, "creations of a fine fancy working in an ideal atmosphere, and not mere copies or caricatures of individualities actually observed," must be considered beyond all doubt among the most original per-mind in doubt whether it were genuine feeling sonages in fiction; and in his peculiar vein of humor it would be difficult to name any author whom he resembles. Thackeray has noted the influence of Sterne's early association with military men and scenes upon some of the most delightful and picturesque passages, which he characterizes as "reminiscences of the boy who had lived with the followers of William and Marlborough, and had beat time with his little feet to the pipers of Ramillies in Dublin barrack yard, or played with the torn flags and halberds of Malplaquet on the parade ground at Clonmel." In 1760 and 1766, during the publication of "Tristam Shandy," appeared 4 volumes of sermons, also by "Mr. Yorick," which met with considerable favor, more perhaps on the score of their paternity than on account of their actual merit. Gray, in his correspondence, while admitting that "they are in style most proper for the pulpit," confesses that the author seems "often tottering on the verge of laughter, and ready to throw his periwig in the face of the audience." In 1760 Sterne received an additional living at Coxwold in Yorkshire; but subsequent to this time he seems to have lived principally in London or on the continent, leaving his wife and daughter to reside in York. In 1762 he visited France, and between 1764 and 1767 spent much time in southern Europe for the benefit of his health, now seriously impaired. Returning to England, he recorded the impressions of his travels in "The Sentimental Journey," which speedily obtained a European reputation. He died soon after the appearance of the book, of which the first part only was completed, at hired lodgings in London, surrounded by strangers, by whom, it has been said, his body was rifled while he was expiring. In 1775 his daughter Lydia published 3 volumes of his "Letters to his Friends," accompanied by a short autobiographical memoir; and in the same year appeared "Letters to Eliza," consisting o 10 letters addressed by Sterne in March and April, 1767, to "Mrs. Elizabeth Draper, wife of Daniel Draper, Esq., counsellor at Bombay, and at present chief of the factory at Surat," and another collection of letters in one volume. With the exception of a few fragments and a collection of "Seven Letters by Sterne and his Friends," printed for private circulation in 1844, these are his only remaining writings that have been published.-Of the personal character of Sterne, as seen in his life and letters, no favorable impression can be formed. The latter show him to have been indifferent to the duties of his profession, lax

STERNHOLD, THOMAS, an English writer of psalms, born in Hampshire about the commencement of the 16th century, died in 1549. He was groom of the robes to Henry VIII. and Edward VI., and was noted at court for his poetical talents and extreme piety. Impressed with the necessity of procuring a substitute for the profane songs in vogue, he undertook a translation into metre of the Psalms of David, hoping they might become popular with the courtiers. He completed only 37, which were printed in 1549, after his death, with 7 by Hopkins, under the title of "All such Psalms of David as Thomas Sternholde, late Grome of the Kinges Majestyes Robes, did in his lyfe-tyme drawe into Englyshe Metre." The version was completed by John Hopkins and others, and was published in 1562 as "The Whole Book of Psalms, collected into English Metre by T. Sternhold, J. Hopkins, and others, conferred with the Ebreu; with apt Notes to sing them withal;" under which title it was annexed to the "Book of Common Prayer," and continued in use until superseded by the "New Version" of Tate and Brady, first published in 1696. Sternhold was also the author of "Certain Chapters of the Proverbs of Solomon, drawen into Metre" (London, 1549). Sternhold's versions are now remembered only for their antiquity and the prominent place they once occupied in English psalmody.

STESICHORUS, a Greek lyric poet, born in Himera, Sicily, flourished during the first part of the 6th century B. C. He appears to have lived to the age of 80 or 85. The incidents of his life are mostly of doubtful authenticity. He is said to have been educated at Catana, and to have been on friendly terms with Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, and is supposed to have

travelled in Greece. Suidas says that his name was originally Tisias, but was changed to Stesichorus because he was the first to establish a chorus for singing to the harp. By some he has been called the inventor of choral poetry. He wrote in the Doric dialect, intermixed with epic. His poems were chiefly on heroic subjects, although he wrote many on themes more purely lyrical. He was the first of the Greek poets who composed erotic poems. Fragments only of his writings are now extant. The best collection is that of C. F. Kleine, entitled Stesichori Himerensis Fragmenta, with a dissertation on his life and poetry (8vo., Berlin, 1828). STETHOSCOPE. See AUSCULTATION. STETTIN, a town of Prussia, capital of the province of Pomerania, and of the administrative district of its own name, situated on the left bank of the Oder, 76 m. N. E. from Berlin; pop. in 1858, 53,094. The river is crossed by two bridges, and the town is defended by walls, a citadel, and several forts and outworks. It is entered by 5 principal and several smaller gates, 2 of the former being highly ornament ed. The town is old, but it contains several fine squares, and is generally well built. The ancient castle of Stettin, which was the residence of the dukes of Pomerania, contains a collection of northern antiquities, and in the chapel attached to it is the ducal vault. Woollen, linen, cotton, sugar, anchors, &c., are manufactured. The value of the imports in 1854 was $12,295,800, and of the exports $6,571,550. In 1858 the total value of the imports was $17,000,000. The number of vessels entered in 1858 was 3,007, tonnage 541,978; and 58,572 tons of shipping was registered in the port.In the year 830 a large village and a temple to the Wendish idol Trigloff occupied the present site of Stettin. The temple was destroyed and rebuilt several times, and when Christianity was introduced about the beginning of the 13th century a large treasure was found in it. Stettin has belonged at different times to Denmark, Sweden, and Prussia.

STEUART, SIR JAMES, a Scottish political economist, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 10,1713, died Nov. 26, 1780. He completed his education at the university of Edinburgh, and in 1734 was admitted to the Scottish bar, at which however he rarely practised. Although of a whig family, he became, through intercourse on the continent with several exiled adherents of the old pretender, imbued with Jacobite doctrines; and having declared for the young pretender in 1745, he was sent by him on a mission to the court of France, where he was residing at the time of the battle of Culloden. The consequence was a compulsory absence from Great Britain for nearly 18 years. He resided during the greater part of this period at Angoulême, and employed his leisure in those studies which were afterward embodied in his books. In 1763 he was permitted to return to Scotland, where he passed the remainder of his life, although it was not until 1771 that he obtained

a free pardon from government. While abroad he published several works on currency, and in 1767 produced his "Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy" (2 vols. 4to.), the first considerable English work on the subject. (See POLITICAL ECONOMY, vol. xiii. p. 449.) Among his remaining works are: "The Principles of Money applied to the Present State of the Coin of Bengal," "A Plan for introducing an Uniformity of Weights and Measures," &c. A complete edition of his works was edited by his son, Sir James Steuart (6 vols. 8vo., 1805).

STEUBEN. I. A S. W. co. of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania and drained by the Chemung, Canisteo, Tioga, and Conhocton rivers; area, 1,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 66,689. The surface is broken and the soil generally very fertile. The productions in 1855 were 307,604 bushels of wheat, 711,307 of oats, 292,689 of Indian corn, 255,938 of potatoes, 297,289 of apples, 58,749 tons of hay, 1,976,129 lbs. of butter, 336,334 of wool, 113,653 of honey, and 112,287 of maple sugar. There were 9 furnaces, 2 car factories, 42 grist mills, 238 saw mills, 15 shingle factories, 7 newspaper offices, 105 churches, and 341 schools. Iron ore and superior building stone are found. ing stone are found. There are 2 or 3 small lakes, and Crooked lake is partly within the county. It is traversed by the Erie, the Buffalo, New York, and Erie, and the Blossburg and Corning railroads, and the Chemung and other canals. Considerable lumber is exported. Seats of justice, Bath and Corning. II. A N. E. co. of Indiana, bordering on Ohio and Michigan, and intersected by the St. Joseph's and Pigeon rivers; area, 314 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 10,374. The surface is prairie and woodland, and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 101,190 bushels of Indian corn, 73,141 of wheat, 38,734 of oats, and 5,389 tons of hay. There were 4 churches, and 1,600 pupils in public schools. Capital, Angola.

STEUBEN, FREDERIO WILLIAM AUGUSTUus, baron, an officer of the American revolution, born in Magdeburg, Prussia, Nov. 15, 1730, died near Utica, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1794. He was educated at the Jesuit colleges of Neisse and Breslau, and when only 14 years old served as a volunteer under his father, who was an officer in the army of Frederic the Great, and was at the siege of Prague. In 1747 he was appointed a cadet in an infantry regiment, became an ensign in 1749, and a lieutenant in 1753. In 1757 he distinguished himself at the battles of Prague and Rossbach, in 1758 was appointed an adjutant-general, and was in the battles of Kay and Kunersdorf, in the latter of which he was wounded. On the capitulation of Treptow in 1761, he was sent to St. Petersburg as a prisoner of war, but released shortly afterward. In 1762 he was appointed adjutant-general in the king's staff, and had charge of the quartermaster's department. He was a member of Frederic's select academy of young officers who were under his special instruction; and after the siege of Schweidnitz, in which he parti

cipated, the king presented him with a valuable lay benefice. At the close of the 7 years' war Steuben retired from the army and devoted himself to travel, accompanying the prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen to a number of the courts of Europe. That prince appointed him in 1764 grand marshal, and general of his guard. Steuben was on terms of intimacy and friendship with a number of the European literary characters and noblemen of his time. In 1777, while on a visit to France, the count St. Germain solicited him to come to America; and Steuben, after frequent interviews with the American commissioners, finally decided to acquiesce. He arrived at Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 1, 1777, and immediately wrote to congress and to Gen. Washington, tendering his services as a volunteer, and expressing the strongest sympathy with the cause of the colonies. Shortly afterward he proceeded to York, Penn., where congress was in session, was directed to join the army under Washington, and during the winter arrived at Valley Forge. On May 5, 1778, he was appointed inspectorgeneral with the rank of major-general, and by his excellent management greatly improved the condition of the continental troops. In June following he was at the battle of Monmouth. He prepared a manual for the army, which was approved by congress in 1779, and introduced the most thorough discipline; and much of the success of the revolution is to be attributed to his sagacious and rigid regulations. He was a member of the court martial on the trial of Major André. In 1780 he was placed in command of the troops in Virginia, and in January following was active in harassing the British forces under Benedict Arnold. The next summer he was attached to Gen. Lafayette's division, and took an important part in the siege of Yorktown. He was distinguished for his generosity and kindness of heart, and was frequently known to share his last dollar with the suffering soldiers. At various times he contributed most of his clothing and camp equipments to the men, and labored unceasingly to promote their comfort and welfare. After the war, in the impoverished condition of the country, congress was tardy in rewarding him for his services, and he experienced much annoyance and vexatious delay in securing an appropriation for his pay and to reimburse him for personal expenses incurred in providing the soldiers with clothing and arms. In 1790 congress voted him a life annuity of $2,500. Several of the states passed resolutions acknowledging his eminent services, and voted him tracts of land. New York presented him with 16,000 acres near Utica, forming a township called from him Steuben, on which he settled and passed the remainder of his life, giving portions of the land to his aids, and leasing the remainder to settlers. His life has been written by Francis Bowen in Sparks's "American Biography," and by Friedrich Kapp (New York, 1860).

STEUBENVILLE, a city and the capital of Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio river, 22 m. N. from Wheeling, Va., 35 m. W. from Pittsburg, Penn., and 141 m. E. from Columbus; pop. in 1860, 6,154. It stands on an elevation on the right bank of the river, is well laid out and substantially built, is surrounded by a rich farming and stock-growing country, and is the centre of an important trade. It has 2 cotton factories, 3 woollen factories, a paper mill, an extensive rolling mill, a glass factory, 2 iron founderies, a brass foundery, copperas establishments, machine shops, a coal and carbon oil refinery, an extensive white lead manufactory, a distillery, and a number of large flouring mills. It has 2 banks, 1 daily and 3 weekly newspapers, 12 churches, and a female seminary, which enjoys a high reputation and usually has about 150 pupils. The seminary building is a handsome structure, erected at a cost of $40,000. The river division of the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad passes through the city, and it is the present terminus of the Steubenville and Indiana railroad. Abundance of excellent coal is found in the neighborhood. STEVENS, ABEL, LL.D., an American clergyman, born in Philadelphia, Jan. 19, 1815. He studied at the Wilbraham academy, Mass., and the Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn. In 1834 he was settled as pastor of a Methodist church in Boston; in 1837 he travelled in Europe, and corresponded extensively with American journals. After his return, he was stationed about 3 years in Providence, R. I. He next removed to Boston in 1840, and took editorial charge of "Zion's Herald,” a religious newspaper; in 1852 he removed to New York, and was appointed editor of the "National Magazine;" in 1855 he revisited Europe; and on his return in 1856 was elected editor of the "Christian Advocate and Journal." Dr. Stevens has published "Memorials of the Introduction of Methodism into New England," "Memorials of the Progress of Methodism in the "The Eastern States, Church Polity," Preaching required by the Times," "Sketches and Incidents, a Budget from the Saddle Bags of an Itinerant," "The Great Reform," and a "History of the Religious Movement of the Eighteenth Century called Methodism" (3 vols., New York, 1859-'62). About 100,000 volumes of his works have been issued.

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STEVENS, GEORGE ALEXANDER, an English author, born in London in the early part of the 18th century, died in 1784. He commenced life as a strolling actor, and gradually acquired some reputation as a writer of burlesques and of comic songs. In 1760 he published a novel, "The History of Tom Fool," and a few years' later produced an entertainment entitled "A Lecture on Heads," which he gave with remarkable success. He also published a volume of "Songs, Comic and Satirical" (1772); and after his death appeared "The Adventures of a Speculist, compiled from the Papers of G. A. Stevens, with his Life, a Preface, and

Notes" (1788). Of his songs, 100 in number, one only, "The Storm," is still popular.

STEVENS, JOHN, an American inventor, born in New York in 1749, died in Hoboken, N. J., in 1838. In 1787, having accidentally seen the imperfect steamboat of John Fitch, he at once became interested in steam propulsion, and experimented constantly for the next 30 years on the subject. In 1789 he petitioned the legislature of New York for a grant of the exclusive navigation of the waters of that state. The petition was accompanied with draughts of the plan of his steamboat, but the right was not granted. In 1804 Mr. Stevens constructed a propeller, a small open boat worked by steam, and his success was such that he built the Phenix steamboat, which was completed but a very short time after Fulton had finished the Clermont. Fulton having obtained the exclusive right to the navigation of the Hudson, Mr. Stevens placed his boats on the Delaware and Connecticut. In 1812 he published a remarkable pamphlet urging the government to make experiments in railways traversed by steam carriages; and if his plan (which varied very little from the present railways) should prove feasible, he proposed the construction of such a railway from Albany to Lake Erie. The railway engines, he thought, might traverse the roads at a speed of 50 miles or even more per hour, though probably in practice it would be found convenient not to exceed 20 or 30 miles an hour. The details of construction of the roadway and of the locomotives and carriages are given with such minuteness and accuracy, that it is difficult to realize that their only existence at that time was in the mind of the inventor.-ROBERT LIVINGSTON, son of the preceding, also an inventor, born at Hoboken, N. J., in 1788, died there, April 20, 1856. Inheriting his father's mechanical genius and his deep interest in propulsion by steam on land and water, he while young commenced a course of discovery and improvement on these subjects which have given him a very high rank among modern inventors. At the age of 20 he constructed a steamboat with concave water lines, the first application of the wave line to ship building; soon after used for the first time vertical buckets on pivots in the paddle wheels of steamers, suspended the guard beam by iron rods, and adopted a new method of bracing and fastening steamboats; in 1818 discovered the advantage of using steam expansively, and of employing anthracite coal as a fuel for steamers; in 1822 substituted the skeleton wrought iron walking beam for the heavy cast iron walking beam previously in use; first placed the boilers on the guards, and divided the buckets on the water wheels in order to lessen the jar of the boat; in 1824 applied artificial blast to the boiler furnace by means of blowers, and in 1827 the hog frame (so called) to boats, to prevent them from bending at the centre; and during the next 22 years made numerous other

improvements, in the way of balance valves, tubular boilers, steam packing, cut-offs, cross propellers to turn boats as on a pivot, the forcing of air under the bottom of the steamer John Wilson to lighten the draft, &c. He had also during this period invented and put into use the T rail, and used successfully anthracite coal as a fuel for fast passenger locomotives. He had at an early age established steam ferry boats on the Hudson river, and on the organization of the Camden and Amboy railroad took a deep interest in its management, and was for many years its president. In 1813-'14 he invented an elongated bomb shell of great destructive power, and imparted to the government the secret of its construction, in consideration of which he received a large annuity. In 1842 he commenced experiments with a view to the construction of an iron-plated war steamer or battery, which should be shot and shell proof. (See BATTERY.) This battery is not yet completed, but the propriety of finishing it is now (Feb. 1862) under consideration.

STEVENSON, ANDREW, an American statesman, born in Virginia in 1784, died at Blenheim, Albemarle co., Va., June 25, 1857. He studied law and attained a prominent position at the bar. In 1804 he was elected to the house of delegates of Virginia, and after being a member for several sessions was chosen speaker. In 1821 he was elected a representative in congress, and for 13 years held that office, for the last 6 of which he was speaker of the house. He was minister to England from 1836 to 1841, and on his return became rector of the university of Virginia, and devoted the remainder of his life to the duties of that office and to agricultural pursuits.

STEWARD, LORD HIGH, in England, the highest officer under the crown, who was formerly known by the Latin title of magnus seneschallus. The office was under the Plantagenets hereditary, but since the reign of Henry IV. has been abolished as a permanent dignity, and is conferred for some special occasion, as a trial before the house of peers or a coronation, after which its functions cease. The lord high steward presides at the former, and at the close of the proceedings breaks his wand and dissolves the court.-The office of steward, or stewart, also existed from early times in Scotland, and gave name to the royal family of Stuart, in which it had been hereditary from the time of Malcolm III. (1056–’93) till the accession to the throne of Robert (II.) Stuart, grandson of King Robert Bruce, in 1371.

STEWART. I. A W. S. W. co. of Ga., bounded W. by the Chattahoochee, separating it from Alabama, and drained by several of its tributaries; area, 700 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 13,423, of whom 7,885 were slaves. The soil is fertile. The productions in 1850 were 684,449 bushels of Indian corn, 171,791 of sweet potatoes, 16,390 lbs. of rice, and 19,165 bales of cotton. There were 9 farm implement factories, 4 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 3 tanneries,

33 churches, and 660 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Lumpkin. II. A N. W. co. of Tenn., bordering on Ky., intersected by the Cumberland river, and bounded W. by the Tennessee; area, 700 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 9,888, of whom 2,405 were slaves. The surface is undulating and the soil very fertile. The productions in 1850 were 584,050 bushels of Îndian corn, 22,020 of sweet potatoes, 43,225 of oats, 290,320 lbs. of tobacco, and 92,625 of butter. There were 11 grist mills, 9 saw mills, 5 forges, 8 tanneries, 42 churches, and 248 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Dover. STEWART, CHARLES, an American naval officer, born in Philadelphia, July 28, 1778. He entered the navy as lieutenant in March, 1798, and performed his first service in the frigate United States, Com. John Barry. He remained in this ship, which was employed in the West Indies for the protection of American commerce against French privateers, until July, 1800, when he was appointed to the command of the schooner Experiment, of 12 guns, upon the same station. While lying in Rupert's bay, island of Dominica, he ascertained that an impressed American seaman was on board H. B. M. ship Siam, whose release he demanded, and after some negotiation obtained from the English commander. On Sept. 1 the Experiment fell in with and captured, after an action of 10 minutes, the French schooner Deux Amis, of 8 guns; and soon after, while cruising near the island of Barbuda, she captured, after a very short action, the French schooner Diana, of 14 guns. In addition to these two captures, she recaptured a number of American vessels which had been taken by French privateers. In 1801 the Experiment arrived at Norfolk, Va., and was sold out of service; and in the following year Lieut. Stewart made a short cruise as first lieutenant of the frigate Constellation, employed in the blockade of Tripoli. Upon the termination of this cruise he was appointed to command the brig Siren in the squadron of Com. Edward Preble, and participated in the naval operations of 1804 against Tripoli. He coöperated with Lieut. Com. Stephen Decatur, jr., in the destruction of the frigate Philadelphia on Feb. 16, as well as in the several attacks on the city and its defences; and for his services in the bombardment of Aug. 3, 1804, he received the thanks of Com. Preble in general orders. He was promoted to the rank of master and commander, and upon the conclusion of peace with Tripoli returned to the United States in command of the frigate Constellation. In 1806 he was captain, and was employed in superintending the construction of gun boats at New York. Upon the declaration of war by the United States against England in 1812, the government resolved to withdraw the American ships of war from the ocean and devote them to harbor defence, upon the ground that they would soon be captured by the overwhelming naval force of England; but

Capts. Stewart and William Bainbridge united in most earnest efforts to induce a change of policy in this respect, and succeeded. In conformity with their suggestions, the ships of war were ordered to sea, and in Dec. 1812, Capt. Stewart was appointed to the frigate Constellation, then lying at Norfolk. In the summer of 1813 he was transferred to the Constitution, there seeming to be no possibility of his eluding with the Constellation a close blockade of Norfolk, which was maintained by a strong British squadron. In December he sailed from Boston upon a cruise, which extended to the coasts of Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, and the Windward islands, resulting in the capture of the British schooner of war Pictou, of 14 guns, a letter of marque under her convoy, and several merchant vessels. In April, 1814, the Constitution was chased into the port of Marblehead by the British frigates La Nymphe and Junon. About the middle of December following, Capt. Stewart sailed in the same ship upon a second cruise, and on Feb. 20 he fell in with and captured, after an action of 40 minutes, H. B. M. ship Cyane, Capt. Falcon, mounting 34 guns, with 185 men, and the sloop of war Levant, Capt. Douglass, of 21 guns and 156 men. The Constitution mounted 52 guns with 470 men. The action was fought at night, and at the commencement of it the three ships were close-hauled and formed nearly an equilateral triangle, the Constitution being to windward. By judicious manœuvring she forced her antagonists down to leeward, and raked them both, while she avoided being raked herself. No British official account of this action has been published. By some statements the joint loss of their two ships is given at 41, while that of the Constitution was but 3 killed and 12 wounded. On March 10 the Constitution arrived at Port Praya, Cape Verd islands, with her prizes, and while a cartel was preparing to convey the prisoners to the United States a British squadron appeared in the offing. Capt. Stewart believed that the neutrality of the port would not be respected, and therefore cut his cables and put to sea, the prizes following. The squadron was composed of two line-of-battle ships and a heavy frigate, and an active chase ensued, which resulted in the recapture of the Levant. The Cyane arrived at New York on April 15, and the Constitution about the middle of May. Civic honors were bestowed upon Capt. Stewart by New York and Philadelphia; congress voted him a gold medal, and silver ones to each of his commissioned officers, and also passed a vote of thanks to him, his officers, and men; and Pennsylvania voted him a sword. From 1816 to 1820 Com. Stewart commanded a squadron in the Mediterranean, the Franklin ship of the line bearing his flag. In 1821 he hoisted his flag in the same ship for the Pacific station, where he commanded 3 years. His later services have been upon the board of navy commissioners from 1830 to 1833, and in

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