ganization of presidents, bishops, elders, quorums, and councils. A regular system of tithing has been instituted, by which one tenth of the grain, beef, pork, butter, and other products of labor is given by the people to the church. There is a tithing office at Salt Lake City, in which the goods thus contributed are received and stored, and in which accounts are kept with every member of the church. The amount of the produce of each is carefully ascertained, and he is charged with one tenth of every thing, including his labor, and credited with what he pays. Branch offices are kept at the principal villages and settlements, from which reports are made.-The soil of Utah is in general hard, dry, and barren. Not more than one fiftieth part is fit for tillage, though in some places extraordinarily large crops have been raised. It is said indeed that land near Lake Utah has yielded from 60 to 100 bushels per acre. The principal crops are wheat, buckwheat, oats, barley, Indian corn, all the fruits and vegetables of the temperate zone, and flax, hemp, and linseed in abundance. The warmest and most fertile lands are on the benches above the lower valleys. The alkaline nature of the soil is injurious to vegetation, though potatoes, squashes, and melons are made sweeter by a small admixture of it. A species of cricket, and a grasshopper about the size of a common locust, are also very troublesome to the farmer. The difficulties which beset agriculture do not extend to grazing, for which the country is admirably adapted. The valleys supply plentiful pasturage in the winter, and as spring advances, and the snow disappears on the hills, the flocks and herds find ample forage on the bunch grass, which bears its seed in summer. In the basin of Green river is a fine wool-producing region nearly as large as Massachusetts, and the best breeds of sheep have already been introduced into the territory. In 1860 the valley of the Great Salt lake produced 306,000 bushels of grain, chiefly wheat, which thrives better than maize, the summers being scarcely long enough for the latter grain.-The manufactures comprise farming implements, agricultural and other machines, steam engines, leather, woollen and cotton goods, dye stuffs, furniture, cutlery, hardware, jewelry, and brushes. These works are carried on for the most part by skilful English artisans. There are some distilleries and 8 or, 10 breweries, in which beer is made from wild hops. The great distancè of Utah, both on the east and the west, from the settled parts of the country, and the difficulties of transportation over the mountains, render almost every article of commerce not produced in the territory itself exorbitantly dear. Groceries and clothing are particularly high-priced. Sugar is worth from 37 to 40 cents per pound, coffee 50 cents, and tobacco $1.-Education is superintended by a chancellor and board of regents of the "university of the state of Deseret." Common schools are established in each ward of Salt Lake City. There are also various insti

tutions of a higher order, of which the most flourishing is an academy founded in April, 1860, in which science and art are to be taught gratis to all who pledge themselves to learn thoroughly, and to benefit the territory by their exertions. There are two weekly newspapers in the territory, of which the "Deseret News," established in 1850, is the recognized organ of the church. The other is a secular paper called "The Mountaineer."-Utah is organized like the other territories of the United States, with a governor, secretary, marshal, and judges appointed by the president, and a legislative assembly elected by the people. Legislative action is not dissimilar from that of other territories, except that no punishment is affixed to bigamy. There was no national law against this offence until 1862,, when congress passed an act "to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the territories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of the legislative assembly of the territory of Utah."-For the history of Utah, see MORMONS. The inhabitants of the territory have recently adopted a constitution and government under the title of the state of Deseret, and their senators and representatives in June, 1862, unsuccessfully applied to congress for admission.

UTAH, an E. co. of Utah territory, bordering on Colorado territory, and drained by White, Green, and Uinta rivers; area, about 4,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 2,026. Utah lake, 40 m. long and from 5 to 12 m. wide, lies in the W. part, which is also traversed by the Wahsatch mountains. Most of the surface is hilly. The soil in the valleys is productive, and in the hilly parts sterile. Capital, Provo.

UTICA, a city and one of the capitals of Oneida co., N. Y., situated on the Mohawk river, and at the junction of the New York central and Utica and Black River railroads, and of the Erie and Chenango canals, 95 m. W. N. W. from Albany, and 56 m. E. from Syracuse; pop. in 1860, 22,528. The city lies on the S. side of the Mohawk, and is regularly laid out; it rises gradually from the river to the height of 150 feet at the head of Genesee street. This street has the principal shops and many elegant private residences. The city hall on this street, erected about 1852, is of Milwaukee brick, and contains beside the city offices a court room for the U. S. district court, and a commodious public hall. The city is lighted by gas, is well supplied with water, and has a very efficient fire department. It has 6 large and several smaller hotels; 4 banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,310,200, and 2 savings banks; a cotton mill, employing 350 hands, consuming 3,000 bales of cotton, and producing 3,400,000 yards of cotton cloth annually; 2 woollen factories, employing 430 hands, and consuming nearly 900,000 lbs. of wool annually; a

millstone and plaster mill, producing about $60,000 worth annually; and numerous manufactories of starch, flour, ale, clothing, organs,

pianos, castings, machinery, carriages, boats, stone wares, fire brick, carpets, oil cloths, &c. There are 24 churches, viz.: 4 Baptist, 3 Methodist Episcopal, 3 Protestant Episcopal, 3 Roman Catholic, 2 Presbyterian, and 1 each Evangelical, Evangelical Lutheran, Calvinistic Methodist, Reformed Dutch, German Methodist, Wesleyan Methodist, Old School Baptist, and Universalist, and a Jewish synagogue. There are 11 newspapers and periodicals published in the city, of which 3 are daily and weekly, 4 weekly, 3 monthly, and 1 quarterly. Two of the newspapers are Welsh and one German. The public schools are graded, and in 1861 employed 7 male and 38 female teachers, and were attended by 3,108 pupils. The total expenditure was $22,745. The number of volumes in the district school libraries was 3,018. There were beside these 10 private schools, the Utica female academy, a flourishing institution founded in 1837, and the academy of the Assumption, under the care of the brothers of the Christian schools. Utica is the seat of the state lunatic asylum, one of the largest insane hospitals in the United Sates, which on Nov. 30, 1861, had 382 patients. The asylum occupies a farm of 130 acres, and the cost of the buildings has been upward of $500,000. There are also a Catholic and a Protestant orphan asylum; the former, under the care of the sisters of charity, maintains from 50 to 90 orphans, and the latter, incorporated and endowed, from 75 to 100.-The site of the city was included in the colonial grant styled Cosby's manor, made in 1734; but there was no settlement till after the revolution. In 1787 there were 3 log huts in the place. Fort Schuyler had been erected between the present Main and Mohawk streets, below Second street, in 1758, and occupied as a military post, and a blockhouse was built before the close of the revolutionary war on the site of the present railroad depot. In 1813 it had 1,700 inhabitants, and it grew very slowly till after the completion of the Erie canal.

UTICA, an ancient city of Africa, situated on the W. arm of the river Bagradas, near the bay of Carthage, a little N. W. of the present city of Tunis; its site is now occupied by the little village of Duar. It was founded by the Tyrians, 287 years before the foundation of Carthage. In the early wars between Rome and Carthage it appears as an ally of the latter. In the 3d Punic war it made a separate and early submission to Rome, and its prosperity was thereby greatly increased, as on the fall of Carthage a part of its territory was given to Utica, and that city made the capital of the colony and the residence of the Roman governor. In the historical narratives of the struggles between Sylla and Marius, and those between Cæsar and Pompey, frequent references are made to it as a place of great importance. Its temples and statues; its amphitheatre, capable of seating 20,000 persons, and where on an artificial lake mimic sea fights were exhib

ited; its aqueduct, bringing water from hills several miles distant, and carrying it by triple arches over the ravines; its numerous vast reservoirs, or cisterns, some of which still remaining are 136 feet long, 19 wide, and 20 or 30 deep, all indicate its magnificence in the period of its greatness. Cato the younger, surnamed Uticensis, committed suicide here in 46 B. C. Augustus made it a free city. Hadrian persuaded the inhabitants to become a Roman colony. Septimius Severus bestowed upon it the jus Italicum. It was the see of a Christian bishop at an early date. It fell into the hands of the Vandals in 439, but was recovered by the Byzantine émperors, who retained it till the reign of the caliph Abd-el-Malek, when it was conquered by the Arabians, and was destroyed about the close of the 7th century.

UTOPIA (Gr. ou, not, and тоños, a place), the title of a political romance by Sir Thomas More, and the name that he gave to an imaginary island, which he represents to have been discovered by a companion of Amerigo Vespucci, and in which existed a perfect society. He pictured a community where all the property belonged to the government, to which every one contributed by his labor, receiving therefrom a supply of his wants; where the citizen rose through all the gradations of his existence from form to form, as if in a vast public school; where gold was contemned, and all the members of the society, unswerved by passion, were fixed each in his proper place. The "Utopia" of More was published in Latin in 1516, and was translated into English by Bishop Burnet. The name is applied to all narratives of an imaginary perfect society, as the republic of Plato, the solar city of Campanella, the "Oceana" of Harrington, the floating isles of Morelli, and the happy nation of Felicians of Mercier de la Rivière; and also to socialist speculations like those of Babeuf, Saint Simon, and Fourier.

The

UTRECHT, a province of Holland, bounded N. by North Holland and the Zuyder Zee, E., S., and W. by Gelderland and South Holland; area, 534 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 161,164. chief towns are Utrecht, the capital, Amersfoort, Rhenen, Wyk, Montfoort, and Ysselstein. The surface is level in the N. and W., and varied in the S. E. by some low hills. It is well watered by the Rhine, and its branches the Vecht and Amstel. The air is not so damp as in other parts of Holland, and the climate is generally healthy. In the more elevated parts of the province the soil is sandy, and is covered by extensive heaths and tracts of peat moors; but the low ground is remarkably rich and fertile.-UTRECHT, the capital, is situated on the Old Rhine, at the bifurcation of the Vecht, in lat. 52° 7' N., long. 5° 6' E., 22 m. S. E. from Amsterdam; pop. in 1859, 53,083. The site is comparatively elevated, and the town is traversed by 2 canals which are crossed by numerous stone bridges. It is of oval shape, about 3 m. in circuit, and was formerly surrounded by walls, but these have been removed and the

ground occupied by beautiful walks, outside of which is the Maliebaan, a promenade and carriage way planted with several rows of shade trees, and bordered by fine gardens. The most remarkable building is the ancient cathedral, erected in 1382 and now in a dilapidated state. It has a detached tower, said to be 388 feet in height. There are several other churches, 3 of which belong to the Jansenists, who have their chief establishment here. The old town hall contains the room in which the first confederation of the Dutch provinces assembled in 1579; and another where many of the preliminaries of the peace of 1713 between the allies and the French were agreed to. The university is a plain building, but contains a valuable library of 50,000 volumes, a museum, an anatomical hall, and a laboratory, and has an observatory and botanic garden. It was founded in 1636, has 22 professors, and in 1858-'9 had 469 students. There are numerous schools. The manufactures include cotton, linen, silk, woollen cloth, carpets, plush or "Utrecht velvet," leather, &c.

UVALDE, a new S. W. co. of Texas, bounded W. by the Nueces river, and drained by the Rio Frio and its affluents; area, 1,480 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 506, of whom 27 were slaves. About two thirds of the county is prairie land. The soil is very productive. Sheep and goats are raised extensively. Capital, Uvalde.

UVAROFF, SERGEI, a Russian statesman and author, born in St. Petersburg about 1793, died in 1855. He held various important offices under government, and became in 1818 president of the St. Petersburg academy of sciences, and subsequently curator of the university of the same city. He was created a count in 1836. He wrote in French an Essai d'une académie Asiatique (1810); Essai sur les mystères d'Éleusis (St. Petersburg, 1812); De l'empereur Alex

andre et de Bonaparte (Brunswick, 1815); and Esquisses politiques et littéraires (Paris, 1848); and in German, "The Poet Nonnus of Panopolis" (1817); "Studies on the Ante-Homeric Era" (1821); and "Remarks upon Goethe" (1833).-His son ALEXEI published at St. Petersburg in 1852 a volume of travels along the N. shore of the Black sea.

UVULA, the conical fleshy appendage, hanging down toward the tongue from the border of the soft palate, on the median line. It is made up of muscular substance, covered by mucous membrane; from it arise on each side two folds, called the pillars of the fauces, between which, on the back part and sides of the throat, are the tonsils. It varies in size and length in different individuals, but is generally to of an inch long; it is sometimes so long as to rest upon the tongue, causing harassing cough from its continued tickling, requiring the use of astringent gargles or even a partial excision; it is occasionally bifid at the tip.

UWINS, THOMAS, an English painter, born in London in 1783, died Aug. 25, 1857. In early life he was much employed in designing for illustrated works, and making water color copies of paintings for the use of engravers; but subsequent to 1826, when he visited southern Europe for the benefit of his health, he painted a numerous and popular series of pictures illustrating the social life of the Italian peasantry. He also painted English and French peasant pieces, and somewhat later illustrations from popular authors and from sacred and profane history. His historical pictures are his least successful productions. In 1836 he was elected a royal academician; and for several years he was keeper of her majesty's pictures and of the national gallery.

UZZIAH, or AZARIAH, a king of Judah. See HEBREWS, vol. ix. pp. 34, 35.