degree of excitement and exercise which the organ receives. 3. The amount of blood which the brain receives, is several times greater than that of any other organ in the constitution, of equal bulk.

4. When the mind is unusually exercised, an uncommon quantity of blood enters the brain, distends its vessels, and stimulates and nourishes its organs, in proportion to their increased necessities.

5. It has been proved, by actual observation of the uncovered brain, during life, that the blood vessels become fuller during mental excitement.

From all these facts, I think I may safely conclude, that the habitual exercise of the organs of the mind, has a greater effect in increasing their size and power, than any other organs in the human constitution. What is true of the whole brain must be true of each organ of which it is composed-the organ which is most exercised, will ultimately become the largest, and consequently, (for size is a measure of power) it will be the most powerful. Hence the vast importance of phrenology in education, since it enables us to know the organ, or combination of organs, that need the most exercise.

Some are inclined to doubt, that exercise increases the size of the cerebral organs, because it is not sufficiently perceptible to their senses; but experiments have been made, by taking casts of the head at different periods, which establish it beyond a doubt. It is my opinion, that the variety in the heads of the different races of mankind, is owing to the various kinds and degrees of exercise which the different organs of the mind have received; and although the change during one generation was scarcely perceptible, it has finally amounted to the difference which actually exists between the Negro, the Indian and the Caucasian.

COMBINATION OF ORGANS.

If an Ipseal sometimes acts for the benefit of society, it is because it is controlled by one or more of the Socials; and if a Social appears to act for the benefit of self alone, it is because it is controlled by one or more of the Ipseals. Thus, if a man has a very large IX, and small 4th and 8th, he may marry for money; but in such a case the Ipseal controls the Social feelings, and presses them into the service by superior force. The same is true when a Social controls an Ipseal-when a man accumulates property to gratify others, his IX will be found smaller than his 6th and 10th. This explains away an objection which has been made to my classification-that the Socials sometimes act for self, and the Ipseals sometimes for society; and that therefore, there is no philosophical ground for a distinction between Ipseals and Socials: but in every instance in which an Ipseal acts for society, it will be found that it does so in consequence of the superior influence of one or more of the Socials. The self-relative nature of X, XI, and XII, is not so obvious, to some, as the other Ipseals, but they can, notwithstanding, be shown to be as really self-relative as any of this class;-the reason why they do not appear so selfish is because their objects are higher, and nobler, and more refined. It will be found that they never act for society, unless influenced to do so by the Socials: for instance, X was intended for the benefit of self; but if 4th is large, the sport will be enjoyed in society. The same is true of XI and XII. It would require several volumes to detail minutely, the results of all the different combinations which the organs may form; I shall therefore leave this subject to the judgment of the philosophical student.

CHAPTER X.

PHRENO-PHYSIOGNOMY.

UNDER this head I include, all the appearances of the body and face, which indicate character by reason of their harmony with the Phrenological Organs. The bodies, limbs, and features of animals, are always perfectly adapted to their several dispositions and capacities. If two animals differ in character, there is always a corresponding difference in their external appearances. The aspect of a tiger is never found connected with the disposition of a lamb; nor the disposition of the vulture, in the form of the dove.There is always an adaptation of the mental powers of animals to their external organs;-there is harmony between the brain, in which the actions originate, and the limbs, claws, teeth, and other instruments of action. No animal possesses a large organ of Destructiveness, without being furnished also with some appropriate apparatus, with which to execute the wishes of the propensity. It is upon this principle that the classification of animals by naturalists is founded.

Animals are divided by naturalists into two grand divisions-the vertebrated, or those which have a back bone— and the invertebrated, or those which are without a back bone.

The vertebrated animals are subdivided into fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammalia.

The mammalia is the highest class of animals. At the head of this class is man; next, the ape and monkey tribes; and then the various quadrupeds, which are subdivided into several genera and species, for a more particular account of which I refer the student to the proper works on Natural History. But the most important subdivision of the mammalia, are those which are founded upon the forms of their teeth, as indicative of their different modes of procuring food.

The teeth of animals are of three kinds; the incisors, or cutting teeth, in front; the molares, or grinding teeth, in the back of the mouth; and the canine, or tearing teeth, between the incisors and molares.

Carniverous, herbiverous, and rodentia animals are easily distinguished from each other by the difference in their teeth. In the carniverous, the canine teeth predominate; as may be seen in plate VIII. fig. 1, (lower jaw of a tiger,) in which the canine teeth b, are large and pointed, and the incisiors, a, are short and sharp, and arranged in a straight row between the canine. Fig. 2, head of a lion, represents the same idea.

In the herbiverous animals, (fig. 5 and 6, the horse,) the molares predominate, the canine teeth are wanting, and the incisors a, are large, and standing outward; whereas the incisors of the carnivora are either perpendicular, or standing inward. The herbiverous teeth are also arranged more in the form of a crescent, instead of being arranged straight across, like those of the lion. The jaws of the herbivora are comparatively longer and narrower than those of the carnivora, which are short, and at the place where the canine teeth a, are situated, are larger.

In the rodentia, (fig. 9 and 10, the beaver,) the incisors predominate; and it is from this peculiarity that they have derived their appellation of rodentia or gnawers. In these, the canine b, are wanting, and the two incisors a, assume