in union with, or hereafter admitted to union with this Church: Provided, That each congregation shall be entitled to one deputy. The deputies shall be chosen by the respective congregations. Provided, also, that all those persons who were present, and as signers of the original call, voted in the first General Council of this Church, shall be entitled to a seat and a vote in the General Council until otherwise ordered. In all questions, when required by five members, the vote shall be by orders; and in such case the concurrence of both orders shall be necessary to constitute a vote of the Council. ART. III. The bishops of this Church shall not sit as a separate House, nor exercise a veto-power, but shall be members ex-officio of the General Council, and, when a vote is taken by orders, they shall vote with the presbyters. The President of the General Council shall be chosen by ballot from among the bishops, to serve for one year; and during his term of office he shall be the presiding bishop of this Church: Provided, That such annual election shall not preclude the elec tion of the same bishop to that office. ART. IV. The bishops of this Church shall be ohosen or received agreeably to such rules as shall be fixed by the General Council; and their jurisdiction, powers, and duties, shall be such as the General Council may hereafter define; and any bishop of this Church may ordain, confirm, or perform any other act of the episcopal office, at the request of any bishop, or any Church destitute of a bishop. ART. V. Any congregation not now represented, may at any time hereafter be admitted to union with this Church, and be entitled to representation, in accordance with Article II., on acceding to this Constitution and to the doctrine, discipline, and worship of this Church. Six or more adjoining congregations in union with this Church, with six or more presbyteries of this Church, may associate themselves into a synod (taking its name from a town or city), under the jurisdiction of a bishop of this Church. Each synod shall be composed of all the ministers of this Church within its limits, and such number of lay deputies from each congregation as the synod may determine; and each synod shall have power to frame a constitution and canons for its own government, not conflicting with the constitution and canons of the General Council. ART. VI. The mode of trying bishops and other ministers shall be provided by the General Council. The court for that purpose shall be composed of bishops and presbyteries; and the General Council shall be a court for final appeal. The sentence, in any case, shall be pronounced by a bishop of this Church. ART. VII. No person shall be ordained to the Holy Ministry, or be received as an ordained minister from another Church, until he shall have been examined by a bishop and by two presbyters, and shall have exhibited such testimonials and other requisites as the canons of this Church may direct. Nor shall any person be so ordained, or received, until he shall have subscribed the following declaration: I do believe the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be the Word of God, and to contain all things necessary to salvation; and I do solemnly engage to conform to the doctrine, discipline, and worship of the Reformed Episcopal Church, so long as I shall con. tinue a minister thereof. The ecclesiastical parity of presbyters of this Church, whether episcopally or otherwise ordained, shall be maintained as a fundamental principle of the Reformed Episcopal Church. ART. VIII. A Book of Common Prayer, Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of this Church, Articles of Religion, and Forms for Receiving. Ordaining, and Consecrating Bishops and other Ministers, when established by this or a future General Council, shall be used in this Church, at such times, and with such liberty, as the canon on this subject shall provide; but no canon shall make its use imperative on all occasions, nor forbid the use of extempore or other prayer at suitable times. No alterations or additions shall be made in this Book of Common Prayer, or other Of fices of this Church, or the Articles of Religion, unless the same shall be proposed in one General Council, and adopted at the subsequent General Council: Provided, That such alterations or additions may, by unanimous consent, be made by any General Council. ART. IX. No church decorations, ornaments, vestments, or ceremonies, calculated to teach, either directly or symbolically, that the Christian ministry possesses a sacerdotal character, or that the Lord's Supper is a sacrifice, shall ever be allowed in the worship of this Church; nor shall any communiontable be constructed in the form of an altar. ART. X. This Constitution shall be unalterable, unless the proposed alterations shall be first submitted to one General Council, and finally ratified or agreed to in the ensuing General Council: Provided, That such alterations may be made at any General Council by unanimous consent. GEORGE DAVID CUMMINS, D. D., the founder and presiding bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church, was born in the State of Delaware, December 11, 1822. He was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., and graduated from that institution in 1841. He entered upon the study of theology with Robert Emory, a Methodist minister, and spent two years as a preacher on trial in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He afterward joined the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was ordained a deacon in that Church by Bishop Lee, of Delaware, in October, 1845, and a priest by the same bishop, in July, 1847. He was successively appointed to the following parishes: Christ Church, Norfolk, Va., St. James's Church, Richmond, Va., Trinity Church, Washington, D. C., St.. Peter's Church, Baltimore, Md., and Trinity Church, Chicago, Ill. While in charge of the last-named parish, he was elected Assistant-Bishop of Kentucky, and was consecrated to that office in Christ Church, Louisville, November, 1866. He officiated in the capacity of Assistant Bishop with satisfac tion to the Church and acceptably to the peo ple of the diocese, until the events occurred which led to his withdrawal from the Church. Bishop Cummins is particularly distinguished as a preacher of polished diction and persuasive power. RHODE ISLAND. After a session of eleven weeks, the General Assembly, sitting in Provi dence, adjourned. The legislation of the session was of local importance, and more noticeable for the measures that were not passed. The question of selecting a site for the new State-House, which had occupied no little time of the session, was not decided. The proposition to take the West Burying-Ground, in Providence, as a suitable site, after having been passed unanimously in the Senate, failed in the House by one vote. The bill to make public libraries a part of the public-school system of the State, was defeated in the Senate; and the proposition to apply to railway uses the $100,000 forfeit of the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad failed, because the House did not act upon the Senate's resolution. The State Board of Valuation was continued another year, to complete its work, and there was voted a State tax of twenty cents on the hundred dollars of ratable property, according to the valuation of 1872. The General Assembly completed its May session at Newport, on the 30th of May, and adjourned to meet in Providence, on the third Tuesday of January, 1874. The Democratic State Convention assembled in Providence on the 18th of March, and nominated Charles R. Cutler, of Warren, for Governor; Samuel H. Wales, of Providence, for Lieutenant-Governor; William J. Miller, of Bristol, for Secretary of State; George N. Bliss, of East Providence, for Attorney-General; and William P. Congdon, of Newport, for General Treasurer. Benjamin G. Chace subsequently became the candidate for Governor, and Charles E. Gorham for Secretary of State. The following declaration of principles was adopted: Resolved, That this convention condemns and denounces the action of the majority of the Senators and Representatives of the Forty-second Congress in passing the measure increasing the salaries of members of Congress and others as a national dishonor, and a disgraceful robbery of the public funds. Resolved, That the recent developments in Congress, and the action of Congress thereon, in reference to the Credit Mobilier plot demonstrated to the people of this nation the real high sense of purity, morality, and integrity entertained by the representatives of the party in power at Washington, and calls for the hearty denunciation of all honest citizens. Resolved, That we sympathize with the situation of the people of the State of Louisiana, and deplore the military rule and reign of terror inaugurated and sustained by the Federal "Ku-klux," and we hereby reaffirm the time-honored principle of the Democratic party, that a majority of the loyal people of each State have the authority to exercise the inalienable right guaranteed to them by the Constitution of the United States. Resolved, That the naturalized citizens of the United States ought to have the same civil and political rights as the native-born citizen; and that the constitution of the State of Rhode Island, requiring as it does the naturalized citizen to own real estate as a qualification for the exercise of the right of suffrage, is an invidious distinction and entirely unjust, and should be so amended as to give equal rights to all. The Republican Convention had assembled a few days previously and nominated the following ticket: for Governor, Henry Howard, of Coventry; for Lieutenant-Governor, Charles C. Van Zandt, of Newport; for Secretary of State, Joshua M. Addeman, of Providence; for Attorney-General, Willard Sayles, of Providence; for General Treasurer, Samuel Clark, of Lincoln. The following resolutions were made part of the proceedings of the convention: Resolved, That this convention commends the action of the Senators and Representatives in Congress from this State in opposing the measure to increase the salaries of members of Congress and others, and thereby denounces the passage of this bill by the VOL. XIII.44 A Forty-second Congress as a national dishonor and a disgraceful robbery of the public funds. those members who assisted in the consummation of Resolved, That we appeal to the constituents of this great wrong to spare the country the mortification of seeing those individuals occupying seats in Congress after their present term of office expires. On the 19th of March a Prohibitory State Convention was held in Providence, and was attended by 155 delegates, representing 24 towns. The convention nominated for Governor, Henry Howard; for Lieutenant-Governor, Latimer W. Ballou; for Secretary of State, Joshua M. Addeman; for AttorneyGeneral, Willard Sayles; and for General Treasurer, Henry Goff. The following resolutions were adopted: Resolved, That the ballot-box being the means through which a citizen is permitted to effect the government under which he lives, he is bound to use it for an expression of his opinion on a political question, as the indiscriminate sale of intoxicating beverages. Resolved, That the system of licensing the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage, is at war with the material prosperity of the State, and opposed to morals and religion; that it does not, in reality, check the indulgence in what it professes to keep in subjection, notwithstanding a large sum of money may be paid by each license; that it does discriminate in favor of the wealthy dealers in liquors, and tends to demoralize every citizen. Resolved, That we hail with much satisfaction the introduction of the temperance question in the sphere of national legislation, and we call upon Senators and Representatives in Congress from Rhode Island to give their influence and votes in favor of prohibition of the traffic in intoxicating liquors, as a beverage, in the Territories of the United States and the District of Columbia; also, for a National Commission of Inquiry concerning the liquor-traffic, and the results of restrictive and prohibitory legislation for the suppression of intemperance. The election, held on the 2d of April, resulted in the success of the Republican ticket. Henry Howard, who was the candidate of the Republican party and had also been indorsed by the Prohibitory Convention, received a majority of 5,870 in a total vote of 13,442; 3,786 votes were cast for Mr. Chace, the Democratic nominee. The political complexion of the State Legislature chosen is as follows: 1873, were $191,358, making with the balance of $161,760 in the Treasury at the former date, a total of $353,118. The disbursements during the same period were $323,020, leaving a balance of $30,097 in the Treasury November 30, 1873. The total valuation of the several cities and towns, as reported by the State Board of Valuation, is $328,530,559, including $243,658,190 real and $84,872,369 personal estate. The amount appropriated by the towns in 1873 for school purposes, in addition to the amount expended for buildings, was $304,685, which represents an increase during ten years of $205,569, while there has been a slight decrease within that period of the average attendance of pupils. The increase in the length of the school year to thirty-six weeks, the increase in teachers' salaries, the improvements made in school-houses and furnishings, are among the reasons for this increase in school expenditures in ten years; while the existence of a large number of private and evening schools has done much to draw from the attendance upon the public day-schools. be the largest average shown by any of the States. The average rate of dividend has been 7 per cent. per annum. Efforts have been made by the Commissioners of Fisheries to reestablish within the borders of the State this important source of wealth. Shad and salmon have been placed in the Blackstone, Pawtuxet, and Pawcatuck rivers, and the commissioners hope to make an arrangement with the proper authorities of Massachusetts, whereby Warren River can also be used for this purpose. Black bass have been placed in the ponds of nine towns, and the commissioners assert the fullest confidence in their ability to stock the waters of the State successfully with this valuable fish. The fishway at Pawtuxet has been completed, and is likely to answer the purpose for which it is intended. RIANZARES, FERNANDO MUÑOZ, Duque de, a Spanish soldier sprung from the lowest ranks, the favorite, the husband, and subsequently king-consort of Maria Christina, ex-QueenDowager of Spain, born at Tarrancon (Cuença), in Spain, 1810; died near Havre, France, SepA large portion of Governor Howard's mes- tember 15, 1873. He was the son of a Madrid sage to the Legislature of 1874 is devoted to tobacconist, a private in the King's guard, and the subject of institutions for savings. The his sister a laundry-maid in Madrid, when in opinion seems to be general that the laws 1830 he attracted the attention of Queen Chrisgoverning these institutions need immediate tina. She had married the previous year, as reforming. It has been suggested that a max- his fourth wife, Ferdinand VII., he being fortyimum rate of interest on deposits should be five and she but twenty-three. She was gay, established by law; that receiving large amounts unprincipled, and selfish. The young guardsfrom corporations and others should be dis- man, Muñoz, as one of the escort party of the couraged by limiting the amount which any Queen from Buen Retiro to Madrid, had picked bank may receive from one depositor; and up her embroidered handkerchief and prethat the practice, prevalent among some banks, sented it to her with true Spanish grace. He of sending funds to remote States in order to was handsome and had a fine address, and conobtain a high rate of interest, should be pro- siderable vivacity of manner, and these qualihibited. It is the opinion of Governor How- ties attracted the Queen, who held a conversaard that "the provisions of the law in regard to tion of several hours with him that day, took State supervision are wholly inadequate. In him at once into her favor, lavished on him asmuch as the appointment of a special com- wealth and honors and a court position, and mittee to examine the condition of a bank, of in 1833, three months after the death of Feritself tends to discredit and injure such institu- dinand VII., was privately married to him. tion, it follows that examinations are not likely This marriage caused great scandal. After a to take place until there has been some marked stormy regency of eight years, Queen Christina violation of law or glaring mismanagement. was in 1840 driven from Spain, but three years In practice, therefore, the law is remedial only, later she returned in triumph, and in October, when it should be preventive as well. A 1844, was married in public to Muñoz, to whom commission of annual appointment, the duties she accorded the title of Duque de Rianzares. of which should be to make occasional visits The Queen continued in power even after her of inspection to all savings and State banks, daughter Isabella had attained her majority would be much more likely to discover vicious and ascended the throne, but was finally comand imprudent management.' pelled to leave the country in 1854, and never afterward regained the ascendency she had previously exercised. The duke took little part in politics, and was content with the honor of being the Queen's husband. It was proposed in 1846 to give him a Spanish-American kingdom, but he evinced little desire for the doubtful honor. He was created a grandee of Spain of the first class, and a Knight of the Golden Fleece. In 1847, at the time of the Spanish marriages, King Louis Philippe of France gave him the grand-cross of the Legion of Honor, There are now thirty-seven savings institutions in the State. Notwithstanding the financial troubles of the latter part of the year, the deposits in the savings-banks of the State increased during the year more than $4,000,000, the aggregate at the end of the year being $46,617,183. The undivided profits amount to $1,780,430 more. The number of depositors reached 93,124, an increase during the year of 4,460; the average amount due each was $500.59, an increase of $20. It is claimed to and the French title of Duc de Montmorat. He had resided several years in France, and his wife, the ex-Queen, survives him. the governments in various countries, especially Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, Mexico, and Brazil. Pope Pius IX. remained in the Vatican at Rome, supported by voluntary offerings of his adherents throughout the world, declining to accept the proffered stipend of the Italian Government. He was not molested in his appointments of archbishops and bishops to Italian sees, steps being taken to avoid any collision, but he could not prevent the seizure of many convents and religious houses at Rome, including even those of the generals of orders, having branches or missions in various Christian and pagan lands. In all cases the Italian Government seized not only the buildings under pretext of their being necessary for national use, but also took possession of the libraries and archives, thus in the case of the heads of orders effectually crippling the operations of those branches of the Church throughout the world. Under instruetions from the Cardinal-Vicar a protest was made by each community before yielding to force: "The undersigned, Superior of the Religious House *** having been summoned by the Junta liquidating ecclesiastical property at Rome to present in a special form, within a delay of three months, a tabular statement of the goods, credits, and debts, belonging to the said House, replies that he (or she) cannot spontaneously furnish it. But since in case of refusal, heavy penalties are threatened, he transmits, in order to avoid graver evils, the tabular statement required, and at the same time protests and declares that he takes no part in the act of spoliation, and yields only to violence." RIGDON, SIDNEY, one of the founders of Mormonism, born in St. Clair township, Alleghany County, Pa., February 19, 1793; died in Pittsburg, Pa., January, 1873. As a boy Rigdon seems to have been shrewd, artful, and designing. He had obtained a fair English education, and had learned the printing business, and was working at his trade in an office in Pittsburg, in 1812-'13, when a somewhat erratic genius, a preacher, by the name of Solomon Spaulding, brought to the office a manuscript of what he termed an historical novel. He gave it the title of "The Manuscript Found; or, The Book of Mormon." The book was crude and worthless as a fiction, but it took the fancy of Rigdon, and he copied it. It was eventually returned to the author, who soon afterward died. After remaining three or four years longer in the printing-office, Rigdon withdrew, and commenced preaching, at first professing evangelical doctrines, but before long he gathered a congregation of his own, to whom he broached some of the crudities of this "Book of Mormon." In or about 1829 he became acquainted with Joseph Smith, Jr., the Mormon prophet, and formed an association with him, furnishing him with Spaulding's manuscript, portions of which Smith published, asserting that they were translated from some golden plates which he had found. Rigdon also transferred to him as many of his followers as he could. From that time Smith and Rigdon worked together, and were partners in all their enterprises, even to their practice of polygamy. When Smith removed to Kirtland, Under the decree of January 16th, seventeen Ohio, Rigdon went with him, was his most convents were seized on the 26th. A protest, efficient preacher, and cashier of the bank made June 2d by generals and procurators of of which Smith was president. The Missouri religious orders, produced no effect. A decree enterprise, which came to such a tragic end- of June 19th doomed them all, and from that ing, was mainly conducted by Rigdon, who to the close of the year the work of suppresdenounced the anti-Mormons with great sever- sion was carried on without any indulgence. ity and bitterness. When the Mormons es- The property belonging to the churches, even tablished themselves at Nauvoo, Ill., Rigdon of St. Peter's, St. John Lateran, the especial was one of the presidents of the Church. He churches of the Pope, and necessary to their had been twice tarred and feathered, and sev- maintenance, was seized and sold at auction, eral times imprisoned, for his alleged conspira- The seizure of the property belonging to the cies and misdemeanors. When Joseph and Irish College led to the interposition of the Hyrum Smith were shot at Carthage, June 27, British Government. 1844, Rigdon, who was then at liberty, aspired to the leadership of the sect, but the "twelve apostles " preferred Brigham Young, and chose him. Rigdon refused to submit to his authority, and for his contumacy was declared to be "cut off from the communion of the faithful and delivered to the devil to be buffeted in the flesh for a thousand years." Thus cast out, he sank into obscurity, and for the lifetime of a generation had gone out of the memories of men, till his singular history was recalled by his death. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The year 1873 witnessed increased complications in the relations of the Roman Catholic Church with This course of the Italian Government drew from Pope Pius IX. the following allocution, delivered to the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, in the hall of the Vatican, on July 25, 1873. VENERABLE BRETHREN: What we foretold when we addressed you at the close of the past year-to wit, that we might have to speak again of vexations of the Church daily increasing; the work of iniquity, then proposed, having now been consummated, our office calls us to declare, in whose ears seems to sound that voice of one saying: Cry! So soon as we learned that an enactment was to be proposed to that Legislative Assembly which, in this propitious city as well as in the rest of Italy, was to suppress religious houses, and to put up ecclesiastical property to be sold; denouncing the impious crime, we proscribed any and every project of an enactment of such kind. We declared null every acquisition of property thus robbed; and we repeated the censures that were incurred, ipso facto, by the authors, and by the promoters, of enactments of such sort. Not only by the Church has this enactment been branded as antagonistic to divine and ecclesiastical law; but by the lights of public legal science, as subversive of all natural and human justice; and so, of its own nature, void and null. But we see it accepted to-day, by the votes of the Legislative Assembly and of the Senate; and, finally, sactioned by royal authority. We judge it best, Venerable Brethren, to refrain from repeating all that we have so often largely set forth, hoping to deter these wicked rulers from their attempt, in regard to the sacrilege, the malice, the end, and the most grave injuries of this enactment. But we are forced by the duty of vindicating the rights of the Church, by the solicitude of warning the careless, and by very charity for the guiity, to raise our voice and to declare to all those who have not hesitated to propose, or to approve, or to sanction this aforesaid most iniquitous enactment; and to all commissioners, promoters, counselers, adherents, executors, or purchasers of ecclesiastical property, that whatever they have done, or may do, is to no valuable account, but void, and null. And not only so, but that they are, in the act of any participation whatever, each and all of them, stricken with the major excommunication, and with yet other ecclesiastical pains and penalties, according to the Sacred Canons, Apostolical Constitutions, and Decrees inflicted by General Councils, and especially by the Council of Trent; and that they have fallen into the most terrible vengeance of God, and are walking in plain peril of eternal damnation. Meantime, Venerable Brethren, while necessary aids to our sovereign ministry are withdrawn more and more, while wrongs are heaped on wrongs toward persons and things sacred, while here and abroad the persecutors of the Church seem to be concerting their plots and joining their forces for the utter smothering of the exercise of ecclesiastical jurisdiction; and, to give a special instance, perhaps to interfere with the free election of him who is to sit as the Vicar of Christ in this chair of Peter, what is left to us except that we should, with all earnest ness, take refuge in Him who is rich in mercy, and deserts never his servants in the time of their trouble? And, verily, the power of Divine Providence is shown clearly in the perfect union of all the bishops with this Holy See, in their noble steadfastness against wicked enactments, and the usurpation of sacred rights; in the unbounded devotion of the whole Catholic household to this centre of unity; in that life-giving spirit, with which faith and charity are bursting forth, everywhere, in works worthy of the best days of the Church. Let us, then, strive to make ready the desired season of mercy. Let us all together, throughout the world, try to do a pious violence to our God. Let all prelates rouse their parish priests to this. Let all parish priests stir up the people of their sev eral flocks. Let us, all and together, prostrate, and bowed down before our altars, cry out: Come, O Lord, come! Delay not! Spare Thy people, loosen the burdens of Thy flock! Behold our desolation! It is not pleading justifications for ourselves that we pour out our prayers before Thy face, but for the multitude of Thy tender mercies! Stir up Thy power, and come; show Thy face, and we shall be saved! And although we may be conscious of our unworthiness, let us not fear to draw nigh, confidently, to the Throne of Grace. Let us seek that throne by the intercession of all who now surround it. Especially, let us seek it through the holy apostles; let us seek it through the most chaste Spouse of the Mother of God (St. Joseph); let us seek it, above all, through the Virgin Immaculate, whose intercessions with her Son have the relation, in a certain way, of commands. But, as a preparation for this, let us strive earnestly to cleanse our conscience from dead works. For it is "on those that are just the Lord sets his eyes; and it is to their prayers that his ears are open." That this may be accomplished more certainly, and more fully, we grant, by our apostolical authority, to all the faithful who will have duly confessed and communed, and will have prayed for the necessities of the Church, in these matters, a Plenary Indulgence, to be once gained, on whatever day the Ordinary, in each diocese, shall have appointed; which Indulgence may be applied for the souls of the faithful departed Therefore, Venerable Brethren, though countless and very heavy storms of persecutions and troubles rage, let us not lose courage on that account. For we are trusting in Him who never suffers those that hope in Him to be confounded. For it is the promise of God which cannot be forgotten: "I will deliver him, because he has hoped in me!" The suppression of the Roman University, and of the chair of Theology in the various Italian universities, was also effected, so that the higher education of secular and regular clergy was rendered almost impossible in Italy. The affairs of the Church in Switzerland early in the year assumed a serious aspect. On the occasion of issuing a decree in regard to proceeding to the canonization of Blessed Benedict of Labre, and Blessed Andrea da Burgio, Pius IX., January 16th, nominated Mgr. Mermillod Vicar-Apostle of Geneva, thus relieving him from even nominal dependence on the Bishop of Lausanne, without making him Bishop of Geneva. The Government of Geneva, in a circular, declared his nomination an attempt against the authority of the state, and ordered him to leave Swiss territory, if he attempted to act. He was accordingly arrested at Geneva on the 17th of February, and, in spite of his protest against the unconstitutionality of the act, forcibly conveyed beyond the frontiers into France. He soon received a letter of encouragement from the Pope, and, on the 22d of March, sent a protest to the council discussing the whole question. It was returned to him by M. Nautier, President of the Council of State of Geneva, but was again sent by the bishop, who insisted, as a Swiss citizen, on his right to have it laid before the council. A law was then passed, March 23d, followed by another of August 26, which established an entirely new system for the Catholic Church, making new divisions of parishes, requiring the clergy to be elected by Catholics, whose names appeared on the cantonal list of electors, and forbidding any priest to perform any act as such until approved by the Government. These laws were not allowed to remain a dead letter, two priests having been arrested at the altar on the 29th of March. When the election for parish priests came off, the Catholics in communion with the Pope could not vote without forfeiting their membership, and abstained. Those who shared the views of the Old Catholics voted, M. Loyson (Father Hya |