Fernandez, Archbishop of Valencia; Maximilian von Tarnoczy, Archbishop of Salzburg, Austria; John von Simor, Archbishop of Strigonia, and Primate of Hungary; Ignazio do Nascimento Moraes Cardosa, Patriarch of the Indies, and Archbishop of Lisbon; Father Camillus Tarquini, a Jesuit, who died soon after; Thomas Martinelli, an Augustinian.

Among the eminent persons connected with the Catholic Church who died in 1873 were Cardinals Billiat, Cuesta, and Milesi Ferretti; F. John Merlini, General of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood; F. Jerome Kaysoewicz, General of the Order of the Resurrection, Bishop Reinkens was born in the manufacturing town of Burtscheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle, on March 1, 1821. In order to support his aged father, who had lost his entire property, he entered, with one of his brothers, as working-man, a spinning-factory of Aix-la-Chapelle. Three years later he was able to begin a course of study at a gymnasium, wbich he rapidly finished. From 1844 to 1847 he studied, at the University of Bonn, theology and philology. After being ordained a priest at Cologne, in 1848, he received, in 1850, the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and in the same year was called by Bishop Diepenbrock to Breslau, where he became a lecturer on church history at the university, and in 1852 second cathedral preacher, 1853 extraordinary, and 1857 ordinary Professor of Theology. After the death of Bishop Diepenbrock he resigned, in 1858, his office as cathedral preacher. In the conflict which, in 1860, began between Bishop Förster, the successor of Diepenbrock, and the liberal professor, Baltzer, Reinkens sided with the latter, and from this time the strictly Catholic party in Germany regarded him as a dangerous representative of a theological liberalism. When the movement against the Vatican Council and the doctrine of papal infallibility began in Germany, Reinkens at once took a prominent part in it. His first work on the subject, entitled "Papst und Papstthum nach der Zeichnung des heil. Bernhard von Clairvaux" ("Pope and Popedom, as described by St. Bernard, of Clairvaux,' Münster, 1870), involved him in a disciplinary investigation on the part of the bishop, who, at that time, was in Rome; the publication of a second work on papal infallibility ("Ueber Päpstliche Unfehlbarkeit," Munich, 1870), the bishop endeavored to prevent, with the cooperation of the Prussian Minister of Education.

On August 26th and 27th, 1870, Reinkens took part in a meeting of Catholic professors, which was held under the presidency of Döllinger, at Nuremberg, and which issued a declaration against the doctrine of papal infallibility. The Bishop of Breslau, on that account, suspended him, and forbade the students to attend his theological lectures. From that time Reinkens devoted nearly his whole energy to the promotion of the Old Catholic movement. At the first Old Catholic Congress, held in Munich

in September, 1871, he made an address on nationality and Catholicity; at the Congress of Cologne, held in September, 1872, he made the report of a special committee on the relation of the Old Catholics to other Christian denominations. From the University of Leipsic he received, in February, 1871, the honorary title of Doctor of Philosophy. Soon after his recognition by the Emperor, the Governments of Baden and Hesse also recognized him as "Catholic bishop." Immediately after his consecration as bishop, he issued a pastoral letter to the Old Catholic congregations of Germany, and subsequently (December 14th) he replied, by a second pastoral letter, to the Papal Encyclical of November 21st. Bishop Reinkens is the author of a number of works relating to Church history and philosophy, the most important of which are the following: "De Clemente Presbytero Alexandrino (Breslau, 1851); "Hilarius von Poitiers" (Schaffhausen, 1864); "Die Einsiedler des heib Hieronymus" (Schaffhausen, 1864); “Die Gechichtsphilosophie des heil. Augustinus" (Schaffhausen, 1866); "Martin von Tours" (Breslau, 1866); "Aristoteles über Kunst, besonders über Tragödie" (Vienna, 1870). On the question of papal infallibility he published, besides the works already mentioned, six essays, under the title "Die päpstlichen Decrete von 18 Juli, 1870" (Munich, 1871).

Count MIECISLAV LEDOCHOWSKI, Archbishop of Posen and Gnesen, a scion of an old noble Polish family, and eldest son of Count Joseph Ledochowski, who died on November 24, 1859, was born on October 29, 1822. After having been ordained a priest, he gained at Rome the confidence of the Pope to so high a degree that, in 1861, he was appointed Archbishop of Thebes in partibus infidelium, and in 1862 was sent as papal nuncio to Belgium. His election as Archbishop of Posen and Gnesen in 1866 was not only highly acceptable to Rome, but also to the Prussian Government, which was believed to have received assurances from the new archbishop that he would not use his episcopal influence for strengthening the national Polish movement, which ultimately aims at a separation of the Polish districts from Prussia and the restoration of an independent Poland. For several years the good understanding between the archbishop and the Prussian Government continued, and several of his pastoral letters, which enjoined obedience to the lawful government, were severely criticised and denounced by the Polish nationalists. At the beginning of 1871 he went to the headquar ters of the new Emperor of Germany at Versailles in order to present to the Emperor a petition of the cathedral chapters of Gnesen and Posen in behalf of the restoration of the temporal power of the Pope. As the petition was not granted, the relations of the archbishop to the Prussian Government ceased. He showed himself an uncompromising champion of the claims of the Catholic Church.