that he is securely protected in his life, liberty, and property.

V. The school fund, sacredly set apart for the education of the children of the State, has, under the operation of the misrule of the party in power, been plundered by peculation, squandered and perverted to political purposes. The Democratic party through us, reaffirms its past opinion and the policy it has ever pursued, that it is the bounden duty of the State to maintain an efficient system of free common schools, and secure the means of a common education to every child in the State, and we advocate the gradual sale of the alternate section of land belonging to the common-school fund; as also of the asylum and university lands, under such restrictions as will secure the funds arising therefrom to the purposes for which they were intended, and giving in such sales proper preferences to actual settlers in good faith thereon.

VI. It was the Democratic party which first inaugurated the wise and generous policy which has made the United States the asylum of all nations from oppressive government, and less favorable meaus of livelihood and independence; and the Democratic party of Texas, true to the early teachings and uniform practices of the party, advocates the most liberal and active policy to encourage and increase foreign immigration, to develop the resources of our fertile State, as well as to perpetuate the government, through the intelligence and moral worth of her citizens. And that every adopted citizen may enter into the spirit of perfect freedom of thought and action in matters of conscience, the Democracy of Texas, in convention assembled, declare it to be our firm conviction that legal interferences with merely the social habits of any class of citizens, native or of foreign birth, is contrary to sound policy, to genuine democracy, and to the enlightened spirit of the age.

VII. The Democratic party is, and has ever been, in favor of throwing as few impediments as possible in the way of Europeans making the United States the land of their adoption; and to enable foreigners to enter into citizenship without needless trouble, delay, or expense, we declare it to be our conviction that a foreigner who desires it should have the right to make his declaration of intention to become a

citizen before the clerk, in vacation or in open court, as may be to him most convenient; and we favor the passage of a law to that effect.

VIII. We condemn in the strongest terms all corruption in public officials, and demand the strictest honesty and economy in the administration of public trusts, from the highest to the lowest officer of the Government.

IX. That the Democracy of Texas adhere to their past policy of developing the material resources of the State, and fostering the best interests of the people by encouraging the construction of railroads. That to this end, and to encourage the investment of capital in such enterprises, we favor the granting of liberal charters to companies able to build such railroads, and of donating to such companies alternate sections of the vacant lands, under proper restrictions, and with such provisions of law as will protect the people against oppression and unreasonable exactions, until each section of the State has its equal proportion of railroad facilities.

2. That we are opposed to granting money subsidies by the State to secure the builing of railroads, as unequal in the distribution of burdens and benefits, and unjust in principle.

3. This convention denounces as false and slanderous the imputation, sought to be attached to the State of Texas, by her enemies, that she contemplates the repudiation of any of her just and legal liabilities.

X. We consider the constitutional amendments proposed by the last Legislature as eminently necessary, and recommend their adoption by the people.

XI. The situation and sufferings of our frontiersmen and their families arouse our deep and sincere sympathy; and we do hereby pledge the most earnest exertions of the Democratic party to secure their speedy and adequate protection in the future, believing them to be paramount to all other duties. XII. We favor the calling of a constitutional convention by our next Legislature.

XIII. We invite all good men, whatever may have been their past political preferences, to unite with the Democratic party in removing from place and power those radical officials who now in part control the State government, in order to insure an honest administration of the laws, and an honest and economical expenditure of the public moneys, and to throw the ægis of justice and protection over the person and property of every individual whatsoever in the State of Texas.

The election was held on the 2d of December, and resulted in the success of the entire Democratic ticket by an overwhelming majority. Eighty-five thousand five hundred and forty-nine votes were cast for Coke, and 42,663 for Governor Davis. For LieutenantGovernor, Mr. Hubbard received 86,825 votes, while 42,812 were polled for Mr. Taylor, the Republican candidate. At the same time a new Legislature was chosen.

It was this election which caused, perhaps, the highest political excitement known in the State. The constitutionality of the law under which the election was held having been doubted, a case was prepared by the Republicans for the purpose of obtaining from the Supreme Court a decision on this question. For this purpose it was arranged that Rodriguez, a Mexican, should vote twice. For doing this he was arrested. The case was then carried to the Supreme Court on an application for a writ of habeas corpus.

On January 5, 1874, the decision was rendered by the court, declaring the law authorizing the election unconstitutional. Acting upon the assumption that under this decision the election was void, and therefore that the successful candidates were not entitled to administer the offices to which they had been elected, Governor Davis determined to prevent their recognition as lawful officials, and on the 12th of January issued the following proclamation:

AUSTIN, January 12, 1874.

In the name and by the authority of the State of Texas, to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting.

Whereas, The Supreme Court of the State has in a recent decision declared the election held on the second day of December, 1873, in substance to be invalid, by reason of the unconstitutionality of the law under which said election was held; and

Whereas, Great public injury and further dangerous complications of public affairs are likely to result from any attempt on the part of those claiming to have been chosen as members of the Legislature, and other officers at said election, to assume the positions they claim, therefore, for these and other reasons which it is not necessary to incorporate herein, it is deemed advisable, and it is so ordered, that those who have been chosen as legislators and other officers shall not attempt to assume the positions they claim unless by further action of adequate authority. Such election may hereafter be validated. All good citizens are advised to abide the decision

To sustain him in his position and to prevent apprehended violence, Governor Davis had also applied to the President of the United States for the use of Federal troops. This application was denied in the following dispatch received from Washington:

EXECUTIVE MANSION, January 12, 1847. To Governor Davis, Austin, Texas:

Your dispatches and letters reciting the action of the Supreme Court of Texas in declaring the late election unconstitutional, and asking the use of troops to prevent apprehended violence, are received.

The call is not made in accordance with the Constitution of the United States and the acts of Congress under it, and cannot, therefore, be granted. The act of the Legislature of Texas providing for the recent election having received your approval, and both political parties having made nominations and having conducted a political campaign under its provisions, would it not be prudent, as well as right, to yield to the verdict of the people as expressed by their ballots ?

On the 13th the newly-elected Legislature met at the capital, and both Houses were organized without opposition. A committee having waited upon Governor Davis and notified bim of the organization of the Fourteenth Legislature, the Executive replied that he could not recognize them as a legally elected and constituted Legislature. The written reasons for this decision were given the same day by Governor Davis in the following communication:

EXECUTIVE OFFICE, STATE OF TEXAS, AUSTIN, January 13, 1874. GENTLEMEN: In reply to your verbal communication made to me to-day I have to state that I do not think it advisable for the public good that I should disregard the decision of the Supreme Court made recently touching the late election, by recognizing the gentlemen you represent as being the constitutionally elected Fourteenth Legislature.

It seems to me that there is some better solution of the present difficulty than that the government and those claiming to be the elected as a Legislature should jointly combine to overthrow the judiciary and disregard their construction of the constitution. I must believe that such a course would leave the door open for dangerous uncertainty in the future, both in the matter of authority to enact the legislation that may be improvised by the gentlemen you represent, and in the matter of the constitution and the existence of the highest tribunal of our State. There may be found two Supreme Courts, and even two Legislatures claiming authority. It is even now claimed by some that the Thirteenth Legislature is at present the only legally existing Legislature, and that it only can constitutionally convene and provide for this emergency. It will then, after all, be a settlement brought about by a species of revolution or violence, as against the court making the decision. It is true it is easy enough, and it seems the simplest solution of the present difficulty, that we should jointly adopt the course, as this Supreme Court has no way of enforcing its decisions as against the Executive and Legislature combined; but I consider that in this case the easiest course is now one that I would like to be a party to. I will be happy to join

you and the gentlemen you represent in applying the promptest and most feasible remedy in this difficulty. It has been repeatedly held that the recognition of Congress and the Executive of the United States will settle the question as to what body of men constitute the Legislature and which is the proper State government. This way affords a solution to be accepted by all. I am more free to act with independence in securing with you or those gentlemen that sort of solution, because I feel myself entirely disinterested herein. I accept the election, whether constitutional or not, as conclusive against myself, and will, in no event, continue to exercise the fune tions of the office I hold beyond my constitutional term of four years.

EDMUND J. DAVIS, Governor. To the Honorable H. EPPENSON and other gentlemen of the committee.

On the same day (13th) the Thirteenth Legislature met in the basement of the Capitol, but there was not a quorum of either House present.

On the 15th the following communication mittee of the Fourteeth Legislature : was addressed to Governor Davis by a com

COMMITTEE-ROOM, AUSTIN, January 15, 1874. Governor E. J. Davis.

SIR: The House of Representatives of the FourCeenth Legislature yesterday passed the following resolution:

Whereas, The Secretary of State has refused to deliver to the Speaker of the House of Representatives the returns of the election held in October last for Governor, Lieutenent-Governor, and constitutional amendments: therefore, be it

by the Speaker, whose immediate duty it shall be to Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed arrive at and determine the results of the returns of said election for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and constitutional amendments, from such source and by by said committee; and said committee shall report such means as are deemed best and most practicable their action to this House at as early a period as possible. Said committee may employ all the necessary clerks and messengers, and may invoke the power of the Sergeant-at-Arms and his assistants, and other officers of the House, to aid them in the discharge of their duties. The committee shall have power to send for persons and papers anywhere in the State. All processes issued by said committee shall be directed to the Sergeant-at-Arms or Assistant Sergeantat-Arms of the House of Representatives, and shall be signed by the chairman and at least one other member of said committee, and shall be executed by the Sergeant-at-Arms or any assistant.

The committee appointed under the resolution have instructed me to address to you this communication, and request you, as the Chief Executive of the State, to direct the Secretary of State to deliver to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, or this committee, the returns of the elections held December 2, 1873, in accordance with the law and in accordance with your proclamation. In reply to the demand by this House of Representatives for such returns, the Secretary of State refuses to deliver them till you recognize the Fourteenth Legislature. The Secretary of State, being an officer of your own appointment, and amenable to your direction and orders, this committee have deemed it proper to invoke your aid in this respect, so that the law relating to this matter may be faithfully executed. If the views held by you resulting from the late opinion of the Supreme Court be correct, the delivery of the returns cannot affect the status of yourself and the others interested, while the withholding of them may tend to further complications, and may entail considerable expense upon the State in procuring them from other sources. In view of all the circum

stances, the committee trust you will comply with this request.

Yours, respectfully, D. N. BARZIZA,
Chairman of the Committee.

Governor Davis replied that he did not think that the Legislature was entitled to the election returns, but, if the committee would go to the Secretary's office and take them of their own accord, no resistance would be made. The official returns having been obtained, the vote of the State was counted, and Richard Coke declared to be elected Governor for four years, and R. D. Hubbard Lieutenant-Governor for the same period. Governor Coke, having taken the oath of office, delivered his inaugural address. The Capitol was now guarded by armed troops. On the following day another application was made for Federal interference, and refused as follows:

ap

AUSTIN, TEXAS, January 16, 1874. George H. Williams, Attorney-General: The newly-elected Governor (Coke) was inaugurated last night. Armed men are guarding the proaches to the offices at the Capitol. Other armed men have possession of the legislative halls. A conflict seems inevitable. A message from you may save us from this disaster.

THOMAS F. PURNELL, U. S. Marshal. To this the Attorney-General replied:

I can only appeal to the parties to peaceably settle their differences if possible. Cannot some one negotiate a settlement? I have no power to interfere with force, nor have you any duty to perform in respect to the matter except to use your moral influence.

The opposition to the new Legislature soon ceased, and that body proceeded with its duties. One of the first proceedings was the election of General Samuel Bell Maxey to represent Texas in the United States Senate for six years, from March 4, 1875. Senator Maxey was born in Southern Kentucky, and was After servgraduated at West Point in 1846. ing as a lieutenant in the Mexican War, he resigned his position in the army and began the practice of law at Paris, in Lamar County, Texas, where he now resides. On the breaking out of the war, he entered the Confederate service as a colonel, and subsequently attained the rank of general. After the close of the war he resumed his law practice in Texas.

$900,000; and the income from taxes for 1874.

Governor Coke informed the Legislature that there was no need of increasing the rate of taxation, advised economy in the appropriations, said the March and September interest on the debt would be paid out of the current means, asked for authority to fund the floating debt, settle claims in New York and sell the bonds deposited there, and added that "we ought to settle what we now owe, and hereafter pay as we go."

GALVESTON.-The chief city of Texas, in point of population and commercial importance, is Galveston, situated at the northeast extremity of Galveston Island, at the mouth of the bay of the same name, 180 miles eastsoutheast of Austin, and 290 miles west by south of New Orleans. In 1870 the population was 13,818, of whom 3,007 were colored, and 3,614 foreigners. At the end of 1873 the population was estimated by local authority as high as 35,000.

The harbor is the best in the State, and has thirteen feet of water over the bar at low tide. The city is provided with good wharves, and large storehouses adjoining them. The trade and commerce for the year ending September 1, 1873, as reported by the Chamber of Commerce, were as follows:

Among the imports were 42,500 bags of coffee, received direct from Rio Janeiro. The tonnage arrived during the year amounted to 784,376. The number of immigrants that arrived was 44,614.

The chief business is the shipping of cotton. The Southern Cotton Press Company have in use fourteen brick warehouse coverings, thirty-five acres, while the Texas Cotton Company use three brick warehouses, occupying seven and a half acres. The receipts and shipmeuts of cotton for a series of years have been as follows:

1873.

1869.

1870.

1871.

There is a daily line of steamers to New Orleans and another to Indianola and Corpus Christi; a weekly line to Havana, and another to New York; and a semi-monthly line to Liverpool. The Galveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad connects the city with Houston and the diverging railroads, crossing West Bay on a bridge nearly two miles long. The depot and warehouses cover twenty acres. The Galveston Wharf Railroad enables the company to load its cars directly from the vessels. A canal, ten miles long, opens an avenue for commerce to the Brazos River. The chief manufactories are two iron-founderies, six machine-shops, and the gas-works. The New York and Texas Beef-preserving Company kill and can 48 cattle per day. There are two national banks, with an aggregate capital of $800,000; a savings-bank, with $175,000 capital; two banking and insurance companies, and four insurance companies, including a lifeinsurance company. The whole number of joint-stock companies is twenty-three, having an aggregate capital of $12,211,000. The assessed value of property for the year ending February 28, 1873, was $16,500,000; bonded debt, $380,700; estimated receipts for the year ending February 28, 1874, $282,986; estimated expenditures, $273,763.

The city is laid out with wide and straight streets, bordered by numerous flower gardens. Besides the churches, the public buildings include the custom-house, post-office, United States court-house, county court-house, city and county prison, city-hall, opera-house, two theatres, three concert-halls, four other public halls, thirteen hotels, and three market-houses. Oleander Park occupies eighty acres, and the City Park twenty-five acres. There are six public squares, an esplanade two miles long, and three public gardens. Magnolia Grove Cemetery comprises one hundred acres, and the city cemetery ten acres. There are nine miles of street railroad in operation.

THIERRY, AMÉDÉE SIMON DOMINIQUE, D. C. L., a distinguished historian, born at Blois, France, August 2, 1797; died in Paris, March 26, 1873. He received a very thorough collegiate education in his native city, his father intending to make him a teacher. Having, however, a strong taste for historical studies, he devoted himself to literature, and commenced his career as a journalist. He soon began to prepare historical works, in which he gave evidence of a talent scarcely inferior to his illustrious brother, the author of "The History of the Norman Conquest." One of these works, published in his thirty-first year, gained him the professorship of History in the College of Besançon; but, on a change of ministers (under the Restoration), his liberal opinions displeased the new minister, and he was removed from his professorship. During the reign of Louis Philippe he became Prefect of Haute-Saône, and afterward Master of Requests in the Council of State-an office which

he held until after the coup d'état of December, 1851, when he was appointed Councillor, and in 1860 was raised to the rank of Senator. He passed through the various grades of officer, commander, and grand officer, of the Legion of Honor, receiving the last in August, 1868. He was elected a member of the Institute of France in 1841. M. Thierry's published works were: "A Compendious History of Guienne," 1825; "The History of the Gauls," 3 vols., 8vo., 1828 (this was his ablest and most popular work); "History of Gaul under the Roman Administration," 3 vols., 18401842; a supplement and commentary to the preceding work; "Attila and his Successors," 2 vols., 8vo, 1843; "View of the Roman Empire," 8vo, 1862; “Passages and New Passages of Roman History," 2 vols., 1860 and 1864; "St. Jerome, the Christian Society at Rome, and the Roman Emigration to the Holy Land," 2 vols., 8vo, 1867.

TODD, Rev. JOHN, D. D., an American clergyman and author, born in Rutland, Vt., October 9, 1800; died in Pittsfield, Mass., August 24, 1873. In his youth he had severe struggles with poverty, and was much embarrassed in his efforts to obtain an education; but graduated from Yale College in 1822, after a year of teaching, he spent four years at Andover, in the Theological Seminary. He was ordained as pastor of the Congregational Church in Groton, Mass, in 1827. Six years later he was settled over the Edwards Church at Northampton. In 1836 he was called to take the pastorate of the First Congregational Church in Philadelphia; and in 1842 he became pastor of the First Congregational Church in Pittsfield. He remained in performance of the active duties of the pastorate in Pittsfield until May, 1872, when the infirmities of age compelled him to seek relief from them. He was one of the founders of the Holyoke Female Seminary, and had been through life a zealous friend of education. In 1845 Williams College conferred on him the degree of D. D. But his reputation and influence in the past and in the future will rest mainly on his writings. His books, about thirty in number, have all been republished in England, and several of them have been translated into French, German, Greek, Dutch, Danish, Italian, Arabic, Armenian, Turkish, and Tamil. His "Lectures to Children," were also printed in raised letters for the use of the blind. Of some of his books there have been several hundred thousand copies printed. He had also been a constant contributor to the Congregationalist, and other religious periodicals. The following is a nearly complete list of his books, except pamphlet sermons, addresses, orations, etc.: "Lectures to Children," 2 vols., about 1830-32; "The Student's Manual," 1834; "Index Rerum," 1835; "The Sabbath-School Teacher," 1836; "Truth made Simple," 1839; "The Lost Sister of Wyoming," 1841; "Bible Companion," 1841; "Great Cities: their Moral Influence,"

1841; "The Young Man," 1843; "Simple Sketches," 2 vols., 1843; "Stories on the Shorter Catechism," 2 vols., 1850; "Summer Gleanings," 1852; "The Daughter at School," 1854; "The Angels of the Iceberg," 1857; "Future Punishment," 1863; "Mountain Gems," 1864; "Sketches and Ineidents," 1866; "Polished Diamonds," 1866; "Hints and Thoughts for Christians," 1867; "Serpents in the Dove's Nest," 1867; "Woman's Rights," 1867; "Mountain Flowers," 1869; "The Sunset Land," 1869; "Old-Fashioned Lives," 1870.

TURKEY, an empire in Eastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Reigning sovereign, Sultan Abdul-Aziz, born February 9, 1830; succeeded to the throne at the death of his elder brother, Sultan Abdul-Medjid, June 25, 1861. Sons of the Sultan: 1. Yussuf Izzeddin Effendi; born October 9, 1857; 2. Mahmoud Djemol Eddin Effendi, born November 20, 1862; 8. Mehemed Selim Effendi, born October 8, 1866; 4. Abdul Medjid, born June 27, 1868. As the crown, according to the present law, is inherited, not by the oldest son of the Sultan, but according to seniority by the male descendants of Othman, sprung from the imperial harem, the heir apparent to the throne is at present not the eldest son of the Sultan, but Murad, the son of Abdul-Medjid. The harem is considered a permanent state institution, and all children born in it, whether offspring of free women or slaves, are legitimate and of equal lineage. The civil list of the Sultan was reported in the budget for 1872-'73 to be 261,773 purses (1 purse=$21.95). Added to this amount in the budget for 1872-173 was the sum of 114,580 purses for imperial pensions and charities. The actual expenditure of the imperial court is not officially reported; but it is calculated on good authority to have been about $21,600,000 annually in recent years, with a tendency to considerably increase.

The area and population of Turkey are variously estimated. The Austria, of Vienna, in its number of June 7, 1873, published recent dates which were furnished by an attaché of the Austrian embassy, Major von Helle, to the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The figures relating to the area are based on new planimetrical calculations, made by Major von Helle, and those relating to the population are taken by him from official reports of 1871. According to Major von Helle, the possessions of Turkey, in Europe, Asia, and Africa have the following area and population:

cities is, according to the recent estimates, not so large as was formerly assumed. Constantinople is believed to have no more than 300,000 to 400,000; Adrianople, 50,000; Salonica, 50,000; Gallipoli, 50,000; Philipopel, 50,000; Serayevo, 46,000, Sofia, 22,000. Of the towns in Asiatic Turkey, Smyrna has 150,000; Damascus, 120,000, Beyroot, 100,000; Broussa, 100,000; Erzeroom, 100,000; Aleppo, 100,000; Bagdad, 40,000; Jerusalem, 25,000.

For the year ending February 28, 1873, the revenues were estimated at 4,127,442 purses; the expenditures at 4,280,890. The debt was estimated at 3,668,100,000 francs, composed as follows: 1. Loans contracted from 1854 to 1871, 1,511,375,000; 2. Loan of 1872, 250,000,000; 3. Home debt, 1,681,710,557; 4. Floating debt, 225,000,000. In July, 1873, a new loan of £30.000,000 was contracted.

According to a law of June 22, 1869, and later decrees, the reorganization of the army is to be completed in 1878. It is to consist of 700,000 men, divided into the active army (about 150,000); the first reserve (70,000 men), the second reserve and the sedentary army (corresponding to the German landsturm). The irregular troops are calculated to consist of-1. Kavas, or gendarmes on foot; seymens, or mounted gensdarmes and county militia as soubechis, 30,000 men; 2. Tartars of Dobrodja and Asia Minor, 5,000; 3. Hungarian or Polish volunteers, 2,000; Moslem volunteers, 50,000; total of irregulars, 87,000. The war navy, in June, 1872, consisted of 18 iron-clads(5 frigates, 15 corvettes, and 55 dispatch and gunboats). Four new iron-clads were in course of construction in Great Britain. In addition to these there were four steam-transports, and a number of old sailing-vessels, not fit for service. The navy was manned by 30,000 sailors and 4,000 marine troops.

There are no official returns regarding the foreign commerce of the Turkish Empire. The average imports of European Turkey during the years 1868-70 (exclusive of the dependencies) were estimated at £18,500,000; and the exports at £10,000,000. The reports of the Austrian consuls furnish the following data on the imports and exports of the principal ports, in florins (1 florin = $0.48):

PORTS.

Constantinople (1869).
Vilayet of the Danube: Tultcha
(1869)...
Vilayet of the Danube: Rustchuk

and Sisbow (1867), Widin (189). Vilayet Edirne: Burgos, Rodosto, Gallipoli, Enos (1869). Vilayet Salonica: Salonica-Volo, Kavalla (1869) Vilayet Janina: Volona, Prevesa, and smaller ports (1868)... Middle Albania: Durazzo (1869).. District of the Austrian consulate of Skutari (1869).. Herzegovina (1868).

Bosnia (1867; according to report of the German consul).. Candia: principal ports (1869)..........

Total..

Imports. Exports. 82,700,000 30,000,000 5,358,000 4,968,000

8,099,000 2,221,000

5,900,000 9,700,000

16,227,000 23,039,000

4,718,000 8.009.000 2,356,000 2,268,000

3,499,000 1,623,000 2,289,000 1,990,000

6,538,000 8,677,000 8,723,000 6,095,000 146,407,000 93,590,000