These at once offer good examples of adverbs whose business is in the main to express reference, and they are consequently to be turned to account as such.

216. Here

hither

hence.

What have we here?'='What have we in this place?—in this room?—in this paper?' &c. Come hither,' or, more commonly, 'Come here' = Come to this place.'

'Let us go hence'='Let us go from this place.'

Were but one danger, and to keep him here
Our certain death.

2. The thane fled to his castle; here he was safe. 3. Edward invited hither skilful artists from Florence. 4. Take thy face hence.

5. Thy coming hither, as thy going hence,

I bid not nor forbid.

6. There is nor flying hence nor tarrying here. 7. Ye shall not go hence, except your youngest brother come hither. 8. Duncan comes here to-night. And when goes hence? 9. He has just arrived in Paris; and he will soon proceed hence to Berlin. Let him that moved you hither

10.

Remove you hence.

'The king retired to Falkland, and there he died''The king retired to Falkland, and at that place-at Falkland-he died.'

'This is the shortest way to our end, carrying us thither in a straight line. That is, 'carrying us to it-to our end-in a straight line.' The writer might also have used 'there': 'carrying us there in a straight line.'

He hastened to the city-gate, and thence took horse for the camp': 'and from it—from that place-from the city-gate-took horse for the camp.'

EXERCISE 185.

1. Melville was thrown into the Tower, and kept there for four years. 2. Rooke got safe to Madeira, and thence to Cork. 3. William, well aware of the importance of this post, gave orders that troops should move thither from other parts of the line. 4. He was carried into a miller's house, and there stabbed to the heart. 5. He lives in the other end of the town, and we cannot go thither to-day.

6. He dives into the king's soul, and there scatters

Dangers, doubts, &c.

7. Mary escaped to Dundrennan, and thence to England. 8. Edward rode to Dunbar without halting, and thence took ship to Berwick. 9. Many churches were open on that morning throughout the capital; and many pious persons repaired thither. 10. A parliament being summoned at Westminster, Lancaster and his party came thither with an armed retinue; and were there enabled to impose their own terms on the sovereign,

218. Compounds of 'there, with prepositions. 'He smote the city, and all the souls that were therein': that were in it—in the city.'

'Whoso diggeth a pit shall fall therein': 'shall fall into it-into the pit that he has dug.'

'No man was able to open the book, neither to look thereon': 'neither to look on it-on the book.

EXERCISE 186.

1. He directed that a great cloth should be spread upon the ground, and the stone laid thereon. 2. He caused his men to dig a trench, and to divert the water therein. 3. Israel dwelt in the country of Goschen, and they had possessions therein. 4. Wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction; and many there be which go in thereat. 5. Offa built a goodly minster, and caused monks to serve God therein. 6. He raised an altar, and offered sacrifices thereon. 7. Wilt thou not spare the place for the fifty righteous that are therein? 8. Judas had the bag, and bare what was put therein. 9. Wherever there were springs of water by the wayside King Edwin put up stakes and hung brazen cups thereon. 10. They will ask thee concerning the sacred month, whether they may make war therein. Answer: To war therein is grievous; but-.

219. Where whence-whither, as well as the compounds of 'where' with prepositions, are both

relative and interrogative adverbs. The relative use, which is incomparably the more important for our purpose, has been fully treated of by anticipation. (S$ 134-157). The interrogative use need not be separately exemplified; there is little departure from the general meanings- at or in what or which place?' from what or which place?'' to what or which place?'

Adverb of Time replaced by Adverbial Phrase. 220. 'I will do it now': or, at the present moment.

=

Hitherto all has gone well' Up to this time all has gone well.'

=

'We shall soon be ready' We shall be ready in a short time.'

EXERCISE 187.

1. Obey instantly. 2. Hereafter you shall know more. 3. He has often told me so. 4. It has rained incessantly all the week. 5. On receiving the letter, he set out immediately. 6. The poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always. 7. "We pay him his wages daily-monthly-&c. 8. He writes to me rarely. 9. I shall be with you presently. 10. Ask me, and then I will tell you. 11. He lost the prize, but thereafter he was only more diligent. 12. Never despair. 13. Parliament met annually and sat long.

Adverb of Degree replaced by Adverbial Phrase.

221. 'He is utterly incompetent'' He is incompetent to the utmost degree.

'The governor is universally respected''The governor is respected by everybody-by all the people.

The two objects are inseparably connected' = The two objects are so (closely) connected as to be inseparable.'

EXERCISE 188.

1. He could scarcely be restrained. 2. The arrangements are seriously defective. 3. The officers were generally liked,

4. The question has been thoroughly investigated. 5. The man is helplessly drunk. 6. The air is piercingly cold. 7. He was provokingly cool. 8. These people are ingovernably bold. 9. The scheme was extravagantly absurd. 10. The army was ridiculously inadequate. 11. The statement is perfectly correct. 12. These accomplishments are highly valued and assiduously cultivated.

Adverb of Belief replaced by Adverbial Phrase,

222. Undoubtedly he has done his best' = Without doubt-beyond all doubt-he has done his best.'

He will very probably refuse to come'' He will in all likelihood refuse to come.'

EXERCISE 189.

1. He will certainly come.

2. Unquestionably we are in the

right. 3. His son will naturally succeed him. 4. Truly, I do not know. 5. He will never consent to that. 6. Very likely he cannot tell you. 7. Thou shalt surely die. 8. The criminal will infallibly be caught. 9. This story is indubitably correct. 10. The reasoning is undeniably ingenious.

Adverb of Cause and Effect into Adverbial Phrase. 223. In 1565 Mary married Lord Darnley. She thereby disappointed Elizabeth.' Otherwise: By that act—by marrying Lord Darnley—she disappointed Elizabeth.'

The bearer of this is my friend, therefore let him be yours'='The bearer of this is my friend; on that account for that reason-in consequence of his being my friend-let him be yours.'

EXERCISE 190.

1. He is very ill; hence he cannot be present. 2. He that knoweth what is straight doth even thereby discern what is crooked. 3. The harvest of the last year had been scanty, and there was consequently much suffering.

4. If it were so that our request did tend

To save the Romans, thereby to destroy

The Volsces whom you serve, you might condemn us. 5. Hence it is that we cannot depend on him. 6. Thy father slew my father; therefore die. 7. The queen's ears, besieged by

pernicious flatterers, were thereby rendered inaccessible to the most salutary truths. 8. We have no slaves at home; then why abroad? 9. We are your servants; therefore now make a league with us. 10. Whoso removeth stones shall be hurt therewith; and he that cleaveth wood shall be endangered thereby.

Adverb of Manner, or Quality, into Adverbial Phrase. 224. 'He won the race easily'='He won the race with ease—without difficulty.'

'He shook his head disapprovingly'=' He shook his head by way of disapprobation (so as) to signify that he disapproved of the thing.'

EXERCISE 191.

1. The expedition ended disastrously. 2. He did his work cheerfully. 3. Look not scornfully upon thy fellow-man. 4. He deliberately refused to escape. 5. He maintained his opinion most persistently. 6. They were imprisoned unjustly. 7. He unconsciously set an example to his companions. 8. Addison pursued his studies vigorously and successfully. 9. A president, duly elected, had been violently expelled from his dwelling. 10. Firmly always, sometimes indignantly, he repelled their suggestions and alarms.

II. ADVERB into ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.

225. The CLAUSE can but rarely take the place of the single adverb with much advantage, and sometimes not at all. Many of the simple adverbs of place, time, &c., are so common and so well understood that they do not admit longer substitutes except on very special occasions. Adverbs of Manner-some of which are often transferred to the meaning of Degree-are more willing to undergo the change. Very legitimate cases are seen where a reference is to be fully and emphatically expressed by adaptation of a preceding statement.

Adverb of Place into Adverbial Clause.

226. 'I am coutent here'='I am content where

I am!