EXERCISE 208.

1. To have saved you requites itself. 2. To reconcile these two men was impossible. 3. His being here is rather surprising. 4. Their having interested themselves in your favour is most creditable to them. 5. What to do with their prize was not easy to decide. 6. How to act under the circumstances was a point of anxious consideration. 7. This coming over of Cæsar to Britain was a very important event. 8. Overlooking the faults of others does not constitute kindness. 9. Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity! 10. What signifies his being a lord?

Infinitive as Object replaced by Noun Clause.

247. William promised to repay Robert for the castles. Substituting a noun clause for the infinitive, we may write: 'William promised that he would repay Robert for the castles."

'I do not understand his refusing to appear.' Otherwise: 'I do not understand why he refuses to appear!'

I know not what to do'='I know not what I should do what I am to do.'

EXERCISE 209.

1. I never thought to marry. 2. You professed to love me. 3. I cannot repent doing my duty. 4. The prisoner denied having printed the libels. 5. He owned having parted from the Duke only a few hours before. 6. Christian knew not what to answer. 7. Definite causes of quarrel a statesman may know how to deal with. 8. She remembered having been in a forest. 9. The English nobles swore to conquer or die. 10. Henry exacted from the prelates and nobles an oath to support Maud's claim to the throne.

Infinitive in Complement or in Phrase into Noun Clause.

248. 'Our orders were to show no mercy'='Our orders were that we should show no mercy.'

'I believed the man to be untrustworthy''I believed that the man was untrustworthy.' In such cases the object goes along with the complement of the predicate to make up the equivalent to the noun clause.

The Assembly seems to have shrunk from taking the name of Parliament'=' It seems that the Assembly shrank from taking the name of Parliament.' In such cases, even the subject gets involved with the complement infinitive, and both are included in the noun clause that appears as practical subject of the re-cast sentence.

In the second example, the expression 'the man to be trustworthy' is sometimes regarded in the lump as a sort of Complex Object. The so-called Accusative with the Infinitive in Latin is pointed to for comparison.

The third example may be considered as the passive form of the second. Compare: The man was believed (was declared, considered, known, held, &c., seemed, appeared, &c.) to be untrustworthy.'*

EXERCISE 210.

1. Their agreement was to support each other against their common enemy. 2. He believed the enemy's land to be defenceless. 3. I did not apprehend the injury to be so serious. 4. Every minute we expected some Indian hunter to make his appearance. 5. I found the rocks to be decidedly volcanic. 6. Oaths of every kind the Lollards held to be sinful. 7. The force of the King's writ was held to last only during the lifetime of the King. 8. Our expectation was to reach the coast in three days. 9. He could scarcely expect them to defend his cause. 10. The young king seems to have possessed little generalship, but he is said to have shown great courage.

EXERCISE 211.

General examples.

1. Far better with the dead to be

Than live thus nothing now to thee.

2. It was not thought good to summon a new Parliament. 3. How to aid you I know not. 4. He is doubtful whether to go or to stay.

5.

They would dread far more

To be thought ignorant than be known poor.

6. They apprehended my breaking loose, and determined to

Dr. Abbott describes this Infinitive as Complementary to the preceding noun or pronoun. "I like a rascal to be punished": " "rascal" is only the Partial Object, and it has for its Complement the Infinitive "to be punished." "The Prisoner was ordered to be executed":"" prisoner" is only the Partial Subject, and it has for its Complement the Infinitive "to be executed." › ('How to Parse,' 97.) 'But these [Complementary Infinitives] may also sometimes be parsed as Adverbial Infinitives. (98.)

starve me. 7. To die for the honour of their band was their chief ambition; to survive its disgrace, or the death of their leader, was infamous. 8. It is practically impossible for the crown to refuse assent to measures that have passed both Houses of Parliament; and in many cases it is almost equally impossible to refuse the prayer of an address sent up by one of those Houses only. 9. Our having arrived at Pará at the end of the wet season may explain our not having at first seen all the glories of the vegetation.

10.

I hardly yet have learned
To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my knee.

III. INFINITIVE into ADVERBIAL
EXPRESSION.

Infinitive (Complement) into Adverbial Phrase or Clause. 249. I take him to be a nobleman'=' I take him for a nobleman.'

Everybody considered the report to be true'= Everybody considered the report as true': that is, 'as (everybody would consider a) true (report).'

Many of the examples will change to both forms.

EXERCISE 212.

1. He declared it to be his opinion that the king must make up his mind to great sacrifices. 2. The knight looked upon Prince Eugenio to be a greater man than Scanderbeg. 3. We hold his success to be certain. 4. Imagine this to be the palace of your pleasure. 5. He represented Rizzio's credit with the queen to be the chief and only obstacle to his success in that demand. 6. They acknowledged the statement to be satisfactory. 7. He has long been known to be a very able lawyer. 8. Do you assert this to be the truth? 9. I hold it to be false. 10. I look upon foxes to be a most blessed dispensation.

Infinitive (generally) converted by Adverbial Clause.

250. There is very considerable vagueness about this process, accompanied in most cases by the recasting of the sentence in a new mould. Still, the substitution is well worth attention; for the adverbial form often brings out the sense in a more striking and energetic way. (Compare § 45).

251. Being diligent brings success.' Besides the equivalent expressions already given, there is also this interchange: If we be diligent, we shall be successful.' The whole sentence is remodelled.

"'Tis pleasant, sure, to see one's name in print. The same sense may be given in another form 'One is pleased when one sees one's name in print.

EXERCISE 213.

1. To walk out in the evening without arms is dangerous. 2. To be good is to be happy. 3. To bear is to conquer our fate. 4. To do a thing imperfectly is often worse than letting it alone. 5. To surround anything with an air of mystery is to invest it with a secret charm. 6. To know them once is to know them always; to love them once is to love them for ever. 7. Touching the cheek of a child makes it laugh. 8. To make sound improvements is a matter of much difficulty. 9. To have a large command of material without artistic selection, is to fail in the proper sphere of art. 10. To resent his affronts was perilous; yet not to resent them was to deserve and to invite them.

Further examples may be gathered from previous exercises on the Infinitive.

CHAPTER IX.

THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE.

252. The ADJECTIVE PHRASE performs the work of the Adjective. It may stand as substitute for the Adjective in any of the adjective positions in the sentence.

The forms that are considered as Adjective Phrases are four in number: the POSSESSIVE CASE, the NOUN IN APPOSITION, the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, and the PARTICIPLE or Participial Phrase. The two last-mentioned are, beyond comparison, the most important.

The Adjective Phrase may be replaced by the simple ADJECTIVE and by the ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. The various forms interchange among themselves to a very considerable extent. We shall have to note once more a conversion by means of an Adverbial Expression. And, finally, there is the case of the full Co-ordinate Statement.

I. ADJECTIVE PHRASE into ADJECTIVE.

253. Of the four forms of the Adjective Phrase three interchange with the ADJECTIVE. These are: the Possessive Case, the Prepositional Phrase, and the Participle or Participial Phrase. The Noun in Apposition might be exemplified, but it is not so common as to demand a paragraph to itself.

The interchange should be studied from the other side. The remarks and explanations given. in §§ 167-175 are applicable here also.

1. POSSESSIVE CASE replaced by ADJECTIVE.

254. The POSSESSIVE CASE is the form that expresses the subject as possessing. It may be regarded as confined to persons and to lifeless objects treated as persons, or personified. Although it is replaced by the Adjective on some occasions, this interchange is by no means extensive. The usage is restrictive.

255. The sun's rays' may be expressed as 'the solar rays.'

'The enemy's camp' is 'the hostile camp.'

EXERCISE 214.

1. Many persons were hanged for denying the King's supremacy. 2. Such facts indicate the nation's temper. 3. How