roughness of the sea. 7. After due consideration of all objections, the scheme was finally disposed of. 8. On the recommendation of a friend of the manager's, he obtained the situation. 9. By the connivance of the keeper, the prisoners escaped. 10. We cannot take action on this evidence alone.

Prepositional Phrase of Cause or Manner into Infinitive.

303. He was very much affected at (or on) hearing what was said about him' He was very much affected to hear what was said about him.'

'Some persons rejoice in helping the needy': Some persons rejoice to help the needy.'

=

The Prepositional Phrase here consists of preposition and infinitive in -ing; the replacing Infinitive is the form with to.

EXERCISE 251.

1. You will be amused at reading the report. 2. He assured me I was on the very point of ruin, in listening to the office-keeper's promises. 3. We do not misrepresent him by saying that he is opposed to the measure. 4. He answered that he had not offended them, but they him, in thus harassing him before the assembled multitude. 5. Few of our modern dramatists would think themselves much honoured by being compared to the writers you mention. 6. I am greatly encouraged at hearing you say so. 7. We were much gratified at receiving your letter. 8. The captain was exceedingly annoyed at finding his orders neglected. 9. Could you oblige me by throwing this basket out of the window? minister was surprised at finding himself outvoted.

10. The

Prepositional Phrase of Purpose replaced by Gerund. 304. There will be funds available for the support of a large military force'='There will be funds available to support a large military force.'

'A bazaar was held in aid of the mission'=' A bazaar was held to aid the mission.'

EXERCISE 252.

1. Forces were levied for the reduction of Ireland. 2. He laboured strenuously in defence of his principles. 3. For greater security, a council of regency was appointed. 4. Addison quitted his secretaryship for a seat at the Board of Trade. 5. A good deal might be said in favour of both views. 6. A few years might

probably suffice for the execution of his design. 7. He believed that there was a deep conspiracy against his fame and fortunes. 8. The ministers formed themselves into voluntary associations, for the purpose of mutual help and counsel. 9. Former princes had raised ship-money only for the maritime defence of the country; it was now exacted with the object, not of maintaining a navy, but of furnishing the king with supplies that he might increase or expend at his discretion. 10. We fired a gun for a pilot. 11. The boy used to set lines for eels. 12. He pawned his plate for King Charles the First.

2. PARTICIPLE replaced by OTHER ADVERBIAL PHRASE.

Participle (Simple) replaced by Prepositional Phrase. 305. Bolingbroke returned to England, pretending to claim his paternal estates = Bolingbroke returned to England, on pretence of claiming his paternal estates.'

Smollett passed his life surrounded by printers' devils and famished scribblers''Smollett passed his life among (or in the midst of) printers' devils and famished scribblers.'

EXERCISE 253.

1. I roved o'er many a hill and many a dell,
Bearing my accustomed load.

2. The king marched to the Border, pretending that he was on a hunting expedition. 3. He pursued them to the gates of the city, inflicting great slaughter on them. 4. The whole party came forward shouting and laughing loudly. 5. Julius Cæsar again embarked for Britain, accompanied by five legions. 6. The conspirator soon came again, bringing more precise intelligence. 7. This friendly office he proffered, pretending the regard he had for his countrymen. 8. The armed man entered the room, forcing a way for himself. 9. At thy feet I kneel, shedding tears of joy. 10. Is not bloody England into England gone,

O'erbearing interruption, spite of France?

Participle (Absolute) replaced by Prepositional Phrase. 306. All proper allowances being made, he was still a weak prince'=' After (or with) all proper allowances, he was still a weak prince.'

'The motion was agreed to, none of the members discussing the subject'=' The motion was agreed to without discussion.'

EXERCISE 254.

1. Think'st thou this heart could feel a moment's joy,

Thou being absent.

2. Paul preached and taught with all confidence, no man forbidding him. 3. The Commons having remonstrated, the queen modified her demands. 4. The real culprit having confessed, the prisoner was set free. 5. The fog being very dense, we could not safely proceed. 6. He was not punished severely, regard being had to his previous good character. 7. The crew being unwilling to delay, the captain would not remain longer. 8. Sister Glegg being in this humour, there was a cheerful prospect for the day. 9. And dark Mayenne was in the midst, a truncheon in his hand. 10. France friend with England, what becomes of me?

3. INFINITIVE replaced by OTHER ADVERBIAL PHRASE.

Infinitive of Cause or Manner into Prepositional Phrase. 307. He was very much astonished to meet there'=' He was very much astonished at meeting you there.'

you

She never failed to find faithful agents'=' She never failed in finding faithful agents.'

Compare 303.

EXERCISE 255.

1.

Oft did he take delight,

To measure the altitude of some tall crag.

4. He was very

2. I could not but smile to hear her talking in this lofty strain.
3. You wronged yourself to write in such a case.
angry to have to listen to these complaints.

5. We do it wrong, being so majestical,
To offer it the show of violence.

6. The colonel was deeply chagrined, to have his name
in the matter. 7. He was very much pleased to see me.
extremely concerned to hear that you have been ill.
9. But in her web she still delights

To weave the mirror's magic sights.
10. We do debase ourselves, cousin, do we not,
To look so poorly and to speak so fair?

mentioned 8. I am

4. GERUND replaced by OTHER ADVERBIAL PHRASE.

Gerund replaced by Prepositional Phrase.

308. 'Vessels were equipped to defend the shore': or, for the defence of the shore.'

'The redundant population was cast out to search for plunder upon the ocean': or, in search of plunder.'

EXERCISE 256.

1. The Roman devoted himself to death to save his country. 2. We have no reason to complain. 3. A good deal may be said to extenuate the fault of bad poets. 4. To preserve peace, I will drop the point. 5. The powers of hell are joined together to compass the destruction of mankind. 6. He arranged everything to suit his own convenience. 7. The constituent bodies were called together to choose representatives. 8. He demanded a large sum to compensate for his injuries. 9. They prepared to meet the worst. 10. Is there any external evidence to support this grave accusation? 11. The orderly classes were eager to promote popular reforms, and to bring the instruments of tyranny to justice. 12. No barrier is sufficient to repel vulgar curiosity.

III. ADVERBIAL PHRASE into INFINITIVE.

Prepositional Phrase into Infinitive (Complement). 309. The country people seem to suspect me for a conjuror'='The country people seem to suspect me to be a conjuror.

I hold his coming for certain'='I hold his coming to be certain.' (Compare §§ 249, 427.)

EXERCISE 257.

1. Men counted him for a martyr. 2. We esteem his society for a great privilege. 3. What he said was considered in the light of an apology. 4. These gentlemen did not write the papers with a design of being known for the authors. 5. I should take you for an older man. 6. Framley Court had been appointed to her for her residence. 7. I refuse you for my judge. 8. We take it for granted that you will be with us. 9. Ye shall be sold unto

your enemies for bondmen.

10. The king your father was reputed for
A prince most prudent.

IV. ADVERBIAL PHRASE replaced by

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.

310. The four active forms of the Adverbial Phrase are specially active in the interchange with the ADVERBIAL CLAUSE. The superior frequency of usage again belongs to the Prepositional Phrase, which is converted into an adverbial clause in great variety of meanings. The verb forms of the Phrase interchange with the Clause often and with good effect. The general relative advantages of phrase and clause are the same for the Adverbial as for the Adjective meaning. (§ 273).

1. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE replaced by ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.

311. The extraordinary power of the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE as an adverbial expression may be seen from an examination of the various clause equivalents. Not one of the common classes of adverbial meanings but is represented in this form : it expresses place, time, degree, belief or certainty, cause or reason, condition, purpose, consequence, resemblance or manner generally.

Prepositional Phrase of Place into Adverbial Clause. 312. 'The victor encamped on the field of battle' ='The victor encamped where the battle was fought.' 'I will meet you at any place convenient for you'='I will meet you wherever it may be convenient for you?

EXERCISE 258.

1. Let us meet at our previous rendezvous. 2. On the common border of the two countrics there are many fortresses. 3. The prince was to be found in the hottest of the battle. 4. One is liable to such dangers in all places. 5. The attack is likeliest to succeed at the weakest point of the enemy's line. 6. He had never