EXERCISE 295. 1. Pride in their port, defiance in their eye, 2. The soldiers advanced eagerly, each man encouraging his neighbour. 3. Grief and fury in his looks, the king paced his chamber to and fro. 4. He was now completely launched in active life, accompanying his uncles in various expeditions. 5. Heavens! how unlike their Belgic sires of old- War in each breast, and freedom on each brow! 6. All remained silent; some wondering, others smiling with incredulity and derision. 7. The whole parish followed the corpse with heavy hearts, and in mourning suits; the men in frieze, and the women in riding-hoods. 8. Two balls took effect; the one shattering the forefinger of the right hand, the other lodging in the left arm. 9. Mahomet returned to Mecca, his imagination teeming with the wild tales and traditions picked up in the desert, and his mind deeply impressed with the doctrines imparted to him in the Nestorian convent. Participle (Simple and Absolute) into Co-ordinate Sentence (Illative). 353. 'He distributed money among the people, gladdening every heart by his bounty—every heart being gladdened by his bounty'=' He distributed money among the people, so that (or and thus) he gladdened every heart by his bounty'-' and (the result was that) he gladdened every heart by his bounty.' EXERCISE 296. 1. He fired on the crowd, wounding three men. 2. The offenders escaped with impunity, the consequence being that the crime became more frequent. 3. Christian and Pliable wallowed for a time in the Slough of Despond, being grievously bedaubed with dirt. 4. The captain refused to put into port, the ship in consequence soon becoming unmanageable. 5. He has worked very hard for the cause, thus showing his sincerity. 6. The wind burst forth in irresistible blasts, sweeping the living and the dead in whirlwinds far into the desert. 7. An explosion of gas took place, the roof of the house being blown off. 8. There has been incessant rain all the week, the rivers in many places overflowing their banks. 9. He often speaks rashly, thus failing to inspire confidence. 10. They work earnestly, advancing their position steadily. 3. INFINITIVE or GERUND replaced by CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE. Infinitive (Absolute), or Gerund, into Co-ordinate Sentence. 354. To confess the truth, he has never prepossessed me in his favour.' The italicised expression is a short and convenient way of giving a preliminary statement of inferior importance. I confess the truth: he has never prepossessed me in his favour.' The gerund force of the expression may be brought out by a fuller statement: To confess the truth, (I must say that) he has never prepossessed me in his favour.' Compare the Impersonal Participle, § 332. To add to the difficulties of Charles, a war with France began'=' A war with France began; this (or which) added to the difficulties of Charles.' The italicised phrase states in a short introductory way a result or consequence, or a further view, of the principal affirmation. It is much the same as For (by way of) an addition-as an additionto the difficulties of Charles.' The usual gerund may sometimes be separated into a coordinate form. He went abroad to regain health' 'He went abroad; his object was to regain health—he hoped thus to regain health.' EXERCISE 297. 1. To confess the truth, this man's mind seems fitted to his station. 2. To augment their misery, a contagious disorder of a dangerous nature spread through the land. 3. To do the Church justice, her bondmen seem to have been very tenderly treated. 4. To be plain with you, Norna, the family at Burgh-Westra have of late totally neglected me. 5. To keep my readers no longer in suspense, Sir Roger de Coverley is dead. 6. To do her justice, she was a good-natured notable woman. 7. To increase the misfortune, the infected army brought the plague with them into England. 8. To render her widowed situation more desolate, she had incurred her father's displeasure and was an exile from the paternal roof. 9. To add to the general dissatisfaction against Henry's title, his mother, from whom he derived all his right, was still alive. 10. To strengthen this false luxurious confidence in the roads, it happened also that the night was one of peculiar solemnity and peace. THE CLAUSE. 355. The nature of the CLAUSE has already been indicated in the explanation of the Phrase (SS 238-9). Like the Phrase, it is a subordinate expression, representing at some length the force of Noun, Adjective, Adverb. It differs from the Phrase in possessing a framework of subject and predicate (finite verb). The Clause manifests its full value in the expression of long, complicated, or rarely recurring meanings. It is a powerful form for the purpose of emphasis. On indifferent occasions, it may be employed with a view to variety merely. CHAPTER XI. THE NOUN CLAUSE. 356. The NOUN CLAUSE takes the place of the Noun. It may be present in any position of the sentence where a noun may appear. The Noun Clause may interchange, not only with the NOUN, but also with the INFINITIVE or Noun Phrase. There is also a remarkable conversion by means of a Prepositional Phrase, which in most cases is best regarded as adverbial. The substitution of the PRONOUN for the Noun Clause has been already exemplified, and may be referred to by the pupil. (§§ 101-118). I. NOUN CLAUSE replaced by NOUN. 357. The Noun Clause may be converted into a NOUN in Subject, Object, Complement, and Phrase; and in the following examples the conversion is illustrated according to these heads. The longer clause form in the vast majority of instances contains a much larger amount of meaning than can be given by the single-handed noun. We have, therefore, to include along with the noun all its qualifying adjuncts. Strictly speaking, then, the interchange is between the Noun Clause and the Noun with adjuncts. As was seen to be the case with the Phrase, the Noun Clause is often grammatically in formal apposition to a pronoun, which may stand as Subject or as Object by anticipation. For the purposes of the interchange, the provisional pronoun may be neglected, the clause being practically the subject or the object. In some cases the Noun Clause, on breaking up, may yield a partially equivalent noun and some adverbial expression besides. (See § 359). Noun Clause as Subject replaced by Noun. 358. That thou wast weak is thy excuse' may appear in the form- Weakness is thy excuse.' 'It is uncertain on what conditions the truce was concluded. Otherwise: The conditions of the truce are uncertain.' 1. EXERCISE 298. That I am wretched 3. That 2. Where Attila was buried cannot be determined. materials for such a collection existed cannot be disputed. 4. What he spoke was not like madness. 5. How extensive the Danish occupation was is best seen in the local names and divisions. 6. That some flowers are more beautiful than others is not to be denied. 7. That the sacerdotal order should encroach on the functions of the civil magistrate would, in our time, be a great evil. 8. When he will arrive is not yet known. 9. What he lived was more beautiful than what he wrote. 10. Where that good shoemaker got his notion of reading from remained a mystery even to his most intimate acquaintances. Noun Clause as Object replaced by Noun. 359. 'The king had at last discovered that an entire change of system was necessary''The king had at last discovered the necessity of an entire change of system.' 'Did he ever mention why he returned'=' Did he ever mention the cause (or reason) of his return?' 'Henry claimed that the clergy should do homage for their lands. Otherwise: Henry claimed from the clergy homage for their lands.' The noun clause breaks up into an object, 'homage for their lands,' and an adverbial phrase besides, from the clergy.' EXERCISE 299. 1. They demanded that the obnoxious chief should be dismissed. 2. Faction itself could not deny that Addison had been strictly faithful to his early opinions. 3. He executed what you ordered him to do. 4. What he wants in knowledge he supplies by selfconfidence. 5. We can prove that the earth is round. 6. I expect that he will arrive to-morrow. 7. Inquire when the show will be held. 8. Grant me what I ask. 9. He knows who wrote the book. 10. Tell me which is the way to the village. EXERCISE 300. 1. They now admit that their conduct was improper. 2. His opponents granted that his integrity was without stain. 3. We do not doubt that the man is innocent. 4. He did not know what |