replaced by who': 'She remained by the side of her father, who walked on in silence.'

The sacred fire was kept alive by guardian priests; guardian priests watched over it night and day. Otherwise: 'by guardian priests, who watched.'

Sometimes a little re-arrangement of the clauses may be required.

Besides the demonstrative substitution, as 'he' for 'her father,' 'they' or 'these' for 'guardian priests,' a more general noun may occasionally be admissible. For guardian priests' there might stand 'such attendants'; and so for other cases.

EXERCISE 28.

1. The streets of Canton abound with blind beggars, and these blind beggars are seldom treated with indignity. 2. Silence is proclaimed by the priests, and the priests have also the right of enforcing silence. 3. The monks were driven from their abbey by the English forces; the English forces were now overrunning the country. 4. He had but one daughter, yet this only daughter was of no great comfort to her father. 5. Jeanne showed much less favour to the Reformers than her husband did; her husband was then on the eve of joining their ranks. 6. The young king came to regard himself as the author of the peace, for the young king had opened his ear to these wise advisers. 7. The sergeant did not allow me to pass, for the sergeant is a very strict man. 8. His Majesty was less daunted than I expected, for his Majesty is a most magnanimous prince. 9. The Druids possessed great authority among the Britons; the Druids were their priests. 10. His door was always open to the wayfarer, and with the wayfarer he was ready to share his last morsel.

Substitution of which, co-ordinating.

34. 'Next day Condé renewed the challenge, but the challenge was not accepted.' A shorter and easier form is-which was not accepted.'

The camels would proceed no farther, for the camels were very tired.' For the camels' may be replaced by which': 'The camels, which were very tired, would proceed no farther.'

Besides the interchange, there is in the second example a slight re-arrangement of the clauses.

The pupil will also substitute the demonstrative, and, in

some instances, a more general name.

'The challenge' may be

pointed to by it,' or 'that'; 'the camels' by 'they,' or 'these,' or those animals'; and so on.

EXERCISE 29.

1. The reckless expression deserted his eye, and his eye once more became soft. 2. I redoubled my cries, but my cries were drowned in the noise of battle. 3. Let pride-pride she calls plainness-marry her. 4. He offered me a high price, but this high price I refused. 5. Will you accept this fish? this fish is the best I have caught this season. 6. He then desired me to draw my scimitar; now my scimitar was in most parts exceedingly bright. 7. It is essential to avoid alarming the elephants, for the elephants might otherwise rush in the wrong direction. 8. Four sittings of the court were occupied by Burke's opening speech; his opening speech was intended to be a general introduction to all the charges. 9. The public often confounded the Puritan with the Quaker, for the public seldom makes nice distinctions. 10. She was presented with a flock of forty sheep, and with this flock of forty sheep she returned to her native valley.

Whose, possessive of who' and of which,' co-ordinating. 35. 'The captain told me so, and I can depend upon the captain's word.' Replacing and the captain's' by 'whose,' and making a slight re-arrangement, we may read: The captain, upon whose word I can depend, told me so.'

'This form seemed nothing but a poetical license, as this form's historical foundation was forgotten.' 'This form, whose historical foundation was forgotten, seemed nothing but a poetical license.'

The nouns in the possessive may be replaced by demonstrative pronouns in the possessive: 'his' for the captain's,' 'its for this form's,' &c.

A more general name: 'that gentleman's or that officer's word,' 'my friend's or my informant's word.'

EXERCISE 30.

1. I have a friend here, and at my friend's house we may lodge. 2. Our cavalry soon scattered the enemy; the enemy's strength was much inferior. 3. He and his fellows sound the sackbut; the sackbut's notes are very doleful. 4. The elephants walked slowly, for the elephants' burdens were very heavy. 5. The prince was enthusiastically received by the citizens, and

the citizens' interests he pledged himself to defend. 6. He has betrayed his honour to slander, and slander's sting is sharper than the sword's. 7. We prepared to fight the pirates; the pirates' intention was now apparent. 8. They caught 13 whales, and these whales' blubber yielded 70 tuns of oil. 9. Dr. Johnson read few books through, for all Dr. Johnson's studies were desultory. 10. The queen's courage had never failed her before, but now the queen gave way.

EXERCISE 31.

General exercise on 'who,' 'which,' 'whose,' co-ordinating.

1. We have been skating on the pond; the pond has been frozen for some time. 2. The Parliament met with burning indignation, but the Parliament was soothed into good humour, 3. Little Frank was with his father after dinner, and Frank's father fell asleep over his wine, heedless of the child, and the child crawled to the fire. 4. The multitude of freemen take their seats around the chief ruler of the commonwealth; the chief ruler's term of office comes that day to an end. 5. There were 70 fleet camels, and the troop mounted these 70 fleet camels by turns. 6. The people of Bristol sent up a deputation, for the people of Bristol were deeply interested in the matter; and this deputation was heard at the bar of the Commons. 7. The month was August, and in the middle of August was my own birthday. 8. Three distinct herds were concealed in the jungle, and the united numbers of these herds were variously represented at from forty to fifty. 9. The wretched towns of the defenceless provinces were left at our mercy; the young men of those provinces had been drafted away into the French armies; and year after year the insatiable war devoured the French armies. 10. Even the monasteries afforded no safety from the royal officers; the monasteries were the banks of that time; the royal officers without remorse rifled the sacred treasuries.

Substitution of what.

36. 'Show me the things that you have bought.' 'The things that' may be replaced by 'what': 'Show me what you have bought.'

'Can you add anything to the facts that have been stated?' More shortly: 'to what has been stated?'

Besides the noun that stands as antecedent, the relative (restrictive) is also swallowed up in 'what.'

The antecedent noun should be dropped, and some pronoun tried in its place. That' will be found the most serviceable.

EXERCISE 32.

1. Take the articles that you want. 2. This is a wind that I call a gale. 3. The money he has, together with the money that he will get from his uncle, is sufficient. 4. These cattle are finer animals than the cattle that the next county can produce. 5. The boldest man would shrink from taking arms in defence of an action that the judge should pronounce to be usurpation. 6. Opinions differed as to the result that might be expected. 7. Evils that cannot be cured must be endured. 8. I have clothed my thoughts in the language that appeared to me the most appropriate language. 9. Some praise at morning objects (or conduct) that they blame at night. 10. Men readily believe such reports (or statements) as they wish to be true.

III. NOUN replaced by NOUN PHRASE

(INFINITIVE).

37. The only Phrase form standing between the Noun and the Noun Clause and doing the work of the Noun, is the INFINITIVE of the Verb. (As regards the term 'Phrase,' see § 239).

From various causes, it is often desirable that a verbal abstract noun should give place to the simpler concrete infinitive; and not unfrequently an adjectival abstract noun seeks the same exchange. Other classes of nouns do not so readily pass into infinitives.

Even when the conversion would not bring any very important gain, there may still be the useful option of an alternative form.

6

Noun as Subject replaced by Infinitive.

38. Prevention is better than cure' may be changed into To prevent is better than to cure.' Another form is- Preventing is better than curing. A third way: It is better to prevent than to cure.' 'Idleness is disgraceful.' Otherwise: To be idle, or Being idle, is disgraceful'; it is disgraceful to be idle.

In sentences like the last of the forms now given, the infinitive in 'to' should always be used; not the infinitive in 'ing.' We should not say 'It is better preventing than curing,' 'it is disgraceful being idle.' We should say—to prevent, to cure, to be.

When a noun is converted into an infinitive, an accompanying adjective (or equivalent expression) is also converted into a new form, so as still to modify the infinitive suitably. The adjective becomes an adverb. Thus Persistent persecution' is to persecute persistently'; 'the forcible acquisition of territory' is to acquire territory by force.' This last example shows also that, when the verb is restored, the preposition (commonly 'of') connecting the object with the noun form of the verb, is no longer needed.

EXERCISE 33.

1. Opposition was useless. 2. Resistance to your acts was necessary. 3. Starvation will be their fate. 4. Gentleness gains friends. 5. Mercy becomes the throned monarch. 6. Brevity is the soul of wit. 7. Misfortune generally made the king devout. 8. Complaint was vain; retaliation was impossible. 9. Wisdom and goodness to the vile seem vile. 10. Inoffensive laughter must be at absurdities and infirmities abstracted from persons, and when all the company may laugh together.

6

Noun as Object replaced by Infinitive.

39. They promised assistance=They promised to assist.' 'He does not like flattery'' He does not like flattering,' or 'being flattered,' or 'to be flattered.

See 38, the second note.

EXERCISE 34.

1. Many people hate work. 2. The culprit implored_forgiveness. 3. He loves solitude. 4. We prefer obscurity. 5. Thou shalt not escape calumny. 6. Those tribes contemplated settlement, and not merely plunder. 7. Man must learn to bear both praise and censure. 8. They expected better treatment. 9. I could not avoid frequent use of this term. 10. He aimed at the equal cultivation of all his faculties.

Noun in Complement or in Phrase into Infinitive. 40. The better part of valour is discretion'; or 'being discreet,' or 'to be discreet'