Relative with antecedent demonstrative (Persons).

84.

He that, he who ;

They that, they who, (they which);
Those that, those who, (those which);
Such as;

(The (noun) that).

'He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man.' The meaning conveyed by 'he that' is quite general, and may be expressed in any of the above forms. Thus: they that love pleasure,' those that love pleasure,' 'such as love pleasure,' 'the man that loves pleasure.'

6

6

Blessed are they that mourn.'

Other forms: 'those that mourn,' such as mourn,' 'blessed is he that mourns,' 'the man that mourns.'

After 'those' and 'such,' a noun may sometimes be put in to support the demonstrative. 'Those' may then be softened to 'the. 'The children of those men whom we found here live in our island to this day': say rather-the children of the men that we found here,' which is much lighter and equally clear.

The forms with who' and 'which' restrictive are to be considered inferior. 'Those that,' they that,' &c., may often be set aside in favour of a softer form-such as,' 'the (noun) that.' Sometimes the compound relatives may interchange (§ 83): "Whoever (or whoso, whosoever) loveth pleasure.'

Compare also the conditional clause: 'If any one love pleasure, he shall be a poor man.'

EXERCISE 78.

1. Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness. 2. They who have opportunities of knowing, say so. 3. They that obey not shall perish by the sword. 4. I suffer with those that I see suffer. 5. How little use was made of the handkerchief, except by such as took snuff! 6. They sin who tell us love can die. 7. Those who think must govern those that toil. 8. He that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich. 9. Those that dare lose a day are dangerously prodigal; those that dare misspend it, desperate. 10. In the lips of him that hath understanding wisdom is found; but a rod is for the back of him that is void of understanding. 11. He and they that are with him shoot arrows at those that come up to this gate.

12. And they that creep, and they that fly,
Shall end where they began.

Relative with antecedent demonstrative (Things).

85.

That which, that that;

Those which, those that;
What

;

(The (noun) that).

The governor soon repented of that which he had done. The other forms would give us that that he had done,' 'what he had done, the deed that he had done.'

'What Hampden had feared had come to pass.' Otherwise: That which Hampden had feared,' or 'That that Hampden had feared.'

:

If the resolved form be used, some noun might be put in to support the demonstrative, and give a more definite meaning :"the action that he had done'; 'the event (or result, &c.) that Hampden had feared.' (§ 73.) As that action which,' 'those events which,' are very heavy expressions, that' and 'those' should be softened into 'the': "the action that,' 'the events that.' The relative which,' being restrictive in all examples under this head, may be noted as an inferior form. (§ 84.)

EXERCISE 79.
2.

The boy had no other 3. Why does any man

1. What I did, I did in honour. purpose than what he himself avowed. seem to be that which he is not? 4. What would be theft in other people is only victory in him. 5. Only by what we remember of them, can we try to interpret what we see. 6. That which is apt to produce pleasure in us we call good, and that which is apt to produce pain in us we call evil. 7. These books are inferior to those which we use. 8. What was known lends a charm to what was unknown. 9. There are nobler fruits than those which the palate desires. 10. That which has happened is just what was to be expected. 11. What he lost was poor compared with that which he hoped instantly to gain. 12. In certain cases we refrain from doing that which we have a natural desire to do, or force ourselves to do that to which we feel a repugnance. 13. It is difficult to draw from the words a meaning tolerably like that which they conveyed to those who heard him. 14. Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are, and the things which shall be hereafter. 15. Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein.

16. Sum up at night what thou hast done by day;

And in the morning, what thou hast to do.

III. PRONOUN and INFINITIVE.

86. As the Pronoun does duty for the noun, so it also stands for an INFINITIVE or Noun Phrase; and it may point either forward or backward.

'It' is the most important of all the pronouns in the reference to an infinitive, whether forward or backward. 'This' is also used in both ways, but less extensively. That' and 'which may be regarded as almost confined to the backward reference.

'This' and 'that' give the reference with far stronger emphasis than the others; and they may be used in certain cases where the others would not be admissible. The extent of the interchange may be tested by practice on the examples given.

1. PRONOUN anticipating INFINITIVE.

87. This process is hardly a case of interchange. The Pronoun simply stands as a provisional substitute for the coming Infinitive; an arrangement that is found to be advantageous on various grounds. However, the usage is so closely akin to the regular substitution, and is so important as a function of the special pronouns concerned, that it cannot be allowed to pass without exemplification.

The anticipated infinitive is sometimes expressed, sometimes only implied in a different grammatical form.

It as Subject anticipates Infinitive expressed.

88. It is noble to seek truth.' 'It' anticipates the expression 'to seek truth.' 'It, namely, to seek truth, is noble.'

'It is useless to dispute with an obstinate man.'

'It, namely, to dispute with an obstinate man, is useless.'

EXERCISE 80.

1. It was necessary to make a choice. 2. It required the utmost exertions of the officers to quell the excitement. 3. It was painful to him to refuse requests. 4. It is the business of art to imitate nature. 5. Under Charles II., it was made a serious crime to attend a dissenting place of worship. 6. It would have been wise in the King to avoid any conflict with his people. 7. It pleased Horace Walpole to affect a foolish dislike of kings as kings. 8. It would be a wild notion to expect perfection in any work of man. 9. It was ever the fashion of Cromwell's pikemen to rejoice greatly when they beheld the enemy. 10. The soldiers did not know what it was to yield. 11. Though it be honest, it is never good to bring bad news. 12. What would it be reasonable to expect from such a tribe?

It as Object anticipates Infinitive expressed.

89. The general judged it expedient to cross the river.' 'It' anticipates to cross the river': 'The general judged it, namely, to cross the river, expedient.'

We do not think it worth while to settle such a question of precedence.' We do not think worth while it, namely, to settle such a question of precedence.'

EXERCISE 81.

1. He found it difficult to maintain his position. 2. I thought it the most prudent method to lie still. 3. He did not consider it as part of his duty to see no faults in his friend. 4. A Chinese once took it into his head to travel into Europe. 5. The Emperor Honorius found it advisable to contract the limits of the empire. 6. This wound we consider it a duty to keep open. 7. The jolting of the rough roads of that time made it necessary to reduce the fracture again. 8. Horace Walpole thought it a good practical joke to set public men together by the ears. 9. I feel it my duty to speak on this point. 10. I may yet have it in my power to prove my gratitude to you. 11. We should certainly think it the height of injustice in him to accuse us of having been actuated by malice. 12. Against the Saxon pirates the Roman government found it needful to establish an elaborate system of defence.

It anticipates Infinitive implied.

90. Though it was hardly worth while, he contradicted the report.' Here it' points forward to the expression he contradicted the report,' and stands for an infinitive phrase implied in that expression. Though it, namely, to contradict the report (or his contradicting the report) was hardly worth while, he contradicted the report.'

6

EXERCISE 82.

1. When it was in my power, I at once helped you. 2. If it be possible, take this letter to him. 3. It may throw some light on this question, if we remind our readers of the following fact. 4. It would be a gross error if we supposed that latterly the imperial dignity was of itself the great source of their power. 5. It would have been well for the king had he been content to see his kingdom at rest. 6. It would at once instruct and gratify us if we understood Schiller thoroughly. 7. It was not much to be wondered at if the boy made small progress. 8. It will be enough for me if I discover some new beauties or imperfections in the poem. 9. It would be interesting if we could assign distinct mental functions to different parts of the brain. What good were it to you,

10.

If I like others were corrupted?

This anticipates Infinitive expressed.

91. I learned this at least, to bear up against evil fortune with a cheerful heart.' This' points emphatically forward to the expression 'to bear up against evil fortune with a cheerful heart."

EXERCISE 83.

1. Sir, this is not very reasonable, to summon my affections for a lady I know nothing of. 2. This he earnestly desired, to make a wise and noble use of his power. 3. The great object of Lycurgus was this, to give the Spartans a training that should make them invincible in battle. 4. Now this is what I intend, to propose a compromise in the following terms.

5. This was all thy care,

To stand approved in the sight of God.

3. This is a strange repose, to be asleep with eyes wide open. 7. Was this well done, to act ungratefully to such a benefactor?