mitted. 9. There is nothing more annoying than to have to wait so long, which is nevertheless always our fate at this station. 10. This will divert him from plodding on business too much, or spending himself in talk, or racking his thoughts, all which are hurtful to his constitution.

Which points back to Infinitive implied.

100. I obtained my discharge in a few days, upon which I set out for Paris.' Which' stands for an expression implied in the first statement: 'and, upon obtaining my discharge, I set out for Paris.'

'He obtained my discharge, upon which I set out for Paris,' would be changed somewhat differently: He obtained my discharge, and, upon his obtaining my discharge, I set out for Paris.'

In the first case, 'my' would be superfluous before 'obtain ing'; in the second case, 'his' is necessary.

EXERCISE 91.

1. I made him acquainted with my situation, on which he congratulated me with great joy. 2. I took out my knife and fork and fell to eat, which gave the Brobdingnagians exceeding delight. 3. The master of the waggons was at great pains to have the quarrel made up, which he at last accomplished. 4. I settled in London, to which my master had encouraged me. 5. His income being small, he kept a good glass of liquor for the entertainment of passengers, by which he was able to make the two ends of the year meet. 6. He started back and demanded a parley, upon which I checked my indignation. 7. He protested in form against the captain's conduct; for which he was put in confinement. 8. I was appointed surgeon's mate of the Lizard sloop-of-war, which put me on a footing with every first mate in the service. 9. One day his horse fell dead under him, which might have embarrassed an ordinary man. 10. The squire hates his heir, which is not very surprising.

IV. PRONOUN and NOUN CLAUSE.

101. The line of remark in § 86 might be again pursued here; the term "Noun Clause" being substituted for the term " Infinitive."

Additional examples may be had by substituting Noun Clauses for Infinitives in §§ 88-100.

1. PRONOUN anticipating NOUN CLAUSE.

102. This process corresponds with the anticipating of the Infinitive by a Pronoun. (See § 87).

It anticipates Noun Clause expressed or Sentence. 103. 'It was foretold that a flood would come.' 'It' anticipates the expression that a flood would come.' 'It, namely, that a flood would come, was foretold.'

EXERCISE 92.

1. It is clear that we have been deceived. 2. It was most unfortunate that you met with that accident. 3. It is to be remembered that all these festivals were portions of the ancient religion. 4. It seems to me strange that men should fear death. 5. How is it that the clouds still hang on you? 6. It was perfectly known to Walpole that many of his opponents had dealings with the Pretender. 7. It is not till the worst day is passed that the counter-revolution openly begins. 8. Is it thought that any important steps are to be taken? 9. Strange it may at first sight seem that the founder of the later liberties of England was not an Englishman. 10. Though it is said by myself, a broader back and firmer base belongs to no merchant in the colonies. 11. Though he does not own it, personal ambition is among his leading motives.

104. It is uncertain who will be president.' 'It, namely, who will be president, is uncertain.' It was now evident whither they were drifting.'

EXERCISE 93.

1. It is not really known who first preached the gospel in Britain. 2. It is doubtful whether he will succeed. 3. It is astonishing how great a change a few years make. 4. It mattered little in the time of Charles I. whether the House of Commons were or were not chosen by the people. 5. It may be doubted whether Cromwell could have hindered the death of Charles. 6. It is by no means obvious how you can aid us. 7. It is not accurately known to what extent the project was realised before the invasion of Xerxes. 8. It has never been ascertained where he was buried. 9. It has not yet been decided when the review will take place. 10. It is not known at what time Sokratês relinquished his profession as a statuary. 11. It does not appear

why he resigned office.

12. It is a matter of no consequence

from what quarter good advice comes.

It anticipates Noun Clause implied.

105. 'If it be necessary, I shall remain.' 'It' anticipates that I should remain,' implied in the statement 'I shall remain.' 'If it, namely, that I should remain, be necessary, I shall remain.'

EXERCISE 94..

1. It will be a wonder if he don't succeed. 2. Can it be wondered at, if the poets in general seem resolved not to own themselves in any error? 3. We have thought it might be useful were the chief of these objections marshalled in distinct order and examined. 4. Is it any diminution of the gamester's fraud, when he alleges that he has staked a counter? 5. I assured his lordship that I should look upon it as an uncommon mark of distinction, if he would take the gift without further question. 6. It is not his fault if he be not the greatest man in the room. 7. It is not to be wondered at, if he had a particular regard for 8. If it were in my power, I should follow his advice with pleasure. 9. It would be well if we could slay this giant. 10. If it be practicable, carry out this scheme.

me.

This anticipates Noun Clause expressed.

106. 'A true friend is known by this, that he remains faithful in misfortune.' 'This' points forward to the expression that he remains faithful in misfortune.'

EXERCISE 95.

1. This I know, that he is a very pestilent fellow. 2. Morality is deeply interested in this, that what is immoral shall not be represented as attractive. 3. We differ from the leaf only in this, that it would require the operation of greater elements to destroy us. 4. "All I know of the matter," cried Miss Skeggs, "is this, that it may be true, or it may not be true ; but this I can assure your Ladyship, that the rout was in amaze. 5. " Well," replied our peeress, "this I can say, that the Duchess never told me a syllable of the matter." 6. Comfort thyself in this, that whether thou wilt or no, it must be endured. 7. This I am assured of, that London is the only place in the world for all such persons. 8. You may depend on this, that I did not

make the exchange willingly. 9. We do not know the worst; but we know this, that in three campaigns we have done nothing, and suffered much. 10. This only will I say, that his resolution

is much to be regretted.

11.

What may this mean,

That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel
Revisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon,
Making night hideous?

Which and What anticipate Noun Clause or Sentence. 107. His lordship was on the point of going abroad, and which was still more unfortunate for my tragedy, the manager had gone to the country.' 'Which' refers to the coming statement—' the manager had gone to the country.

'So thought our Milton; and, what was more difficult, he acted so.' The reference of what' is to the statement 'he acted so.'

The anticipative function of these relatives is felt to be a very artificial inversion. The relative clause is of the nature of a

parenthetical commentary. Still it directs specially emphatic attention to the expression referred to.

EXERCISE 96.

1. What appears to have given more offence than all besides, the Lollards assumed the right of conferring holy orders. 2. What is more, we must do all this with patience. 3. Whether the judge felt any remorse for his treatment of his children, or (which is more probable) was afraid his character would suffer, he professed great sorrow for his conduct to my father. 4. Wycliffe's most implacable enemies confess, what it ever costs partisans much to admit in favour of an enemy, that the sect was held in the greatest honour. 5. We must allow, what I have hinted in a former paper, that his language is often too much laboured. 6. Animals possess the same feelings; and, what exposes them to like suffering from another quarter, they possess the same instincts with our own species. 7. The Regent was surrounded by open enemies, and-which was even worse-by treacherous friends. 8. Those characters were excessively dull, and (which was a secret known to few) were intended to be so. 9. Lord Mahon tells us, what we believe was not known before, that his ancestor's most distinguished exploit was suggested by Marlborough. 10. The squire called for a tankard of beer, observing (which is perhaps as true as any observations on this fever of the mind) that anger makes a man dry.

2. PRONOUN replaced by NOUN CLAUSE.

108. The remarks in § 92 are applicable to the Noun Clause as well as to the Infinitive.

It points back to Noun Clause expressed or Sentence.

109. The beggars said they were shipwrecked sailors, but we did not believe it. That is, we did not believe (that) they were shipwrecked sailors.' 'It' refers to the expression 'they were shipwrecked sailors,' and stands for that expression.

'He had always spoken prose without knowing it'—' without knowing that he had always spoken prose.' 'It' saves, by a reference, the repetition of the statement he had always spoken prose' as noun clause object to 'knowing.'

EXERCISE 97.

1. He was in the wrong, and he acknowledged it. 2. That the Scots renewed their oaths on the accession of Eadred is no proof of hostile feeling on either side; it was merely an usual and necessary precaution at the beginning of a new reign. 3. You wrong me, and the world shall know it. 4. I left the room without his observing it. 5. You say you are a better soldier ; I deny it. 6. What you tell me is very probable; we must inquire further about it. 7. He is a good scholar, though he does not show it. 8. The righteous perisheth, and no man layeth it to heart. 9. Though he was pressed to say why he had not been present, he would not explain it. 10. There has been much anxiety to hear who has gained the victory; but it will soon be known now.

It points back to Noun Clause implied.

110. 'We gained our point, though we scarcely expected it.' 'It' refers to the expression we gained our point.' When the pronoun is removed, the sentence reads though we scarcely expected that we should gain our point.'

'If you do not attend to his advice, he will take it (that you do not attend to his advice) ill.'