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ou, as in our; th, as in thin: TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BING-EN, a t. of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine. Lat. 49° 55′ N., Lon. 7° 51' E. Pop. 4,100. (B.)

BING-HAM-TON, or CHENANGO POINT, the cap. of Broome co., N. Y., on the New York and Erie Railroad, 20 m. E. of Owego, and connected by the Chenango, with the Erie, Canal. Pop. of the township, 5,465.

BIO-BIO, bee/-o-bee-o, a r. of Chili, which falls into the Pacific in 36° 50' S. Lat.

BIRKET-EL-KEROON, more properly BIRKET-EL-KOORN, běĕr/-ket-elKOORN! (i. e. the "lake of the horn," so named from its peculiar shape); a considerable lake of Middle Egypt, bounding the prov. of Faïoom on the N. W., and situated between 29° 35′ and 29° 15′ N. Lat., and 30° 10 and 30° 40′ E. Lon. Its length, following the curve, is rather more than 30 m.; its greatest breadth, 6 or 7 m. It is the Lake Maris of the ancients.

BIRKET-EL-MARIOOT, beer/-ket-el-må-re-oot', (the Lake Mareo'tis of the ancients,) a lake in the N. E. part of Lower Egypt, S. E. of Alexandria. It had become entirely dry within the last three centuries, but as the bottom is several feet below the level of the sea, the English, in 1801, in order to circumscribe the operations of the French, cut across the narrow isthmus which separated the basin from the lake of Abookeer (Aboukir), when the sea-water flowed in, and covered an extent of 30 m. in length, and 15 in breadth. This isthmus has since been restored by Mehemet Ali.

BIR-MA, BURMA, or BRAH-MA, called also the kingdom of Ava, an empire of Chin-India, in the S. E. of Asia. Its exact boundaries on the N. and E. are not known. On the S. it extends about 240 m. along the gulf of Martaban; the country of Arracan bounds it on the W. The Birman empire consists of Birma proper, Pegoo, Martaban, and the Birman Lao. The climate is said not to exhibit the extremes of heat and cold which are found in India, and is supposed, therefore, to be more healthy to the European constitution. It varies, however, greatly in different parts of the country. The soil produces almost every kind of grain and vegetables, as well as the different tropical fruits; the pine apple is said to grow here spontaneously. The Birmans are much less civilized than the Hindoos. In religion they are Boodhists; neither Mahometanism nor Christianity has made any progress among them. The government is an absolute despotism, their sovereign being the lord of the life and property of all his subjects.-Adj. and inhab. BIR/MAN and BIR-MESE, OF BURMESE.

BIR-MING-HAM, a large t. of England, in Warwickshire, 98 m. N. W. of London. It has increased astonishingly within a cry, and has become the principal hardware manufacturing town of G. Britain. By means of canals and railways it is connected with all the more important places of the kingdom, and thus enjoys every facility for trade, and is enabled to distribute the productions of its industry to all parts of the globe. Lat. 52° 29′ N., Lon. 1° 52′ W. Pop. 182,922.

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mit; pine or pine, pin; n^, not; õõ, as in good,

BIRR OF PAR-SONS-TOWN', a t. of Ireland, in Kings co. Lat. 53° 7′ N. Lon. 7° 51' W. Pop. in 1831, 6,594. (P. C.)

BIS-CAY, (Sp. Biscaya, bis-ki-a or Viscaya,) a small prov. in the N. of Spain, lying on the Bay of Biscay. Adj. and inhab. Bis-CAY-AN. BISCAY, BAY OF, is that portion of the Atlantic Ocean which washes the northern coasts of Spain, and divides thein from the western coasts of France.

BLACK MOUNTAIN, near the N. W. extremity of N. C., remarkable as being the most elevated point of the Appalachian system, and the highest mountain-summit in the United States, E. of the Rocky Mountains. Height, 6,476 ft. Lat. about 36° 10′ N., Lon. 81° 40′ W.

BLACK RIVER, a r. in the northern part of N. Y, which flows into L. Ontario, near Sackett's Harbour. Its whole length is about 120 m. BLACK ROCK, a village of Erie co., N. Y., on Lake Erie, at the commencement of the Niagara r., 2 m. from Buffalo. Pop. of the township, 3,625.

BLACK SEA,* called also the Eu/-xine, (Anc. Pon'tus Euxi'nus; Turk. Kå/-rå` Deng/-is,) lies between 40° 50′ and 46° 40′ N. Lat., and 27° 20′ and 41° 50′ E. Lon., and divides the southern provinces of European Russia from Natolia. It communicates with the Mediterranean by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, and the Hellespont. Throughout its whole extent there is but one small island. This is uninhabited, and lies in 45° 15′ N. Lat., at a considerable distance from the western shore. The waters of this sea are much less saline than those of the ocean. Their specific gravity, compared with that of fresh water, is 1142 to 1000. The water of the Atlantic is 1288. This difference is probably owing to the great quantity of fresh water which the numerous rivers pour into the Euxine from the surrounding country. The waters of the Baltic, however, are considerably less saline than those of the Black Sea, their specific gravity being not above 1042. (P. C.)

BLACK WARRIOR, a r. of Alabama, which flows into the Tombigbee. It is navigable for steamboats to Tuscaloosa, nearly 500 m. by water, from Mobile.

BLACK-FORD, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the Wabash and Erie canal. Pop. 1,226.

BLA-DEN, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C., intersected by the Cape Fear r. Pop. 8,022. Co. t. Elizabethtown.

BLANC, MOUNT, (Fr. Mont Blanc, mồn blản, i. e. “white mountain,")

* The name Black Sea is said to have been given by the Turks, who, being accustomed only to the navigation of the Archipelago, where the numerous islands and their convenient ports, offered many places of refuge in case of danger, found the traversing such an open expanse of water very perilous, and accordingly expressed their fears by the epithet "black" (kara). Partly on the same account, and partly because the shores of this sea were occupied by barbarous nations, the ancient Greeks first called it accvos, (axenos,) i. e. “inhospitable;" but afterwards, when they had become better acquainted with the art of navigation, and had established numerous colonies on the shores, they changed the name to Evževos or Evželvos, (euxenos or euxeinos,) i. e. “hospitable."

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the highest mountain in Europe, situated in the kingdom of Sardinia, on the boundary line between Savoy and Piedmont. The highest point is 2460 toises, or 15,533 English feet above the level of the sea. (B.) Lat. about 45° 50′ N., Lon. 6° 50′ E.

BLAN-CO CAPE, on the W. coast of Africa, in 20° 46′ 26′′ N. Lat., and 17° 4' 10" W. Lon., is the W. extremity of a rocky ridge extending into the Sahara, called the White Mountains.

BLAN-KEN-BURG` or blån/-ken-bōōRG`, a principality in the N. of Germany, belonging to the dukes of Brunswick.-Also the chief t. of the above. Lat. 51° 47' N., Lon. 10° 57′ E. Pop. 3,200. (P. C.) BLED-SOE, a co. in the E. central part of Tenn., W. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 5,676. Co. t. Pikeville.

BLEIBERG, bli'-bërg, i. e. “lead mountain," a village of the Austrian empire, on the Drave, in Carinthia, with one of the richest lead mines in Europe. Pop. including that of the environs, near 4,000. (B.)

BLENHEIM, blen'-im, (Ger. pron. blen/-hime,) a village of Bavaria on the Danube, where, in 1704, Marlborough and Prince Eugene gained a great victory over the French and Bavarian forces under Marshal Tallard.

BLOIS, Bloi, or, more correctly, blwå, an important city of France, on the Loire, cap. of the dep. of Loir-et-Cher. Here is an ancient aqueduct cut in the rock, supposed to have been made by the Romans, which is still used for supplying the town with water. Lat. 47° 35' N., Lon. 1° 20' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.)

BLOUNT, a Co. in the northern part of Ala., S. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 5,570. Co. t. Blountsville.

BLOUNT, & Co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 11,745. Co. t. Marysville.

BLUE MOUNTAINS, the eastern range of the Alleghanies, extending from the highlands, on the Hudson, to N. C., where it joins the main range. In Va. it is called the Blue Ridge.

BO-BER, a r. of Prussian Silesia, flowing into the Oder, at Krossen. Length about 140 m.

BOCAGE, bo`-kåzh', a dist. of France, in the former prov. of Normandy, now situated in the dep. of Calvados. The inhabitants are distinguished by their small stature, and are remarkable for the patriarchal simplicity of their mode of life, for industry, and for attachment to their native soil. Capital, Vire.

BUF, bef, the name of a bayou in La., which communicates with the Red r. and the Atchafalaya. (See BAYOU.)

BODENSEE. See CONSTANCE, Lake.

BOD-MIN, a t. of England, in the co. of Cornwall, about 210 m W. S. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 4,205.

Boo, sometimes written BouG (Anc. Hyp/anis), a r. in the S. part of European Russia, flowing into the Dnieper. Length about 470 m.

BO-GLI-POOR', a t. of Hindostan; cap. of a dist. of the same name,

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; me, mêt; plne or pine, pln; nò, nôt; õõ as in good; on the right bank of the Ganges. It is the seat of a celebrated Mahometan college. Lat. 25° 13′ N., Lon. about 87° E. Pop. 30,000. (B.) BOGOTA OF SANTA FE DE BOGOTA, sån/-tå få dà bo-go-ta', an archiepiscopal t. of S. America, formerly the cap. of the Spanish vice-royalty of N. Granada, at present the metropolis of the republic of this name, situated 9 or 10 m. distant from the small r. of Bogota, at the foot of two lofty mountains, at an elevation of about 8,640 feet above the level of the sea. It was founded by Quesade, in 1538. Like many other towns built by the Spaniards in America, Bogota presents the figure of a cross, of which the principal square and church form the centre. As this place is subject to frequent earthquakes, most of the houses consist of one or two stories only. Bogota has three colleges; and twentysix churches, the interior of which is resplendent with gold. It also contains nine monasteries, and three nunneries. Lat. 4° 36′ N., Lon. 74° 13′ W. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (B.)

BO-HE-MI-A (Ger. Böhmen, böl-men, or Böheim, böl-hime), derives its name from the ancient Boii, who occupied the country about the sources of the Elbe and Moldau. It now constitutes a kingdom belonging to the empire of Austria, comprising Bohemia Proper, the margraviate of Moravia, and a small portion of Upper Silesia. Bohemia Proper occupies an irregular quadrangle in the S. E. of Germany, between 48° 33′ and 51° 5' N. Lat., and 12° and 16° 46′ E. Lon., and is bounded on the N. W. and N. by Saxony, N. E. by Prussian Silesia, S. E. and S. by Moravia and Austria, and S. W. by Bavaria. It contains about 20,000 sq. m. Pop. about 3,932,000. (P. C.)—Adj. and inhab. Bo

HE-MI-AN.

BOIS-LE-DUC, bwå`-leh-duk', a fortified manufacturing t. of Holland; cap. of North Brabant. Lat. 51° 42′ N., Lon. 5° 16 E. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.)

BOJADOR, boj`-a-dore', (Port. pron. bozh-å-dore',) a cape on the W. coast of Africa. Lat. 26° 12' N., Lon. 14° 27′ W.

BOKHARA, bo-Kȧ/-rå, or BU-KHA-RI-A, (Anc. Sogdia/na and Transoxia/na,) called, also, USBEKHISTAN, Ooz-bek`-is-tân', a country in Central Asia, between 36° and 42° N. Lat., and 62° and 72° E. Lon. It is bounded on the N. by an extensive desert called Kizil Koom, and on the S. by Budukhshan and Afghanistan. The climate of Bokhara is regular and constant, and the soil produces a great variety of vegetables and fruits proper to the temperate latitudes. Area estimated at 90,000 sq.m. Pop. 2,500,000. (B.) The prevailing languages are the Persian and Turkish. The former is spoken by the better educated generally. The government is despotic, but, as it is regulated on the laws of the Koran, the authority of the sovereign, in some measure, is controlled by the priests and lawyers. The khan of Bokhara is the most powerful of the princes of Toorkistan, and maintains a standing army of about 25,000 men, of which not more than 4,000 are infantry.-Adj. and inhab. BOKHARIAN, bo-kå/-re-an, and BU-KHA/-RI-AN; also BOKHARESE, bo`-ka-reṣe'. (M.)

BOKHARA, the cap. of the khanat of the same name, and the most

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. commercial t. of Central Asia, is situated in a rich plain, surrounded by gardens and trees. It is the centre of communication between several countries, and carries on, by means of caravans, an active trade with Russia, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, India, and China. Bokhara is a celebrated seat of Mahometan learning. It is computed that about 10,000 persons attend the different schools and colleges of this city at one time. Lat. 39° 48′ N., Lon. 64° 26' E. Pop. estimated at above 100,000. (B.)

BOL-BEC', a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 110 m. N. W. of Paris. It has increased astonishingly within the last 20 years. Lat. 49° 35′ N., Lon. 0° 28′ E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.)

BOLI or Bo-LEE, a flourishing manufacturing t. of Asiatic Turkey. Lat. 40° 42′ N., Lon. 31° 44′ E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.)

BOL-I-VAR, a co. in the W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,356. Co. t. Bolivar.

Bo-LIV-1-A, or bo-leel-ve-å, a republic of S. America, situated between about 10° and 25° 40′ S. Lat., and 57° and 70° 44′ W. Lon., bounded on the N. E and E. by Brazil and Paraguay, S. by Buenos Ayres and Chili, W. and N. W. by the Pacific and by Peru. Length about 1,100 m.; greatest breadth, 800 m. Area estimated at about 400,000 sq. m. No recent census of Bolivia having been taken, the pop. is variously estimated from 630,000 to 1,300,000. Balbi gives the latter number. This republic dates from the battle of Ayacucho (i-yakool-cho), 1824, in which the patriots, under Sucre, completely defeated the royalists. The new republic was named Bolivia, in honour of General Bolivar. The seat of government is Chuquisaca, formerly called La Plata.--Adj. and inhab. BO-LIV/-I-AN.

BOLOGNA, bo-lone/-ya, (Lat. Bono'nia,) a city of Italy, in the Papal State, next to Rome in population and importance, 26 m. S. S. W. of Ferrara, with which it is connected by a canal (Naviglio, nå-veel-yo), navigable for large boats. From Ferrara, by means of the Po, Adige, and intermediate canals, the water communication extends to Venice. This town is one of great antiquity. It was the principal city of the Etruscans north of the Appenines, and was then called Felsina. Afterwards the Romans changed its name to Bononia. Bologna abounds in churches, most of which are rich in paintings. It is also remarkable for its public institutions for the promotion of literature, science, and the fine arts. The university of Bologna is the oldest, and still one of the principal in Italy. There is a public library, containing 83,000 vols. Lat. 44° 30′ N., Lon. 11° 21′ E. Pop. above 71,000. (B.)— Adj. BOLOGNESE, bo'-lo-neze', and BOLOGNIAN, bo-lo-ne-an.-Inhab. BOLOGNESE.

BOLSENA, bol-sa-nå, a lake of Italy, in the Papal State, about 50 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Its form is nearly oval, and it covers an area of about 70 sq. m. Near the northern bank stands the t. of Bolsena, with about 1,500 inhabitants.

BOL-TON-LE-MOORS', a manufacturing and commercial t. of England, in Lancashire, 11 m. N. W. of Manchester. This town has increased

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