Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mit; pine or pine, pin; no, not; ōō as in good

CHI-NA, an extensive country in Eastern Asia, bordering on the Pacific, and constituting the principal portion of the Chinese empire. It lies between 18° and 41° N. Lat., and 98° and 124° E. Lon. Its length, from S. E. to N. W., is above 1,400 m.; breadth from 900 to 1,300 m. The area is estimated at about 1,298,000 sq. m. On the northern frontier, China is inclosed by the great wall, about 1,400 long, and 20 ft. high; it is believed to have been built about 200 years before the Christian era. Before the arrival of Europeans, the norther portion of China was called by the neighbouring nations of central Asia, CATH-AY', under which name it became known to the Russians, while the inhabitants of India called the southern part Chin, whence is derived the ordinary European name. The Chinese name it Chon-Koo, or the "centre of the world." The climate of this country differs greatly from that of Europe within the same latitudes. The mean temperature is considerably lower, while the extremes of heat and cold in the different seasons are much greater. In this respect, the climate of China may be considered as bearing a general resemblance to that of the United States. If the difference in temperature in the same latitudes between the E. and W. coast of N. America, is less striking than between China and the western part of Europe, it may, perhaps, be attributed to the greater breadth of the eastern continent, in conse quence of which, those influences that cause the western sides of continents to be warmer than the eastern, manifest themselves in their fullest force. The gulf stream, also, in all probability contributes something towards moderating the temperature of our climate, especially along the coast. The soil of China is, in general, productive, and some parts are extremely fertile. The country is watered by numerous rivers. The Imperial Canal, a work which excites the admiraration of travellers, commences in about 30° N. Lat., at Hang-tcheoofoo, and extending, in a northerly direction, perhaps 700 m., terminates at Lin-tchin-cheoo. It appears to have been constructed both for the purpose of internal navigation and of draining, and irrigating some parts of the adjacent country. The vegetable productions of China are highly interesting; among them we may mention a superior species of orange, which, when ripe, has a deep crimson rind, quite detached from the fruit; the Nelumbium, a beautiful flower, of which the seeds resemble, in form and size, acorns without their cups, and have the flavour of nuts, while the root is sliced and eaten as fruit; and the tallow tree, the Croton sebiferum, from the seeds of which the vegetable oil is obtained; it is like wax, and, in its natural state, is of snowy whiteness. Silver mines are abundant in China, but are little worked; gold is obtained from the sands of some of the rivers, but no gold or silver money is coined. (M. B.) The government of China is an absolute despotism. The emperors of the present or Mantchoo dynasty, sprung from a union of the eastern Tartars and Mongols, have been in possession of the sovereignty since the year 1644. Of the population of this great country, the estimates vary exceedingly. According to a census which is stated to have been taken by the Chinese government in 1812,

ou, as in our ; ́th, as in thin; Tн, as in this; N. nearly like ng. the entire population of the empire amounted to more than 360,000,000. Balbi estimates it at 170,000,000.

The Chinese empire comprises, besides China proper, Chinese Tartary, including the countries of Mongolia and Mantchooria, Little Bucharia, Thibet, and the peninsula of Corea. Peking is the capital of China proper, and of the whole empire.-Adj. and inhab. CHI-NESE and CATHAY-AN (poetical).

CHIN INDIA, a name given to the region situated between China and Hindostan, comprehending the Birman empire, the kingdoms of Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam, and the peninsula of Malacca. It is often called the Peninsula beyond the Ganges. Little is known of these countries, and their political divisions and boundaries are very uncertain.

CHINCHILLA, chin-cheel/-yå, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia. Lat. 38° 56' N., Lon. 1° 47′ W. Pop. 11,000. (B.)

CHIPPENHAM, chip'-num, a small t. of England, in Wiltshire, 86 m. W. from London.

CHIPPEWA, chip/-pe-wà', a large co., forming the N. extremity of Mich., and bordering on L. Superior. Pop. 534. Co. t. Sault St. Mary.

CHIP-PE-WAY', a r. of Wisconsin Territory, flowing into the Mis

sissippi.

CHIPPEWAYS, written also OJIBBEWAY, a numerous tribe of Indians, chiefly inhabiting Wisconsin.

CHIQUITOS, che-kee/-toce, a tribe of S. American Indians, inhabiting the E. part of Bolivia.

CHIT/-TEN-DEN, a co. in the N. W. part of Vt., bordering on L. Champlain. Pop. 22,977. Co. t. Burlington.

CHOCTAW, a co. in the N. central part of Miss., intersected by the Big Black r. Pop. 6,010. Co. seat, Greensborough.

CHOC-TAWS, a tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the middle portion of Miss., on both sides of the river Yazoo. They have made considerable progress towards civilization.

CHOLULA, cho-loo/-lå, a t. of Mexico, about 20 m. from Puebla. Lat. 19° 2′ N., Lon. 98° 15′ W. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.)

CHOR-LEY, a t. of Lancashire, England, 22 m. N. W. from Manchester. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 13,139.

CHO-WAN', a r. of N. C., formed by the union of the Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater rivers, which falls into Albemarle Sound.

CHOWAN, & Co. in the N. E. part of N. C., bordering on Chowan r. and Albemarle Sound. Pop. 6,690. Co. t. Edenton.

CHRISTIAN, a Co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 15,587. Co. t. Hopkinsville.

CHRISTIAN, a co, near the centre of Ill. Pop. 1,878.

CHRISTI-AN-A CREEK, in the S. E. part of Pa., flows into the Delaware, below Wilmington.

CHRISTIANIA, kris-te-an-e-å, the cap. of Norway, situated in a prov. of the same name, on Christiania Fiord (fe-ord'), a bay which extends

Fate, får, fall, fåt; mě, mět; plne or pine, pln; nò, not; oo as in good about 60 m. inland. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1811, which has a library of 10,000 vols., and about 500 students. Lat. of the Observatory, 59° 54′ 5′′ N., Lon. 10° 44′ 57′′ E. Pop. above 21,000. (B.) CHRISTIANSAND, kris/-te-ån-sånd', a t. of Norway, situated on the N. coast of the Skager Rack. Lat. 58° 10' N., Lon. 8° 20′ E. Pop. in 1826, 7,488. (P. C.)

CHUQUISACA, choo-ke-så/-kå, formerly called LA PLATA, the cap. of Bolivia, situated in a plain at an elevation of 9,300 ft. above the sea. Lat. about 19° S., Lon. 64° 40′ W. Pop. 13,000.

CIENFUEGOS, se-en/-foo-a/-gòs, or fwàl-goce, a flourishing t. on the S. coast of Cuba, on a bay called Xagua (Hal-gwå), which forms one of the finest harbours in the world. It was founded about the year 1818, and named in honour of Cienfuegos, who was then captain-general of Cuba. Lat. about 22° 15′ N., Lon. near 81° W. Pop. 3,500.

CIN-CIN-NAT/-1, the largest t. in Ohio, cap. of Hamilton co., on the right or N. bank of the Ohio r., 20 m. above the mouth of the Great Miami. Since the beginning of the present century, its growth has been very rapid. The pop. in 1800 scarcely exceeded 500; in 1840 it amounted to 46,338. The city is well built, principally of brick, and the streets cross each other at right angles. By the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, it has connexion with Pittsburg on the one hand, and New Orleans on the other; it also communicates, by means of canals, with L. Erie. It has two colleges, the Cincinnati College, founded in 1819, and the Woodward College, recently established. Lat. 39° 6' N., Lon. 84° 27′ W. Distant from Washington, 497 m.

CINQUE PORTS, sink ports, ports on the S. eastern coast of England, which, in return for the enjoyment of certain peculiar privileges, were to furnish a certain number of ships, equipped and manned, to be at the disposal of the sovereign in any emergency. As their name implies, there were originally but five; viz., Dover, Sandwich, Hithe, Romney, and Hastings. To these, Rye, Winchelsea, and Seaford, were afterwards added.

CIN-TRA or seen'-trå, a small t. of Portugal, 15 m. W. N. W. of Lisbon, celebrated for its fine air and beautiful situation. It is a place of great resort in summer for the citizens of the capital. Many of the nobility and wealthy merchants have villas in the vicinity of Cintra. Pop. about 4,000. (B.)

CIR-CARS, NORTHERN, a large maritime prov. of Hindostan, between 15° and 20 N. Lat., and 80° and 86° E. Lon., extending along the W. side of the Bay of Bengal.

CIRCASSIA, sir-kash'-e-a, (Russ. TchêR-kås/-cå,) is situated along the N. declivity of Mount Caucasus, and comprehends the whole of this tract, from the Black Sea to the vicinity of the Caspian. It belongs nominally to Russia. The beauty of the Circassian women is much celebrated.-Adj. and inhab. CIRCASSIAN, Sir-kash/-e-ån.

CIRENCESTER, commonly pronounced sis/-e-ter, a t. of England, in

This is frequently pronounced, contrary to all principles of correct pronuncia tion sin-sin atuh, an error which cannot be too carefully avoided.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Gloucestershire, 17 m. S. E. of Gloucester. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 9 sq. m., 6,014.

CITTADELLA, chit-tå-del-lå, a t. of Austrian Italy. Lat. 45° 37' N., Lon. 11° 50′ E. Pop. above 6,000. (B.)

CIUDAD REAL, the-oo-Dåp rà-ål', a t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of La Mancha. Lat. 38° 57′ N., Lon. 3° 49′ W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)

CIUDAD RODRIGO, the-00-DåD/ roD-reel-go, a fortified t. the prov. of Salamanca. Lat. 40° 31′ N., Lon. 6° 26' W. (B.)

of Spain, in

Pop. 4,300. CIVITA VECCHIA, cheel-ve-tå vek/-ke-å, a fortified t. and sea port of Italy, in the Papal State, 36 m. N. W. of Rome. Lat. 42° 5' N., Lon. 11° 45′ E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)

CLACK-MAN-NAN-SHIRE, a small co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the r. Forth. Pop. 19,155.

CLAGENFURTH or Klagenfurth, klå'-gẹn-fōŎrt', a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carinthia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, with several important institutions for education. Lat. 46° 36′ N, Lon. 14° 20 E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)

CLAI-BORNE, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Big Black and the Mississippi rivers. Pop. 13,078. Co. seat, Port Gibson. CLAIBORNE, a parish in the N. part of La., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 6,185. Seat of justice, Russelville.

CLAIBORNE, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Va. and Ky. Pop. 9,474. Co. t. Tazewell.

CLAIR, ST., a lake between Mich. and Upper Canada, about 27 m. long, with a mean breadth of perhaps 15m. It receives the waters of L. Huron by the r. St. Clair, and discharges itself into L. Erie by the Detroit r. The r. St. Clair is about 40 m. long, & m. wide, and is navigable for large vessels.

CLAIR, ST., a co. in the N. E. central part of Ala., W. of and bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 5,638. Co. t. Ashville.

CLAIR, ST., a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on the r. and L. St. Clair. Pop. 4,606. Co. t. Palmer.

CLAIR, ST., a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., on the Kaskaskia and Mississippi rivers. Pop. 13,631. Co. t. Belleville.

CLAIR, ST., a co. in the W. S. W. part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r.

CLAMECY, klåm -se', a t. of France, in the dep. of Nièvre. Lat. 47° 27′ N., Lon. 3° 30′ E. Pop. about 5,000. (P. C.)

CLARE, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. in 1831, 258,322. (P. C.)

CLARKE, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenandoah. Pop. 6,353.

CLARKE, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., on the Oconee r. Pop. 10,522. Co. t. Watkinsville.

CLARKE, a co. in the S. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. Pop. 8,640. Co. t. Clarkesville.

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, met; plne or pine, pin; nò, nôt; õõ, as in good;

CLARKE, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 2,986. Co. seat, Quitman.

CLARKE, a co. in the S. part of Ark., intersected by the Washita r. Pop. 2,309. Co. t. Greenville.

CLARKE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 10,802. Co. t. Winchester.

CLARKE, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little E. of the Great Miami r. Pop. 16,882. Co. t. Springfield.

CLARKE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 15,595. Co. t. Charlestown.

CLARKE, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 7,453. Co. t. Marshall.

CLARKE, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Mo. Pop. 2,846. Co. t. Waterloo.

CLARKE'S RIVER, in Oregon, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flows into the Columbia r. Its length is about 460 m.

CLAUSTHAL OF KLAUSTHAL, klous'-tåål, a t. of Germany, in Hanover, remarkable for the silver and lead mines in its vicinity. It is the seat of administration for the mining districts of Hanover. Lat. 51° 48′ N., Lon. 10° 20′ E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) The mines of Clausthal yield annually about 160,000 ounces of silver, 2,400 tons of lead and litharge, and 4 tons of copper. They employ upwards of 2,000 work

men.

CLAY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., on the S. E. fork of the Kentucky r. Pop. 4,607. Co. t. Manchester.

CLAY, a co. in the W. part of Ind., intersected by the Eel r., and a little E. of the Wabash. Pop. 5,567. Co. t. Bowling Green.

CLAY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., intersected by the Little Wabash. Pop. 3,228. Co. t. Maysville.

CLAY, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 8,282. Co. t. Liberty.

CLAY-TON, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,101.

CLEAR-FIELD, a co. in the W. central part of Pa. Pop. 7,834. Co. t. Clearfield.

CLER-MONT', a co. in the S.W. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 23,106. Co. t. Batavia.

CLERMONT-FERRAND, klair'-moy' fër`-rån', (Anc. Augustonemetum, afterwards Clarus Mons,) the cap. of the French dep. of Puy-de-dôme, and formerly, of the prov. of Auvergne. It contains a number of literary and scientific institutions; among which we may mention the Academie Universitaire and the Royal College. Lat. 45° 46′ N., Lon. 3° 5' E. Pop. 28,000. (B.)

CLEVE-LAND, a port of entry of Ohio, the cap. of Cuyahoga co., situated on L. Erie, at the termination of the Ohio canal. Pop. 6,071. CLEVES, (Ger. Kleve, klå-veh; Fr. Clèves, klave,) a walled t. of the Prussian dominions, the cap. of a circle of the same name. 47′ N., Lon. 6° 7′ E. Pop. 7,400.

(B.)

Lat. 51°