Fate, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; no, not; õõ, as in good,

DURAZZO, doo-råt/-so, or DURAS, doo-rås', (Anc. Dyrrach/ium,) a t. on the coast of Albania, in European Turkey. Lat. 41° 19' N., Lon. 19° 27 E. Pop. estimated at 5,000.

Do-REN, formerly called MARK-DÜREN, (the Marcodu'rum of the Romans,) a walled t. in the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, cap. of a circle of the same name, with flourishing manufactures. Lat. 50° 46′ N., Lon, 6° 30′ E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)

DUR-HAM, a co. in the N. E. part of England, bordering on the sea Pop. 324,284.

DURHAM, a city of England, the cap. of the above, on the banks of the r. Wear, 67 m. N. N. W. of York. It is the seat of a university. Lat. 54° 46' N., Lon. 1° 34′ W. Pop., including an area of 16 sq. m., 14,151.

DURLACH, doŎR/-låk, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, cap. of a circle of its own name, formerly the residence of the Margraves of Baden, is situated about 4 m. S. E. of Carlsruhe. Lat. 48° 59′ N., LON. 8° 30′ E. Pop. 4,400. (B.)

DUS-SEL-DORF, a t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and, formerly, of the grand-duchy of Berg, is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the point where the Düssel flows into that river, whence the name Düsseldorf, i. e. "village of the Düssel." It was raised from the rank of a village to that of a municipal town, by Adolphus V., duke of Berg, in 1288. It is one of the best built and handsomest towns on the Rhine, and possesses a number of literary and scientific institutions, besides a public library, containing about 30,000 vols. Lat. 51° 14' N., Lon. 6° 47 E. Pop. above 24,000. (B.)

DUTCH-ESS, & Co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., E. of and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 52,398. Co. t. Poughkeepsie.

DU-VAL, a co. in the N. E. part of Florida, bordering on the sea. Pop. 4,156. Co. t. Jacksonville.

DUYVELAND, doil-vel-ånt, a small i. of Holland, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand, E. of Schouwen.

DWI-NA, (Russ. Dzwina or Dzveel-nå,) a large r. in the N. of Russia, which rises in the government of Vologda, and, flowing northwesterly, empties itself into the White sea, below Archangel, by several mouths. Its whole length is computed at 736 m.; it is navigable for 240 m.

DY-ER, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 4,484. Co. t. Dyersburg.

DYL, generally written, and always to be pronounced, Dyle, a r. of Holland, which flows into the Scheldt, about 9 m. above Antwerp.

EARLY, er-le, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochie r. Pop. 5,444. Co. t. Blakeley.

EAST INDIES. See INDIA.

EAST-ON, the cap. of Northampton co., Pa., situated at the influx of the Lehigh r. into the Delaware, opposite to the termination of the

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Morris canal, about 50 m. in a straight line N. from Philadelphia. Pop. 4,865.

EAST-PORT, a port of entry of Maine, on the W. side of Passamaquoddy Bay, near its junction with the sea. Lat. 44° 54' N., Lon. 66°

56 W. Pop. about 2,000.

EAST RIVER. See LONG ISLAND SOUND. EAST-VILLE, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Northampton co., 85 m. in a straight line E. by S. from Richmond.

EAT-ON, a Co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Grand r. Pop. 2,379. Co. t. Bellevue.

E-BRO, (Sp. pron. à/-bro; Lat. Ibe'rus,) a r. of Spain, which rises at the foot of the Asturian mountains, in Old Castile, and, flowing in a south-easterly direction, falls into the Mediterranean, in about 40° 42′ N. Lat., and 0° 52′ E. Lon. Its whole course is above 400 m.

ECCLOO, ek-klo', a t. of E. Flanders, 13 m. N. W. of Ghent. Pop above 7,000. (B.)

ECIJA, à/the-Ha, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, situated on the r. Genil (Ha-neel'), a branch of the Guadalquivir, about 40 m. E. N. E. of Seville. Pop. 34,000. (P. C.)

ECUADOR, ek-wa-doRe', (i. e. “Equator," so named from its situation, being intersected, through its whole length, by the equinoctial line,) one of the three republics which, previously to 1831, constituted the republic of Colombia. (See COLOMBIA.) It is situated between 1° 36′ and 4° 55′ S. Lat., and 70° 20′ and 81° W. Lon.*; bounded on the N. by New Granada, E. by Brazil, S. by Peru, and W. by the Pacific. The area is calculated at 360,000 sq. m. The climate of Ecuador, as might be expected, varies considerably in different regions. In the valley of Quito the seasons are scarcely distinguishable. The mean temperature of the day, all the year round, is between 60 and 67°, and that of the night between 48 and 52° of Fahrenheit. The winds blow continually, but never with great violence. During the whole morning, till 1 or 2 o'clock, the weather is generally delightful, and the sky serene; but, after this, the vapours begin to rise, which are followed by dreadful tempests of thunder and lightning, with torrents of rain. At sunset, the weather usually clears up, and the nights are as serene as the mornings. Sometimes, however, the rain continues several days. The season between September and May is called the winter, and the remainder of the year the summer. The winter is only distinguished by a somewhat greater quantity of rain, and the summer by a greater number of fine days. The valley of Quito has a mean elevation of about 9,600 ft. above the sea, which may account for the climate being comparatively so cool. In those parts of Ecuador, which lie near the sea, the thermometer ranges much higher. The animal and vegetable productions of this country do not appear to differ from those of the

The limits of this country appear not to be accurately defined. We have given the latitudes and longitudes according to the maps published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,

N

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; no, not; õõ, as in good ;

neighbouring regions of S. America. The most common fruit-trees are cherimoyers, pine-apples, and papayas. * There are also extensive plantations of sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, and cocoa. Among the forest-trees is the cinchona, which yields the Peruvian bark. The pop. of Ecuador is stated, by Balbi, at 630,000. Quito is the capital.

E-DEN-TON, a port of entry of N. C., cap. of Chowan co., near the mouth of the Chowan r., at the head of a small bay to which it gives its name.

ED-Foo, (Anc. Apollinop'olis Mag/na,) a small t. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, remarkable for its temple, which is one of the finest and best preserved in Egypt. Lat. 25° N., Lon. 32°

52' E.

ED-GAR, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on Indiana. Pop. 8,225. Co. t. Paris.

ED-GAR-TON, a port of entry of Mass., cap. of Duke's co., on the E. side of Martha's Vineyard.

EDGECOMBE, ej-kum, a co. in the N. E. central part of N. C., intersected by the Tar r. Pop. 15,708. Co. t. Tarborough.

EDGE-FIELD, a dist. in the S. W. part of S. C., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 32,852. Seat of justice, Edgefield c. h.

EDINBURGH, ed-in-bur-uh, the metropolis of Scotland, is situated in the northern part of a co. of the same name, about 1 m. from the Frith of Forth, and 337 m. N. by W. from London. Edinburgh is divided, by a valley, into two parts, the Old and the New Town. The former is irregularly built, the streets are narrow, and some of them are very dirty. In this part, the houses have sometimes 12 and even 14 stories. The New Town, on the other hand, is built with great regularity, with wide and handsome streets, and will bear a comparison with the finest capitals of Europe. Among the remarkable edifices of Edinburgh, we may mention the palace of Holyrood, the ancient residence of the Scottish kings; and the castle, situated at the western extremity of the Old Town, on a rugged rock which rises on three sides, from a level plain, abruptly, to a height varying from 150 to 200 ft. In some parts, the precipice is perpendicular, and even overhangs its base. The summit is crowned with military works, which, contrasted with the sublime and rocky scenery beneath, give an aspect to the whole inexpressibly grand and romantic. The castle, with its works, occupies an area of 7 acres, and is separated from the town by an open space nearly 300ft. square. Edinburgh has several noble charitable institutions, among which may be cited the Royal Infirmary, Heriot's Hospital, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for the Blind. The multitude of its learned societies, its celebrated university, one of the first in Europe, the various and important publications which are continnally issuing from its presses, and its numerous

The cherimoyer is the anona cherimolia of naturalists, a downy-leaved species of anona, said to bear a great resemblance to the custard-apple of the West Indies.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; тH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. periodicals, among which the "Edinburgh Review" is especially distinguished, appear fully to justify the appellation of "the modern Athens," which has frequently been bestowed upon the Scottish capital. The name of Edinburgh is supposed by some to be derived from Edwin, a king of Northumberland, in the time of the Heptarchy. This derivation is supported by the fact that the town was anciently called EDWINESBURG or EDWINESBURCH. The castle of Edinburgh was long called by the name of Castellum or Castrum Puellarum, i. e. the "maidens' castle," in consequence, it is said, of its having been the residence of the daughters of the Pictish kings. Lat. of the Observatory, 55° 57′ 23′′ N., Lon. 3° 10′ 54" W. Pop. of the city and suburbs, 138,182.

EDINBURGH OF MID-LOTHIAN, mid-lo-тнe-an, a co. in the S. E. central part of Scotland, bordering on the Frith of Forth. Entire pop. 225,454.

ED-IS-TO, a r. of S. C., which flows into the Atlantic, through two channels, called the S. and N. Edisto inlets. The former, which is the principal one, joins the sea in Lat. 32° 27' N. Edisto Island is situated between these two arms of the r. Edisto.

ED-MOND-SON, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 2,914. Co. t. Brownsville.

ED-WARDS, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., intersected by the Little Wabash. Pop. 3,070. Co. t. Albion.

EF-FING-HAM, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee and Savannah rivers. Pop. 3.075. Co. t. pringfield.

EFFINGHAM, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ill., intersected by the Little Wabash. Pop. 1,675. Co. t Ewington.

EG-ER (Ger. pron. à-cer), a r. of Bohemia, which flows into the Elbe.

EGER (in Bohemian .Cheb, Keb), the third t. in point of pop. in the kingdom of Bohemia, on the right bank of the river of the same name. It contains a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. About 3 m. from this place are some warm mineral springs, and an establishment for bathing, which are much frequented during summer. Many thousand bottles of the water are annually exported. The celebrated Wallenstein was assassinated in Eger, in 1634. Lat. 50° 5' N., Lon. 12° 24' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.)

E-GYPT (Gr. Aiyuяto5; Lat. Ægyp/tus; Hebrew, Mizr or Mizraim; Arab. Måsr or Musr; Coptic, Cham or Khem); a country occupying the N. E. part of Africa, situated between 24° 8' and 31° 32′ N. Lat., bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the little r. El Arish, on the border of Palestine, the desert of Idumea and the Red Sea, S. by Nubia, its southern limit, from the oldest time, having been fixed at the cataracts of Asswan (Assouan), and W. by the Libyan desert. Its length, from N. to S., is about 520 m.; its breadth is difficult to determine; if it be considered to extend from the Red Sea to the most westerly of the oases belonging to Egypt, it will amount to between 300

Fate, far, fall, fắt; mè, mít; pine or pine, pin ; nô, nôt; öð as in good and 400 m. Egypt may be regarded as essentially consisting of the valley of the Nile and the Delta, as these are the only parts, except the oases, where there is a settled population. Following the windings of the river, the length of the valley of the Nile, from Asswan to the southern extremity of the Delta, is about 500 m. The breadth varies considerably, but it is seldom more than ten miles, and in many places, especially in Upper Egypt, is not two, including the breadth of the river, which varies from 2,000 to 4,000 ft. This valley is bounded on both sides by a ridge of rocky hills, which rise in some places more than 1.000 ft. above the level of the river. The cultivable land does not extend on either side of the Nile to the base of this ridge. Between the narrow tract, which is fertilized by the overflowing of the river, or by artificial irrigation, and the neighbouring mountains, there is a strip of drifting sand, which, in many places, appears to encroach upon the cultivated ground. The mountain ridges, which enclose the Nile, as above described, separate near Cairo; the eastern one leaves the valley first, and, turning off abruptly, runs towards the N. extremity of the Red Sea. Afterwards the r. enters a wide and low plain, which, from its triangular form, received from the Greeks the name of Delta. (See DELTA.) Here the Nile divides into two branches, that of Rosetta and that of Damiat. Anciently the right side of the Delta was formed by the Pelusiac branch, which detaching itself from the river higher up, flowed to Pelusium, at the E. extremity of Lake Menzaleh. This branch is now, in a great measure, choked up, though it still serves partly for purposes of irrigation. The river at Rosetta is 1,800 ft. wide, and at Damietta (Damiat), about 800. The extreme length of the Delta, from N. to S., is about 100 m.; the distance from Rosetta to the Damiat mouth is about 84 m. The Delta, however, must be regarded as extending in breadth considerably beyond these limits, and may properly be said to include all that tract below the termination of the valley of the Nile, which is irrigated by that river, or by the various canals which are connected with it.

Egypt is commonly divided by geographers of the present day into three regions; viz., Bahart (bâh-ree), or Maritime, VOSTANI (vos-tå/nee), or WUSTANEE, or Middle, and SAID (så'-eed'), or Upper Egypt. Bahari corresponds with the division ordinarily called Lower Egypt, which comprises the whole of the Delta, including Cairo and its environs. Vostani or Middle Egypt is understood to extend from the neighbourhood of Cairo to near 27° 30′ N. Lat.; while Said comprehends all the remainder of the country, as far S. as the cataracts of the Nile. The entire area of that portion of Egypt which is susceptible of cultivation, is computed at 17,000 sq. m. The climate of this country, during the greater part of the year, is salubrious. The exhalations however, which rise from the soil after the inundations, render the latter part of autumn less healthy than the other seasons of the year. Rain is a very uncommon occurrence in Middle and Upper Egypt; the only supply of water for the animal and vegetable kingdoms which can be relied on, being derived from the Nile. In Lower Egypt, along the