ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ISÈRE, e`-zare', a small r. which rises in Savoy, and, flowing through the French dep. of its own name, falls into the Rhone.

ISERE, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone and the duchy of Savoy. Pop. 573,643. (B.) Capital, Grenoble.

ISERLOHN, ee`-zer-lōne', a t. of Westphalia, about 45 m. N. E. of Cologne. In its vicinity are rich mines of calamine, which furnish the material for several of its numerous manufactures. Pop. 6,000. (B.) ISIS. See THAMES.

ISKENDEROON. See ALEXANDRETTA.

ISLAMABAD, is-lâm`-a-båd', a t. of British India, cap. of the dist. of Chittagong, situated near the E. coast of the Bay of Bengal. Lat. 22° 20 N., Lon. 91° 45′ E. Pop. 12,000. (M.)

ISLA, il-la, or ISLAY, i-là, the most southern of the Hebrides. It is about 26 m. long, and 20 m. broad. This island, together with those of Jura and Colonsay, belong to Argyleshire, and form the dist. of Isla, the pop. of which amounts to 18,071.

ISLE OF FRANCE. See FRANCE, ISLE OF, and MAURITIUS.

ISLE OF WIGHT, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r., near its mouth. Pop. 9,972. Co. t. Smithfield.

ISLE OF WIGHT. See WIGHT, Isle of.

IS-LING-TON, formerly a village of Middlesex co., England, near London. It is now entirely united with the metropolis.

ISMAIL, is-må-eel', an important fortress of Russia, in Bessarabia, situated on the Kilian arm of the Danube, about 43 m. from the Black Sea. It was taken from the Turks by Suwarrow, in 1790. Lat. 45° 21' N., Lon. 28° 50' E. Pop. 9,000. (P. C.)

ISPAHAN, is-pa-hån', or ISFAHAN, (commonly pronounced by the inhabitants spå-hoon',) a celebrated city, formerly the cap. of Persia, situated on the Zenderood, which is said to be about 600 ft. broad at this place, but which is afterwards lost in the sands of the desert. Though still a large city, Ispahan has greatly declined since the time of Abbas the Great, in the 17th century, when its population is said to have amounted to 700,000. At present, however, it appears to be rising slowly from its decay. Balbi estimates the number of its inhabitants at about 200,000, though many others rate it considerably lower. It is still considered as the first manufacturing and commercial town in Persia. Among the interesting structures of Ispahan, we may briefly notice, the royal palace, which contains within itself several other remarkable edifices; and the numerous noble bridges built over the Zenderood, some of which are fallen into stately ruins, while others are still almost entire. This city is the seat of several colleges, among which, that of the Royal Mosque, which may be styled a Mahometan university, is especially distinguished. Lat. 32° 24′ N., Lon. 51° 50′ E. ISSOIRE, is-swȧR', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dôme, 19 m. S. S. E. of Clermont. Pop. 5,741. (M.)

Issoudun, is-soo'-dun', the most important t. in the French dep. of Indre, 19 m. N. E. of Châteauroux. Pop. 11,654. (P. C.)

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; nò, nôt; õõ as in good.

Is/-TRI-A, a peninsula of the Austrian empire, in Illyria, formed by the Gulfs of Trieste and Fiume, bounded on the N. by Carniola.

IT-A-LY (Lat. Italia; It. pron. e-tål-le-å); a fertile and beautiful country of Europe, remarkable as the seat of the ancient Roman empire, and as the nursery of learning and the arts in the middle ages, is principally formed of a peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, which extends from 37° 56′ to about 45° N. Lat., and from about 9° to 18° 30′ E. Lon. In figure it resembles a boot, of which the heel forms the S. E., and the top the N. W. extremity. Its length is about 600 m.; its greatest breadth (measuring from Ancona to the little point of land S. W. of the mouth of the river Albegna, ålbane/-ya), is about 150 m. Besides the above peninsula, Italy includes a considerable territory N. of it, extending as far as 46° 40' N. Lat. Considered according to its natural limits, the northern part of Italy comprehends all the southern declivity of the Alps, from the branch called the Cottian to that called the Julian Alps. But these national limits have been modified by political boundaries; so that at present this country is considered to extend from the Gulf of Trieste on the E. to the Rhone on the W. The boundary, however, does not follow this river farther S. than about 45° 38′ N. Lat. Italy then, in the most extensive application of the name, will reach from 37° 56′ to 46° 40′ N. Lat., and from about 5° 40′ to 18° 30′ E. Lon. The greatest breadth of the northern part, measuring nearly from E. to W., is about 380 m. The total area is estimated at about 100,000 sq. m. The population may be stated in round numbers at 20,500,000. Italy, with its dependent islands, is distributed, according to Balbi, into 13 political divisions: viz., Austrian Italy, Swiss Italy, the kingdom of Sardinia, the principality of Monaco, the duchies of Parma, Modena, and Lucca, the grand-duchy of Tuscany, the republic of San Marino, the Papal State, the kingdom of the two Sicilies, French Italy (the island of Corsica), and English Italy (the islands of Malta, Gozzo, &c.) These will be treated of under their respective names.-Adj. and inhab. ITALIAN, e-tall-yun.

ITALY, AUSTRIAN, comprehends the N. E. portion of this country, and includes what is termed the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, and, according to some geographers, the gov. of Trieste; but the latter more properly belongs to Illyria, of which kingdom it forms a part. Austrian Italy, in its strictest signification, extends from about 44° 48′ to 46° 40 N. Lat., and from 8° 32′ to 13° 44′ E. Lon., being bounded on the N. W. and N. by Switzerland, Tyrol, and Illyria, E. by Illyria and the Adriatic, S., S. W., and W. by the Papal State, Parma, Modena, and the Sardinian territories. Length near 250 m.; greatest breadth above 120 m. The area is 18,063 sq. m. Pop. about 4,700,000. (M.) Milan is the seat of government.

ITALY, SWISS, comprehends that part of Switzerland in which the Italian is the prevailing language; namely, the canton of Tessin or Ticino, and some portions of Grisons and Valais.

ITAPICURU, e-tå-pe-koo-roo', a r. in the N. E. part of Brazil, which

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

rises in about 6° 30′ S. Lat., and 46° W. Lon., and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Bay of San Jose, at the mouth of the r. Maranham, near 2° 40′ S. Lat., and 44° W. Lon. Length above 400 m.

IT-A-WAM-BA, a co. in the N. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 5,375. Co. seat, Fulton.

ITHACA. See THEAKI.

ITH-A-CA, a flourishing t. of N. Y., cap. of Tomkins co., situated near the S. extremity of the Cayuga Lake, at the termination of the Ithaca and Owego Railroad, about 34 m., in a straight line, S. of Auburn. During the summer season a steamboat plies daily between this place and the village of Cayuga, near the N. extremity of the lake. Pop. of the township, 5,650.

IVICA, IVIZA, or IBIZA, e-veel-så or e-veel-thå, (Anc. Ebusus,) one of the Balearic Islands, situated about 46 m. S. W. of the nearest part of Majorca, between 38° 50′ and 39° 7′ N. Lat., and 1° 22′ and 1° 46′ E. Lon. It is about 25 m. long; its greatest breadth is near 14 m. Ivica, the cap., situated on the S. E. coast, is fortified, has a good harbour, and contains a pop. of about 6,600. (P. C.) The two islands of Ivica and Formentera were anciently called Pityu/se, a name supposed to be derived from the number of pine trees growing on them; ATVs (pitus) in Greek signifying a "pine.”—Adj. and inhab. Ivican, e-veel-san.

IVORY COAST, a part of the coast of Guinea, extending from Apollonia, in about 2° 30′ to about 7° 30′ W. Lon. It owes its name to the great quantities of elephants' teeth brought here from the interior of the continent, to be sold to the European traders.

IVREA, e-vrå-å, (Anc. Epore'dia,) a t. of northern Italy, in the Sardinian dominions, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Dora-Baltea (do'-rå bål-tà/-å), a branch of the Po, 30 m. N. by E. of Turin. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.)

Iz/-ARD, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on Mo., and intersected by the White r. Pop. 2,244. Seat of justice, Izard c. h.

JACA, Ha'-kå, (Anc. Jac'ca,) a small t. of Spain, in Aragon, important on account of its fortifications. Lat. 42° 31′ N., Lon. 0° 32′ W. Pop. 3,000. (B.)

JACK-SON, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 4,890. Seat of justice, Jackson c. h.

JACKSON, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Oconee. Pop. 8,522. Co. t. Jefferson.

JACKSON, a co. in the N. part of Florida, W. of, and bordering on the Apalachicola. Pop. 4,681. Co. t. Mariana.

JACKSON, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 15,715. Co. t. Bellefonte.

JACKSON, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Miss. Pop. 1,965. Seat of justice, Jackson c. h.

JACKSON, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the White r. Pop. 1,540. Co. t. Litchfield.

Fate, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; nò, nôt; Ŏõ as in good;

JACKSON, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky., and intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 12,872. Co. t. Gainesborough. JACKSON, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ohio, a little E. of the Scioto r. Pop. 9,744. Co. t. Jackson.

JACKSON, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Central Railroad. Pop. 13,130. Co. t. Jackson.

JACKSON, a co. in the S. part of Ind., on the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 8,961. Co. t. Brownstown.

JACKSON, a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 3,566. Co. t. Brownsville.

JACKSON, a co. on the western frontier of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 7,612. Co. t. Independence.

JACKSON, a co. in the E. part of lowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,411. Co. t. Bellevue.

JACKSON, the cap. of the state of Miss., is a small t. situated in Hinds co., on Pearl r. A railroad, 45 m. in length, connects it with Vicksburg. Lat. 32° 23' N., Lon. 90° 8 W.

JACK-SON-VILLE, the cap. of Morgan co., Ill., situated about 31 m. W. of Springfield, with which town it is connected by a railroad. It is the seat of the Illinois College, founded in 1829.

JAEN, Hå-en', a city of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Jaen, a tributary of the Guadalquivir, 37 m. N. of Granada. Pop. 19,000. (B.)

JAF-FA, or, more properly, yåf-fa, (Anc. Jop/pa,) a seaport t. of Palestine, 32 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. It is said to have been utterly destroyed by an earthquake in 1837. (B.) From the manner in which Joppa is spoken of in the Bible, it appears to have once been a place of considerable importance. Lat. 32° 3′ N., Lon. 34° 46′ E. Pop., previously to 1837, from 4,000 to 5,000. (B.)

JAF-NA-PA-TAM', a fortified t. on an island of the same name, which is situated at the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 9° 36′ N., Lon. 60° 9' E.

JAGO, ST. See SANTIAGO.

JAIK or YAIK. See URAL.

JAMAICA, ja-ma/-ka, the largest and most valuable of the British W. India Islands, is situated between 17° 44' and 18° 30′ N. Lat., and 76° 12 and 78° 25′ W. Lon. Its length is about 150 m.; its greatest breadth is near 50 m. The area is estimated variously, but is probably between 4,000 and 5,000 sq. m. As no complete census has ever been taken, the population is not accurately known. It is, however, estimated at near 400,000. In 1834 there were 297,186 negro slaves (P. C.), all of whom were set free on the 1st of August, 1838. Spanish Town is the capital.

JAMES' BAY. See HUDSON'S BAY.

JAMES CITY, a co. in the E. part of Va., between James and York rivers. Pop. 3,679. Co. t. Williamsburg.

JAMES RIVER, a r. in Va., which rises in the Alleghany Mountains, and flowing easterly, falls into the Chesapeake Bay, a little S. of the

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

37th parallel of N. Lat. Its whole length is estimated at near 600 m. It is navigable for sloops 120 m.; for boats, 230 m. farther.

JAMES, ST., a parish in the S. E. part of La., N. of, and bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,548. Seat of justice, Bringiers.

JAMES'-TOWN, the oldest European settlement in the U. S., situated on James r., in the co. of James City. It was founded in 1608, but is said to be now entirely deserted.

JANINA, yal-ne-nå, often written YANINA, formerly an important t. of European Turkey, the cap. of Albania, situated on the W. bank of the lake of the same name, 80 m. W. by N. from Larissa. Twentyfive years ago, under the administration of the able, though tyrannical Ali Pasha, its population amounted to 40,000 (B), but it is said to be now reduced to about 12,000. Lat. 39° 47′ N., Lon. 21° E.

JAP-AN (called Niph-on' by the Japanese; Yang-hoo, and Je-pen or Je-poon by the Chineset), an empire in the E. part of Asia, consisting of three large and a great number of smaller islands. It is situated between the 30th and 48th parallels of N. Lat, and the 129th and 150th meridians of E. Lon. The three principal islands are Niphon or Nipon, Keooseoo (Kiousiou), and Sitkokf. Keooseoo, the most western, is perhaps 200 m. long, with an average breadth of about 80 m. It is separated by the channel of Boongo, from Sitkokf. This island is estimated to be about 150 m. in length, and 70 m. in its average breadth. Niphon is by far the largest and most important of the Japanese islands. It is situated between 33° 30′ and 41° 20' N. Lat., and 131° 20′ and 142° 30′ E. Lon. Its form is somewhat curved, and has been compared to the jaw-bone of an animal. Its length, following the curve, is nearly 900 m., and its mean breadth is estimated at above 100 m. Among the dependencies of Japan is the large island of Yesso (Jesso), lying N. of Niphon, between 41° and 45° 30' N. Lat., and 140° and 147 E. Lon. It is above 250 m. in length, with a mean breadth of perhaps 100 m. Balbi estimates the area of the Japanese empire at about 240,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 25,000,000. All these islands are very imperfectly known: not even the coasts are laid down with any degree of correctness. This is owing partly to natural and partly to political causes. Nearly all the coasts are very difficult of access, being surrounded by numerous rocks and islands, and by a very shallow sea. On the other hand, the Japanese government and laws are less favourable to intercourse with foreigners than those of any other country on the globe, China not excepted. The Chinese and the Dutch are the only foreign nations with whom the Japanese have any commercial intercourse. Of the three principal islands which constitute Japan Proper, Niphon is the best known. It contains a regular mountain chain, of which the highest summit is said to rise more than 12,000 ft. above the level of the sea. The climate, in a country extending over so

"Unseen is YANINA, though not remote."-Childe Harold. Canto II.

Yang-hoo signifies the "workshop of the sun;" Je-poon, the "country of the rising run." (M B.)