ou, as in our; th, as in thin; тH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. government. The Peïpus communicates with the Gulf of Finland by

the r. Narova or Narva.

PE KING OF PE`KIN' (signifying, it is said, the "Northern Capital"), the largest city of China, and the seat of the imperial government, is situated not far from the left bank of the Pei-Ho (pa-ho'), with which river it is connected by a narrow canal, about a hundred m. W. N. W. of the Gulf of Petchelee. It is about 19 m. (15,400 toises) in circumference, exclusive of the suburbs. Peking is composed of two parts, entirely distinct from each other, viz. the Imperial Town (called also the Tartar Town, because it was founded by the present Tartar dynasty, and because the greater number of the inhabitants are Mantchoos), containing the imperial palace, and the great offices for the administration of the empire; and the Chinese Town, called likewise the External Town, from its being situated without the walls of the principal city. Though itself enclosed by walls, this is, properly speaking, only a suburb. The walls are about 40 ft. high and twenty feet thick at the base. There are 16 gates, over each of which is a watch-tower 9 stories high, and in each story are port-holes for cannon. The roads leading to Peking are paved with blocks of granite; the streets of the city are not paved, but are constantly watered to keep down the dust. The streets of the Imperial Town are broad, straight, and very clean. The principal ones vary from 140 to 200 ft. in breadth. (P. C.) The houses are usually not higher than one story. The wooden columns in front of the shops are painted red and blue, and are sometimes gilt. In many places arches resembling the triumphal arches of Europe, built of wood, and richly decorated, cross the streets. These structures are erected for the purpose of honouring such persons of either sex as have been distinguished for their virtue, their learning, or for important services rendered to the state. The imperial buildings are covered with yellow tiles, those of the princes with green, and all the other houses with gray tiles. Peking is the seat of the great National College or University, in which is said to be concentrated all the learning of China. The Imperial Library is unquestionably the largest which exists out of Europe: it is estimated to contain what is equivalent to at least 300,000 of our octavo volumes. (B.) In the cabinet of natural history, belonging to the emperor, the specimens are accompanied by representations in painting, which are executed with scrupulous fidelity. The Imperial Observatory is in 39° 54′ 13′′ N. Lat., and 116° 27′ 54′′ É. Lon. The pop. of Peking is variously estimated, from 600,000 or 700,000 to 3,000,000; Balbi gives 1,300,000 as the most probable estimate. The garrison is supposed to amount to 80,000.

PEMBROKE, pem/-brook, a seaport town of Wales, cap. of Pembrokeshire, on the margin of Dounpool, an inlet on the S. side of Milford Haven. Lat. 51° 40′ N., Lon. 4° 53′ W.

PEMBROKESHIRE, pem'-brook-shir, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of Wales. Pop. 88,044.

PEN-DLE-TON, a co. in the N. central part of Va., on the S. branch of the Potomac. Pop. 6,940. Co. t. Franklin.

CC

Fate, får, fall, fất; mẻ, mét; pine, or pine, pin ; nó, nốt ; ôč as in good

PENDLETON, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Kentucky, intersected by the Licking r., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 4,455. Co. t. Fal mouth.

PENN-SYL-VA-NI-A, one of the thirteen original U. S., situated between 39° 40′ and 42° 16′ N. Lat. (almost the whole of the northern boundary runs upon the 42d parallel), and 74° 45′ and 80° 30′ W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by L. Erie and New York, E. by New York and New Jersey, from which it is separated by the r. Delaware, S. by Maryland and Virginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio; and divided into 56 counties.* Length, from E. to W., about 300 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 170 m.; with the exception, however, of the most western portion, the breadth is equal in all parts, being rather more than 150 m. Area estimated at 46,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,724,033. Pennsylvania is distinguished above the other states of the Union, by her extraordinary mineral wealth. Anthracite coal is found in exceeding abundance in the counties of Schuylkill, Carbon and Luzerne, in the eastern part of the state. Bituminous coal occurs in great quantities in the neighbourhood of Pittsburg, on the western declivity of the Alleghanies, and in other places. There are also rich mines of iron ore and extensive quarries of marble. Harrisburg is the capital.-Inhab. PENN`-SYL-VA-NI-AN.

PE-NOB-SCOT, the largest r. in Maine, of which the principal branch rises in the N. W. part of the state, and, flowing at first south-easterly, traverses Chesuncook lake. Afterwards, having received the eastern branch, it takes a southerly course, and falls into the Atlantic in about 44° N. Lat. and 69° W. Lon. Its length is estimated at above 250 m. It is navigable for large vessels to Bangor, more than 50 m. from the

sea.

PENOBSCOT, a co. of Maine, on the above r., extending from near the Atlantic coast, northward, to the border of Canada. Pop. 45,705. Co. t. Bangor.

PEN-RYN', a t. of England, in Cornwall, 1 m. N. W. of Falmouth. Pop. 3,337.

PEN-SA-CO-LA, a port of entry of Florida, in Escambia co., situated on Pensacola Bay, 10 m. from its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,000. Lat. 30° 28′ N., Lon. 87° 12′ W.

PEN-ZA OF PENSA, a flourishing t. in the S. E. central part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Soora (Sura), an affluent of the Volga. Lat. 53° 12′ N., Lon. about 44° 30′ E. Pop. 11,000. (P. C.)

PEN-ZANCE, a seaport t. of England, in Cornwall, 8 m. E. by N. of Land's-end. Pop. 8,578.

Adams, Alleghany, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Crawford, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Juniata, Lancaster. Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin. Monroe, Montgomery, Northampton, Northumberland, Perry, Philadelphia, Pike. Potter, Schuylkill, Somerset, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Venango, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland, Wyoming, York.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. PE-O-RI-A, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ill., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 6,153. Co. t. Peoria.

PERIGUEUX, per-re`-guh', (Anc. Vesun'na; afterwards Petroco/rii,) a commercial and manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Dordogne, on the Isle (eel), an affluent of the Dordogne. There are a number of interesting antiquities in its vicinity. Lat 45° 11' N., Lon. 0° 44' E. Pop. 9,329. (B.)

PERM (Russ. pron. pêrm), a t. in the E. part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the r. Kama. Lat. 58° 1' N., Lon. 56° 26' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.)

PERNAMBUCO, PER-nam-boo/-ko, called also CIDADE DO RECIFE, seda-da do ra-seel-fà, (i. e. the “city of the reef," so named from the extensive reef which defends the harbour from the swell of the ocean,) a flourishing city and seaport of Brazil, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated on the Atlantic, at the mouth of the r. Capabaribe, 210 m. N. E. of Bahia. It is the third town of Brazil, in commercial importance. Lat. 8° 4′ S., Lon. 34° 50′ W. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 60,000.

PERNAU, PR-nou, a seaport t. of European Russia, on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lat. 58° 22' N., Lon. 24° 31' E. Pop. 9,000. (M.)

PERPIGNAN, PER'-peen'-yån', a strongly fortified t. of France, cap. of the dep. of the Eastern Pyrenees, on the r. Thet, about 80 m. S. W. of Montpellier. It possesses a library of 15,000 vols., and other literary institutions. Lat. 42° 42′ N., Lon. 2° 54' E. Pop. 16,733. (M.)

PER-QUIM-ANS, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., N. of, and bordering on Albemarle Sound. Pop. 7,346. Co. t. Hertford.

PER/-RY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Pa., on the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers. Pop. 17,096. Co. t. Bloomfield.

PERRY, a co. in the W. central part of Ala., intersected by the Cahawba r. Pop. 19,086. Co. t. Marion.

PERRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., intersected by Leaf r., a branch of the Pascagoula. Pop. 1,887. Co. seat, Augusta.

PERRY, a co. in the W. central part of Ark., bordering on the Arkan

sas r.

PERRY, a co. in the western part of Tenn., intersected by the Tennessee r. Pop. 7,419. Co. t. Perrysburg.

PERRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., on the sources of the Kentucky r. Pop. 3,089. Co. t. Hazard.

PERRY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, between the Hocking and Muskingum rivers. Pop. 19,344. Co. t. Somerset.

PERRY, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop 4,655. Co. t. Rome.

PERRY, a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., a little E. of the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 3,222. Co. t. Pinckneyville.

PERRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., opposite to the mouth of Kaskaskia r. Pop. 5,760. Co. t. Perrysville.

PERSIA, per/-she-u, (called by the natives Iran ee`-rån'; Gr. Пepois)

Fate, far, fall, fât ; mè, mét ; pine or pine, pin ; nó, nốt; öõ, as in good ; an extensive country in the S. S. W. part of Asia, between 25° and 40 N. Lat., and 44° and 62° E. Lon. Its political boundaries have varied greatly at different epochs, sometimes including Armenia, Georgia, Bokhara, and sometimes reduced to less than its natural limits. These are, on the S. the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf; on the S. W. and W. the Tigris; on the N. the Aras and the Caspian Sea; and on the E. the Indus. The north-eastern limit is not determined by any natural boundary. At present, however, the territories of Persia are much more circumscribed; the extensive provinces of Afghanistan and Beloochistan are quite independent, while a considerable tract of land E. of the Tigris is possessed by Turkey. The greatest extent of Persia (with its present boundaries), from E. to W., may be near 1,000 m.; from N. to S., about 800 m. Area, 450,000 sq. m. Pop. 9,000,000. (B.) The greater part of Persia is an elevated plain, a considerable portion of which is desert. Indeed, the whole country, with slight exceptions, is very sparingly watered; much, however, is done by irrigation, to overcome this natural defect. Persia has nearly all the agricultural products of southern Europe, besides several that are ordinarily found only in the tropics. The religion is Mahometanism; the government a military despotism. Teheran is the capital.—Adj. and inhab. PERSIAN, per/-she-an.

PERSIAN GULF, an extensive arm of the Indian Ocean, situated between Persia and Arabia, and extending from 24° to 30° 10′ N. Lat., and from 48° to 57° E. Lon. Length about 600 m.; greatest breadth near 230 m.

PER-SON, a co. in the N. part of N. C., on the sources of the Neuse, and bordering on Va. Pop. 9,790. Co. t. Roxboro.

PERTH, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, and once the residence of the Scottish kings, cap. of Perthshire, is situated on the Tay, 33 m. N. by W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56° 24′ N., Lon. 3° 25′ W. Pop. 19,293. PERTH AMBOY. See AMBOY.

PERTH-SHIRE, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the Frith of Tay. Pop. 137,390.

PERU, pe-rool, (Lat. Peru/via,) a country of S. America, situated between 3° 20′ and 22° S. Lat., and 68° and 81° 20′ W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Ecuador, E. by Brazil, S. by Bolivia, S. W. and W. by the Pacific. Length, from N. N. W. to S. S. E., near 1,500 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., above 900 m.; area estimated at 500,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,700,000. (B.) It may be observed that the name of Pera was formerly applied to a country far more extensive than the territories of the present republic; but the southern portion, called Upper Peru, after the Spanish power was overthrown in 1824, was formed into an independent state (in 1825), and received the appellation of Bolivia. The climate of this extensive country varies according to the elevation of the land, its proximity to the sea, and other circumstances. Along the whole coast S. of Cape Blanco, a drop of rain never falls; but for nearly five months, from June to November, the earth is covered with a fog. During this period, the ground is constantly moistened and fertilized by

But

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; тH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the dew caused by the condensation of the fog. During this period, which may be said to constitute the winter of the lower countries, the higher regions enjoy fine weather and have their summer. in January, the rains on the mountains commence, and continue about three months. The climate of Peru is not so hot as might be supposed. In summer, the weather is delightfully fine, and the heat is moderated by the sea and land breezes. The mean annual temperature, according to Humboldt, is 72°, the maximum 82°, and the minimum 55. Nearly all the animals peculiar to S. America are found in Peru, as the jaguar, the puma, the sloth, the armadillo, the ant-eater, &c. Among the vegetable productions of this country, we may particularly notice the cinchona, the tree or shrub which yields the Peruvian bark. This plant, which is pecular to S. America, and is most abundantly found in the extensive country formerly comprehended under the name of Peru, requires a temperature considerably lower than that which usually prevails in tropical regions, and is said seldom to grow at a less elevation than 4,000 ft. above the sea. Peru is particularly noted for its wealth in silver and gold; but many of the mines, which were formerly very productive, have either become exhausted, or from other causes are no longer worked. The government of Peru is a federal republic, resembling, in many of its features, that of the United States. Lima is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. PE-RU-VI-AN. (Sp. Peruano, pà-roo-ål-no.) PERUGIA, på-roo'-jà, (Anc. Peru'sia,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on a hill not far from the right bank of the Tiber, 85 m. N. of Rome. It has a university, attended by 300 or 400 students, with a library of 30,000 vols. Perusia was an important city of ancient Etruria, and some highly interesting Etruscan antiquities have been recently found in the present town and its vicinity. Lat. 43° 7′ N., Lon. 12° 22′ E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B. and M.)*

PESARO, pal-så-ro, (Anc. Pisau/rum), a seaport t. of Italy, in the Papal state, on the Foglia (fole!-yå), near its entrance into the Adriatic. Lat. 43° 55' N., Lon. 12° 54′ E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.)

PESHAWER, pesh'-our', a city of Afghanistan, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and formerly one of the residences of the kings of Cabool, is situated in the midst of an extensive plain, watered by several branches of the Cabool r. Lat. 34° 6' N., Lon. about 71° 30′ E. Pop. estimated in 1809 at 100,000, but at present it is probably below 70,000. (B.)

PESTH (Hung. pron. pesht), the handsomest, most populous, and most commercial t. of Hungary, situated on the left bank of the Danube, opposite to Buda, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. The streets are, for the most part, wide and straight, and are adorned with several handsome public buildings. Though Buda is the residence of the viceroy and the cap. of the kingdom, Pesth is the seat of the chief judicial courts of Hungary. This town possesses a university founded

The population of Perugia, with its suburbs, is stated by the P. C. (on the authority of Calindri) at 15,000.