It has not been explained how Jack in this country was transferred from James to John.

The Prior Cayrasco de Figueroa assures us that St. James was a gentleman, his father Zebedee being

"Varon de ilustre sangre y Galileo,

Puesto que usava el arte piscatoria,
Que entonces no era illicito, ni feo,

Ni aora en muchas partes menos gloria,
La gente principal tener oficio,

O por su menester, ó su exercicio."

Templo Militante, p. iii. p. 83. Morales also takes some pains to establish this point. Zebedee, he assures us, "era hombre principal, señor de un navio, con que seguia la pesca:" and it is clear, he says, "como padre y hijos seguian este trato de la pesqueria honradamente, mas como señores que como oficiales!"- Coronica Gen. de España, 1. ix. c. vii. § 3.

3 Under the dominion of that atrocious Tribunal Ambrosio de Morales might truly say, "no one will dare deny that the body of the glorious Apostle is in the city which is named after him, and that it was brought thither, and afterwards discovered there by the great miracles," , of which he proceeds to give an account. "People have been burnt for less," ..as a fellow at Leeds said the other day of a woman whom he suspected of bewitching him.

There is nothing of which the Spanish and Portuguese authors have boasted with greater complacency and pleasure than of the said Inquisition. A notable example of this is afforded in the following passage from the Templo Militante, Flos Santorum, y Triumphos de sus Virtudes, by D. Bartolome Cayrasco de Figueroa, Prior and Canon of the Cathedral Church of Grand Canary. (Lisbon, 1613.)

"Gloriosa España,

Aunque de mucho puedes gloriarte,

No está en esso el valor que te acompaña,

Sino en tener la Fé por estandarte:

Por esta la provincia mas estraña,

Y todo el orbe teme de enojarte;

Por esta de tu nombre tiembla el mundo
Y el cavernoso Tartaro profundo.

"Agradecelo á Dios de cuya mano
Procede toda gracia, toda gloria;
Y despues del al Principe Christiano,
Philipo digno de immortal memoria:
Porque con su govierno soberano,
Con su justicia, y su piedad notoria,
Estas assegurada, y defendida,
De todos los peligros desta vida.

"Este gran Rey decora tu terreno
Con veynte y dos insignes fortalezas,
Cuyos fuertes Alcaydes ponen freno
A todas las tartaricas bravezas:

Y con temor del malo, honor del bueno,
Castigan las malicias, y simplezas
De hereticas palabras y opiniones,
Que son las veynte y dos Inquisiciones.

Some went for payment of a vow

In time of trouble made; And some who found that pilgrimage Was a pleasant sort of trade.

"De la Imperial Toledo es la primera;
De la Real Sevilla la segunda,
De Cordova la ilustre la tercera,
La quarta de Granada la fecunda:
Tambien en Calahorra la vandera
De la sagrada Inquisicion se funda,
Y margaritas son desta corona,
Zaragoza, Valencia, Barcelona.

"Tambien Valladolid aventajada:

Despues del gran incendio, en edificio;
Cuenca, Murcia, Llerena celebrada
En mucha antiguedad del Santo Oficio:
En Galicia assi mismo esta fundada
Torre deste santissimo exercicio,
En Evora, en Coimbra, en Ulisipo,
Que ya la Lusitania es de Philipo.

"Tambien Sicilia en esta viva peña
De la importante Inquisicion estriva ;
Y Gran Canaria en publíca reseña
Los adversarios de la Fé derriba :
Las islas de Mallorca y de Cerdeña,
Y el gran Reyno que fue de Atabalipa,
Y la postrera desta heroyca suma
Es la ciudad que fue de Motezuma.

"Sobre estas fortalezas de importancia
Esta la general torre suprema,
Fundada sobre altissima constancia,
Cubierta de Catolica diadema:
De cuya soberana vigilancia,
Resplendeciente luz, virtud estrema,
Procede à las demas, la fuerza, el brio,
El Christiano valor, el poderio.

"Estes pues son los celebres Castillos,
De la Fé verdaderos defensores,
Que con habitos roxos y amarillos,
Castigan los heretycos errores:
Y á los pechos Catolicos senzillos,
De la verdad Christiana zeladores,
Les dan el justo premio, honor devido,
De la virtud heroyca merecido."

The Poet proceeds to eulogize Santiago as having been the founder in Spain of that faith for the defence and promotion of which these two-and-twenty Castles were erected.

"Pues si en el mundo es digno de memoria

El fundador de una ciudad terrena;

Y luego es celebrada en larga historia

El inventor de alguna cosa buena,

Que premio le daras? que honor? que gloria?
Felice España, de virtudes llena,

Al que fue de la Fé que aqui refiero,
En tus Provincias fundador primero?

"Razon será, que su memoria sea
En todo tu distrito eternizada,

Y que en aqueste Santoral se lea
(Aunque con debil pluma) celebrada:
Pues alto España, porque el mundo vea
Que puedes en la Fé mas que en la espada,

Da me atentos oydos entretanto

Que de tu cavallero ilustre canto.

"El que ya tuvo vista, y no tiene ojos,
Al Templo viene del Apostol Diego,
Haze oracion, y postrase de hinojos,
Buelve con luz, aviendo entrado ciego:
Y ojos de cera dexa por despojos,
De que alcancó salud su humilde ruego,
Y en recompensa de la nueva vista,
Es del raro milagro coronista.

"El que hablar no puede, aunque con lengua
Que subito accidente hizo mudo,
Pide remedio de su falta y mengua,
Con un sonido balbuciente y rudo:
Su devocion humilde su mal mengua,
Y pudiendo dezir lo que no pudo,
Con nueva voz, y con palabras claras,
Haze gracias por dadivas tan raras.

"Si aqueste viene de sus miembros manco,
Y aquel sordo del todo, otro contrecho,
Con todos el Apostol es tan franco,
Con su medio con Dios es de provecho:
Cada qual con alegre habito blanco,
Buelve de su demanda satisfecho,
Dando buelta á su tierra los dolientes,
Sanos de enfermedades diferentes.

"A quien de prision saca, ó cautiverio,
Remedia enfermos, muertos resucita,
Da á los desconsolados refrigerio,
Y diferentes aflicciones quita:

Some upon penance for their sins,
In person, or by attorney;

And some who were, or had been sick; And some who thought to cheat Old Nick; And some who liked the journey :

Sobre toda dolencia tiene imperio

La milagrosa fabrica bendita,

Libra de muerte en agua, en hierro, en fuego,

El cuerpo santo del Apostol Diego.

"Da toda alma fiel gracias al cielo,
Que perdonado al pecador que yerra,
Para remedio suyo, y su consuelo,
Tal bien el Reyno de Galizia encierra:
Para que venga desde todo el suelo
A las postreras partes de la tierra,
Todo fiel Catolico Christiano,

A implorar el auxilio soberano."

Cristoval de Mesa, El Patron de España, ff. lxxii. p. 3. The high altar at Compostella is, as all the altars formerly were in Galicia and Asturias, not close to the wall, but a little detached from it. It is ten feet in length, and very wide, with a splendid frontispiece of silver. The altar itself is hollow, and at the Gospel end there is a small door, never opened except to royal visitors, and when a new Archbishop first comes to take possession. It was opened for Ambrosio de Morales, because he was commissioned to inspect the churches: nothing, however, was to be seen within, except two large flat stones, which formed the floor, and at the end of them a hole about the size of an orange, but filled with mortar. Below is the vault in which the body of Santiago is said to be deposited in the marble coffin wherein it was found. The vault extends under the altar and its steps, and some way back under the Capella Mayor: it is in fact a part of the Crypt walled off with a thick wall, " para dexar cerrado del todo el santo cuerpo."

The Saint, whose real presence is thus carefully concealed, receives his pilgrims in effigy. The image is a half figure of stone, a little less than life, gilt and painted, holding in one hand a book, and as if giving a blessing with the other. "Esta en cabello," without either crown or glory on the head, but a large silver crown is suspended immediately above, almost so as to touch the head; and the last ceremony which a pilgrim performs is to ascend to the image, which is over the altar, by a staircase from the Epistle side, kiss it reverently on the head, embrace it, and place this crown upon it, and then go down on the Gospel side. - Viage de Morales, t. xx. p. 154.

Ingens sub templo fornix, et claustra per umbras
Magna jacent, cæcæque domus, queis magna Jacobi

Ossa sepulchrali fama est in sede latere.

Nulli fas hominum sacratum insistere limen ;

Est vidisse nefas, nec eundi pervius usus :

E longè veniam exorant atque oscula figunt
Líminibus, redeuntque domos; variasque galeris
Jacobi effigies addunt, humerosque bacillis
Circundant, conchisque super fulgentibus ornant."
Paciecis, lib. vii. p. 117.

The sepulchre was thus closed by the first Archbishop D. Diego Gelmirez, "que ya de ninguna manera se puede ver, ni entenderse como está. Y esto hizo con prudentissimo consejo aquel gran Principe y valeroso Perlado, y con reverencia devota, porque cada uno no quisiese ver y tratar aquel precioso relicario comunmente, y sin el debido respete; que se pierde sin duda quando los cuerpos santos y sus sepulturas pueden ser vistas vulgarmente de todos."- Morales, 1. ix. c. vii. § 67.

A print of the sepulchre, from an illuminated drawing in the manuscript of the Historia Compostelana, is given in the

Which well they might when ways were safe;

And therefore rich and poor Went in that age on pilgrimage,

As folks now make a tour.

The poor with scrip, the rich with purse, They took their chance for better for worse,

From many a foreign land,

With a scallop-shell in the hat for badge,
And a Pilgrim's staff in hand.

Something there is, the which to leave
Untold would not be well,
Relating to the Pilgrim's staff,
And to the scallop-shell. 2

20th volume of the España Sagrada. And in that history (pp. 50, 51.) is the following characteristic account of the enlargement of the altar by D. Diego Gelmirez.

"Among the other worthinesses, with the which the aforesaid Bishop in no inactive solicitude hastened to decorate his church, we have been careful to defend from the death of oblivion whatsoever his restauratory hand did to the altar of the said church. But, lest in bringing forward all singular circumstances we should wander into devious ways, we will direct our intention to the straight path, and commit to succeeding remembrance so far as our possibility may reveal those things which we beheld with our own eyes. For of how small dimensions the altar of Santiago formerly was, lest we should be supposed to diminish it in our relation, may better be collected from the measure of the altarlet itself. But as religion increased in the knowledge of the Christian faith, that another altarlet, a little larger than the other, was placed over it by those who were zealous for their holy faith, our ancient fathers have declared unto us as well by faithful words, as by the assured testimony of writings. But the aforesaid bishop being vehemently desirous of increasing the beauty of his church, and seeing that this little altar, though thus enlarged, was altogether unworthy of so great an apostle, thought it worthy of pious consideration to aggrandize the apostolic altar. Wherefore, being confirmed thereunto by the prudent counsel of religious men, although the canons stoutly resisted him in this matter, he declared his determination to demolish the habitacle which was made in the likeness of the sepulchre below, in which sepulchre we learn, without all doubt, that the remains of the most holy apostle are inclosed. They indeed repeatedly asserted that a work which, rude and deformed as it was, was nevertheless edified in honour to the remains of such holy personages, ought by no means to be destroyed, lest they themselves or their lord should be stricken with lightning from heaven, and suffer the immediate punishment of such audacity. But he, like a strenuous soldier, protected with the impenetrable shield of a good resolution, forasmuch as, with the eye of his penetration, he perceived that they regarded external things more than inner ones, trampled upon their fears with the foot of his right intention, and levelled to the ground their habitacle, and enlarged the altar, which had originally been so small a one, now for the third time, with marble placed over and about it on all sides, making it as it ought to be. Without delay also he marvellously began a silver frontispiece for this egregious and excellent work, and more marvellously completed it."

There used to be interpreters at Compostella for all languages; lenguageros they were called. They had a silver wand, with a hand and finger pointed at the top, to show the relics with. Among those relics is the head of St. James the Less; a grinder, in a splendid gold reliquary, of one St. James, it has not been determined which; one of St. Christopher's arms, of modest dimensions; and seven heads of the Eleven Thousand Virgins. These are from the list which Morales gives but that good and learned man, who often swallowed the bull and stuck at the tail, omits some more curious ones, which are noticed in an authentic inventory. (España Sagrada, t. xix. p. 344.) Among these are part of our Lord's raiment, of the earth on which he stood, of the bread which he brake, of his blood, and of the Virgin's milk.

A late editor of Old Fortunatus is reminded in one of his

notes of Martinus Scriblerus, by a passage in the play, which, as he should have seen, is evidently allusive to such relics as those at Compostella.

"there can I show thee

The ball of gold that set all Troy on fire:
There shalt thou see the scarf of Cupid's mother,
Snatch'd from the soft moist ivory of her arm
To wrap about Adonis' wounded thigh:
There shalt thou see a wheel of Titan's car,

Which dropp'd from Heaven when Phaeton fired the world.
I'll give thee... the fan of Proserpine,
Which, in reward for a sweet Thracian song,
The black-brow'd Empress threw to Orpheus,
Being come to fetch Eurydice from hell."

1 "Huc Lysiæ properant urbes, huc gentes Iberæ
Turbæ adeunt, Gallique omnes, et Flandria cantu
Insignis, populique Itali, Rhenusque bicornis
Confluit, et donis altaria sacra frequentant;
Namque ferunt vivi qui non hæc templa patentes
Invisunt, post fata illuc, et funeris umbras
Venturos, munusque istud præstare beatis
Lacte viam stellisque albam, quæ nocte serenâ
Fulgurat, et longo designat tramite cœlum."

P. Bartholome Pereira, Paciecidos, lib. vii. p. 117. Fray Luys de Escobar has this among the five hundred proverbs of his Litany: —

It seems to allude to this superstition, meaning, that it is a journey which all must take. The particular part of the pilgrimage, which must be performed either in ghost or in person, is that of crawling through a hole in the rock at El Padron, which the apostle is said to have made with his staff. In allusion to this part of the pilgrimage, which is not deemed so indispensable at Compostella as at Padron, they have this proverb: "Quien va á Santiago, y non va á Padron, ó faz Romeria ó non." The pilgrim, indeed, must be incurious who would not extend his journey thither; a copious fountain, of the coldest and finest water which Morales tasted in Galicia, rises under the high altar, but on the outside of the church; the pilgrims drink of it, and wash in its waters, as the apostle is said to have done: they ascend the steps in the rock upon their knees, and finally perform the passage which must be made by all: "y cierto, considerado el sitio, y la hermosa vista que de alli hay á la ciudad, que estaba abaxo en lo llano, y á toda la ancha hoya llena de grandes arboledas y frescuras de mas de dos leguas en largo, lugar es aparejado para mucha contemplacion.”. Viage de Morales, p. 174.

One of Pantagruel's Questions Encyclopediques is, “Utrum le noir Scorpion pourroit souffrir solution de continuité en sa substance, et par l'effusion de son sang obscurcir et embrunir la voye lactée, au grand interest et dommage des Lifrelofres Jacobipetes."- Rabelais, t. ii. p. 417.

2 "The escallops, being denominated by ancient authors the Shells of Gales, or Galicia, plainly apply to this pilgrimage in particular." - Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 423.

Fuller is therefore mistaken when, speaking of the Dacres

For the scallop shows in a coat of arms, That of the bearer's line

Some one, in former days, hath been To Santiago's shrine.

family (Church Hist., cent. xii. p. 42.), who gave their arms gules, three scallop-shells argent, he says, "which scallopshells, (I mean the nethermost of them, because most concave and capacious,) smooth within, and artificially plated without, was ofttimes cup and dish to the pilgrims in Palestine, and thereupon their arms often charged therewith."

That the scallop belonged exclusively to the Compostella pilgrim is certain, as the following miracle may show. "The ship, in which the body of the Apostle was embarked, passed swiftly by a village in Portugal called Bouzas, wherein there dwelt a noble and powerful lord, who on that day married one of his daughters to the son of another person as considerable as himself, lord of the land of Amaya. The nuptials were celebrated in the village of Bouzas, and many noble knights of that province came to the solemnity. One of their sports was that of throwing the cane, and in this the bridegroom chose to bear a part, commanding a troop, that he might display his dexterity. The place for the sport was on the coast of the ocean, and the bridegroom's horse, becoming ungovernable, plunged into the sea, and sunk under the immensity of its waters, and, at the moment when the ship was passing by, rose again close beside it. There were several miracles in this case. The first was, that the sea bore upon its waves the horse and horseman, as if it had been firm land, after not having drowned them when they were so long a time under water. The second was, that the wind, which was driving the ship in full speed to its port, suddenly fell, and left it motionless; the third, and most remarkable was, that both the garments of the knight, and the trappings of the horse, came out of the sea covered with scallop-shells.

"The knight, astonished at such an unexpected adventure, and seeing the disciples of the Apostle, who with equal astonishment were looking at him from the ship, asked them what it was that had brought him where he found himself. To which the disciples, being inspired by Heaven, replied, ⚫ that certes Christ, through the merit of a certain servant of his, whose body they were transporting in that ship, had chosen to manifest his power upon him, for his good, by means of this miracle.' The knight then humbly requested them to tell him who Christ was, and who was that Servant of his of whom they spake, and what was the good which he was to derive. The disciples then briefly catechised him; and the knight, having thus been instructed, said to them, 'Friends and sirs, you, who have served Christ and his holy Apostle, which I as yet have not done, ask of him to show you for what purpose he has put the scallop-shells upon me, because so strange a marvel cannot have been wrought without some great mystery.' With that the disciples made their prayer accordingly, and when they had prayed, they heard a voice from Heaven, which said thus unto the knight, Our Lord Christ has thought good to show by this act all persons present and to come, who may choose to love and serve this his servant, and who shall go to visit him where he shall be interred, that they take with them from thence other such scallop-shells as these with which thou art covered, as a seal of privilege, confirming that they are his, and will be so from that time forward; and he promises that afterwards, in the Day of the last Judgement, they shall be recognised of God for his; and that, because of the honours which they have done to this his servant and friend, in going to visit him and to venerate him, he will receive them into his glory and his Paradise.'

And the staff was bored and drilled for those
Who on a flute could play,1
1+
And thus the merry Pilgrim had
His music on the way.

sacred ministry, and, when it was done, he took his leave of them, commending himself to their grace, and intreating of them that they would commend him in their prayers to Christ and his Apostle Santiago. At that instant the wind, which till then had been still, struck the sails, and the ship began to cleave the wide sea. The knight then directed his course toward the shore, riding upon the water, in sight of the great multitude, which from the shore was watching him; and when he reached the shore, and was surrounded by them, he related to them what had happened. The natives, astonished at the sight of such stupendous miracles, were converted, and the knight, with his own hand, baptized his bride.”

The facts are thus related, to the letter, in the Sanctoral Portugues, from whence the Breviaries of Alcobaça and St. Cucufate copied it, and that of Oviedo in the Hymn for the Apostle's Day, . . from which authorities the moderns have taken it. The Genealogists say that the Vieyras of Portugal are descended from this knight, because the scallop is called by that name in their tongue, and that family bear it in their arms. The Pimenteles make the same pretensions, and also bear four scallops in their shield. The Ribadaneyras also advance a similar claim, and they bear a cross with five scallops. "This is the origin of the shells with which the pilgrims, who come to visit the body of our glorious Patron, adorn themselves, the custom having, without doubt, been preserved by tradition from that time. The circumstances are confirmed by pictures representing it, which from ancient times have been preserved in various cities. In the church of St. Maria de Aracœli at Rome, on the Gospel side, there is a spacious chapel, dedicated to our glorious Patron; it was painted in the year 1441, and in one compartment this adventure is represented: there is the ship, having the body of the Apostle on the poop, and the seven disciples on board: close to the ship, upon the sea, is a knight upon a black horse, with a red saddle and trappings, both covered with scallop-shells. The same story is painted in the parish church of Santiago at Madrid: and it is related in a very ancient manuscript, which is preserved in the library of the Monastery of St. Juan de los Reyes, at Toledo. In the Ancient Breviary of the Holy Church of Oviedo, mention is made of this prodigy in these verses, upon the vesper of the glorious Saint.

'Cunctis mare cernentibus, Sed a profundo ducitur, Natus Regis submergitur Totus plenus conchilibus.'

"When the knight heard these words, immediately he made the disciples baptize him; and while they were so doing, he noticed, with devotion and attention, the ceremonies of the