into the sea, he becomes, from a Samlet not so big as a Gudgeon, to be a Salmon, in as short a time as a gosling becomes to be a goose. Much of this has been observed, by tying a riband, or some known tape or thread, in the tail of some young Salmons which had been taken in weirs as they have swimmed towards the salt water, and then by taking a part of them again with the known mark, at the same place, at their return from the sea, which is usually about six months after; and the like experiment hath been tried upon young swallows, who have, after six months' absence, been observed to return to the same chimney, there to make their nests and habitations for the summer following: which has inclined many to think, that every Salmon usually returns to the same river in which it was bred, as young pigeons taken out of the same dovecot have also been observed to do.

And you are yet to observe farther, that the he Salmon is usually bigger than the Spawner: and that he is more kipper, and less able to endure a winter in the fresh water than the she is yet she is, at that time of looking less kipper and better, as watery and as bad meat.

:

And yet you are to observe, that as there is no general rule without an exception, so there are some few rivers in this nation that have Trouts and Salmons in season in winter, as it is certain there be in the river Wye in Monmouthshire, where they be in season, as Camden observes, from September till April.* But, my scholar, the observation of this and many other things I must in manners omit, because they will prove too large for our narrow compass of time, and, therefore, I shall next fall upon my direction how to fish for this Salmon.

And, for that: First you shall observe, that usually he stays not long in a place, as Trouts will, but, as I said, covets still to go nearer the spring-head; † and that he does not, as the Trout and many other fish, lie near the water-side, or bank, or roots of trees, but swims in the deep and broad parts of the water, and usually in the middle and near the ground, and that there you are to fish for him; and that he is to be caught, as the Trout is, with a Worm, a Minnow (which some call a Penk,) or with a Fly.

And you are to observe, that he is very seldom observed to bite at a Minnow, yet sometimes he will, and not usually at a Fly, but more usually at a Worm, and then most usually at a Lob, or Garden Worm, which should be well scoured, that is to

In the River Lea, which runs into the sea at the Cove of Cork, Salmon are likewise in season the whole year round, as I can myself testify, having resided at Cork the greater part of a year. J. R.

The Salmon delights in large rapid rivers, especially such as have pebbly, gravelly, and sometimes weedy bottoms.

say, kept seven or eight days in moss before you fish with them: and if you double your time of eight into sixteen, twenty, or more days, it is still the better; for the worms will still be clearer, tougher, and more lively, and continue so longer upon your hook. And they may be kept longer by keeping them cool, and in fresh moss; and some advise to put camphor into it.*

Note also, that many use to fish for a Salmon with a ring of wire on the top of their rod, through which the line may run to as great a length as is needful, when he is hooked. And to that end some use a wheel about the middle of their rod, or near their hand, which is to be observed better by seeing one of them, than by a large demonstration of words.

And now I shall tell you that which may be called a secret. I have been a-fishing with old Oliver Henley, now with God, a noted fisher both for Trout and Salmon; and have observed, that he would usually take three or four worms out of his bag, and put them into a little box in his pocket, where he would usually let them continue half an hour or more, before he would bait his hook with them. I have asked him his reason, and he has replied, "He did but pick the best out to be in readiness against he baited his hook the next time:" but he has been observed, both by others and myself, to catch more fish than I, or any other body that has ever gone a-fishing with him could do, and especially Salmons. And I have been told lately, by one of his most intimate and secret friends, that the box in which he put those worms was anointed with a drop, or two or three, of the oil of ivy-berries, made by expression or infusion; and told, that by the worms remaining in that box an hour, or a like time, they had incorporated a kind of smell that was irresistibly attractive, enough to force any fish within the smell of them to bite. This I heard not long since from a friend, but have not tried it; yet I grant it probable, and refer my reader to Sir Francis Bacon's Natural History, where he proves fishes may hear, and, doubtless, can more probably smell; and I am certain Gesner says, the Otter can smell in the water; and I know not but that fish may do so too. It is left for a lover of

Baits for Salmon are: Lob-worms, for the ground; smaller Worms and Bobs, cad bait, and, indeed, most of the baits taken by the Trout, at the top of the water. And as to Flies, remember to make them of the most gaudy colours, and very large. There is a Fly called the Horse-leech fly, which he is very fond of: they are of various colours, have great heads, large bodies, very long tails, and two pairs of wings, placed behind each other. In imitating this Fly, behind each pair of wings whip the body about with gold or silver twist, or both; and do the same by the head. Fish with it at length, as for Trout and Grayling. If you dib, do it with two or three Butterflies of different colours, or with some of the most glaring small Flies you can find.

angling, or any that desires to improve that art, to try this conclusion.

I shall also impart two other experiments (but not tried by myself,) which I will deliver in the same words that they were given me, by an excellent angler and a very friend, in writing: he told me the latter was too good to be told but in a learned language, lest it should be made common.

"Take the stinking oil drawn out of the polypody of the oak by a retort, mixed with turpentine and hive honey, and anoint your bait therewith, and it will doubtless draw the fish to it."

The other is this: "Vulnera hederæ grandissimæ inflicta sudunt balsamum oleo gelato, albicantique persimile, odoris vero longe suavissimi."

"It is supremely sweet to any fish, and yet asafoetida may do the like."*

But in these I have no great faith; yet grant it probable; and have had from some chemical men (namely, from Sir George Hastings and others) an affirmation of them to be very advantageous. But no more of these: especially not in this place.†

I might here, before I take my leave of the Salmon, tell you, that there is more than one sort of them, as namely, a Tecon, and another called in some places a Samlet, or by some a Skegger, (but these, and others which I forbear to name, may be fish of another kind, and differ as we know a Herring and a Pilchard do ;)† which, I think, are as different as the rivers in which they

There is extant, though I have never been able to get a sight of it, a book, entitled, the Secrets of Angling, by J. D[avors]; at the end of which is the following mystical recipe of "R. R." who possibly may be the "R. Roe" mentioned in the Preface to Walton:

To bless thy bait, and make the fish to bite,
Lo! here's a means, if thou canst hit it right:
Take gum of life, well beat and laid to soak
In oil well drawn from that which kills the oak.
Fish where thou wilt, thou shalt have sport thy fill;'
When others fail, thou shalt be sure to kill.

+ The following melancholy catastrophe should operate as a general caution against using, in the composition of baits, any ingredient prejudicial to the human constitution: "Newcastle, June 16, 1788. Last week, in Lancashire, two young men having caught a large quantity of Trout by mixing the water in a small brook with lime, ate heartily of the Trout at dinner the next day; they were seized, at midnight, with violent pains in the intestines; and though medical assistance was immediately procured, they expired before noon in the greatest agonies."

There is a fish in many rivers, of the Salmon kind, which, though very small, is thought by some curious persons to be of the same species; and this, I take it, is the fish known by the different names of Salmon-pink, Shedders, Skeggers, Last-springs, and Gravel Last-springs. But there is another small fish very much resembling these in shape and colour, called the Gravel Last-spring, found only in the rivers Wye and Severn, which is, undoubtedly, a distinct species. These spawn about the beginning of September and in the Wye I have taken them with an Ant-fly as fast as I could throw. Perhaps this is what Walton calls the Tecon.

* Ivy.

breed, and must, by me, be left to the disquisitions of men of more leisure and of greater abilities than I profess myself to have.*

And lastly, I am to borrow so much of your promised patience as to tell you, that the Trout, or Salmon, being in season, have, at their first taking out of the water, (which continues during life,) their bodies adorned, the one with such red spots, and the other with such black or blackish spots, as give them such an addition of natural beauty, as I think was never given to any woman by the artificial paint or patches in which they so much pride themselves in this age. And so I shall leave them both; and proceed to some observations on the Pike.

CHAPTER VIII.

OBSERVATIONS OF THE LUCE, OR PIKE, WITH DIRECTIONS HOW TO FISH FOR HIM.

THE PIKE-Esox Lucius.- LINNEUS.

Piscator. THE mighty Luce, or Pike, is taken to be the tyrant, as the Salmon is the king, of the fresh waters. It is not to be doubted, but that they are bred, some by generation, and some not; as namely, of a weed, called pickerel weed, unless learned Gesner be much mistaken; for he says, this weed and other glutinous matter, with the help of the sun's heat, in some particular months, and some ponds apted for it by nature, do become Pikes.† But, doubtless, divers Pikes are bred after this manner, or are brought into some ponds some such other ways as are past man's finding out, of which we have daily testimonies.

It does not appear to me that Walton had much, if any, personal experience in Salmon angling, particularly with the fly, which is undoubtedly by far the best sport of this kind.-J. R.

It is surely not needful here to tell the reader that this is unfounded fancy; yet have similar doctrines of spontaneous generation been maintained in our times by such men as Lamarck, Baron Cuvier, and Blumenbach. I once asked a disciple of the school, if he thought an Elephant could be so produced? "No," he said. "A mite, then?"-he hesitated, but thought it might.-J. R.

Sir Francis Bacon, in his History of Life and Death, observes the Pike to be the longest lived of any fresh water fish; and yet he computes it to be not usually above forty years and others think it to be not above ten years: and yet Gesner mentions a Pike taken in Swedeland, in the year 1446, with a ring about his neck, declaring he was put into that pond by Frederick the Second, more than two hundred years before he was last taken, as by the inscription in that ring, being Greek, was interpreted by the then Bishop of Worms.* But of this

no more; but that it is observed, that the old or very great Pikes have in them more of state than goodness; the smaller or middle-sized Pikes being, by the most and choicest palates, observed to be the best meat: and, contrary, the Eel is observed to be the better for age and bigness.

All Pikes that live long prove chargeable to their keepers, because their life is maintained by the death of so many other fish, even those of their own kind: which has made him by some writers to be called the tyrant of the rivers, or the fresh water wolf, by reason of his bold, greedy, devouring disposition; which is so keen, that, as Gesner relates, a man going to a pond, where it seems a Pike had devoured all the fish, to water his mule, had a Pike bit his mule by the lips; to which the Pike hung so fast that the mule drew him out of the water; and by that accident, the owner of the mule angled out the Pike. And the same Gesner observes, that a maid in Poland had a Pike bit her by the foot, as she was washing clothes in a pond. And I have heard the like of a woman in Killingworth pond, not far from Coventry. But I have been assured by my friend Mr Seagrave, of whom I spake to you formerly, that keeps tame otters, that he hath known a Pike, in extreme hunger, fight with one of his otters for a Carp that the otter had caught, and was then bringing out of the water. I have told you who relate these things; and tell you they are persons of credit; and shall conclude this observation by telling you, what a wise man has observed," It is a hard thing to persuade the belly, because it has no ears."+

The story is told by Hakewill, who, in his Apologie of the Power and Providence of God, fol. Oxf. 1635, part i. p. 145, says, I will close up this chapter with a relation of Gesner's, in his epistle to the Emperor Ferdinand, prefixed before his booke De Piscibus, touching the long life of a Pike which was cast into a pond, or poole, near Hailebrune in Swevia, with this inscription engraven upon a collar of brass fastened about his Decke. Ego sum ille piscis huic stagno omnium primus impositus per mundi rectoris Fredericí Secundi manus, 5 Octobris, anno 1230. I am that fish which was first of all cast into this poole by the hand of Fredericke the Second, governour of the world, the fift of October, in the year 1230. He was again taken up in the year 1497, and by the inscription it appeared he had then lived there two hundred and sixty-seven yeares."

+ Bowlker, in his Art of Angling, before cited, page 9, gives the following instance of the exceeding voracity of this fish: "My father catched a Pike