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may provide themselves with a greater quantity of bark, and of the other most useful articles of medicine, in place of those which are less useful, without putting themselves to any extraordinary expence, which many of them perhaps have done hitherto, from their not knowing this circumstance.

I must also do Doctor Hossack (whose friendship I have been favoured with for some years) the justice to declare, that it was chiefly owing to his persuasion, that my Journal and Observations would hereafter be serviceable to surgeons who have never yet been in a hot climate, particularly on the coast of Africa, when they go there, that I was prevailed upon to offer them to the public.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII,

WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF LISBON HARBOUR

HIS design gives a correct view of the noble Harbour of Lisbon, with the castle of Belim, which during last war had nearly been destroyed by Captain John Willett Payne, in the Artois; when The Portuguese government, allowing itself to be influenced by evil advisers, who wished to destroy the harmony existing between that country and Great Britain, threatened to sink the Artois, and a sloop that was with her; and had actually sent out some Roman Catholic priests to anathematize the captain :-the discharge of a single gun+ from the Artois soon brought them to their senses. The castle of Belim by this means lost one of its turrets, as is represented in the plate. Captain Payne's conduct was approved by our government; but we believe the letters that passed on the occasion have never appeared these we shall endeavour to obtain.

The view is taken by Mr. Pocock, as looking to the eastward, or up the Tagus. In front is one of the vessels called Bean Cods; no less remarkable for swift sailing, than for their singular construction. In distance, the Spanish Men of War are introduced, that were taken by Sir J. Jervis in the battle of the 14th of February, off Cape St. Vincent's.

The Harbour of Lisbon, esteemed one of the finest in the world, has sufficient depth of water for the largest Ships, and can receive 10,000 sail without being crowded. For its security there is a fort

We believe this happened in the year 1780.

+ Captain Payne intended only to alarm them with the report of a gun, whence he had first seen the shot and wadding extracted: another shot however had been inserted by the sailors.

at the north of the river Tagus, on each side, and a Bar that runs across it, which is very dangerous to pass without pilots. Higher up, at a place where the river is considerably contracted, stands the Fort, called Torre de Belem, under whose guns all ships must pass in their way to the city; and on the other side are several more forts.

Previous to the earthquake in 1755, the following description was given :-The mouth of the river Tagus is about three miles broad; and the two different channels into it, are defended on the south side by a round strong castle built of wood, standing on the sea, called Bougia, and on the north by Fort St. Julian, a very strong castle, mounting near 200 pieces of cannon, many of them brass. In going up the river, several villages, monasteries, and country seats, make a very fine appearance, especially the convents of Santa Catherina, St. Joseph, and Bon Voyages.

The village of Belim is about three miles from Lisbon, and consists of one long street, with a quay, towards the river: the buildings are but indifferent; but it is surrounded with several beautiful domains. At one end of this village stood the palace built for Queen Catherine of England, upon her return to Portugal.

On advancing higher up the river, the City of Lisbon begins to appear, rising, as it were out of the water, and exhibiting the appearance of a large and lofty amphitheatre. The breadth of the river at Belim is not quite three miles, but gradually enlarges in approaching the city. Except Genoa, and Constantinople, no city. displays so noble a prospect; and an illumination of Lisbon observed on the water, affords a fine effect, as the city gently rising from the banks of the river, and lying extended on seven hills, exhibits at once a view of most of its buildings.

The west end of the city began at Alçentara Gate, at which place was a pond for the masts of the king's ships, and a small fort; farther up on the river side, was the royal foundery, next it were the public granaries, and adjoining to these was Boa Vista, where the late king intended to construct a bason for his Navy. Next to this last, and close to the river, was that part of the city called Bemolares, inhabited chiefly by Irish Roman Catholics, and seafaring people. Almost contiguous to this was the Yard where the Royal Navy of Portugal was built and refitted; and next to it stood the king's palace, which received an additional lustre from the India House, that in a manner was joined to it. Farther up, along the side of the river, was the Terreira de Passo, where the merchants met to transact business. Above this stood the fish-market, esteemed for its plenty and va

riety; next to it was the Baira, or chief market; and last of all was the Bagnio for slaves, which terminated that part of Lisbon which lay on the side of the river.

The Rev. Edward Clarke, in his Letters concerning the Spanish Nation, has subjoined an excellent description of Lisbon, as it appeared after the earthquake, in 1762. "The city of Lisbon," says this interesting writer, "built like old Rome, on several little hills, is one of the finest views from the water, that can possibly be imagined; as you approach nearer to it, the tragical effects, the havock of that dreadful earthquake, cannot but touch every beholder with sentiments of pain. The view of the Tagus, from those windows of the town which command it, is remarkably pleasing: the bean-cods, or small boats, which sail with any wind or tide, and are continually passing; the river crowded with shipping of all nations; the coming in of a Bahia, or Brasil fleet; the opening of the river towards the Bar, with the castle of Belim on the right, the king's palace, and the castle of St. Julian's on the left, all together form a fine and agreeable view."

The

To this we shall add the following account by Lord Sandwich, in his voyage round the Mediterranean, (1739):-" Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, the antient kingdom of Lusitania, is situated upon the banks of the river Tagus, about seven leagues from the sea. It is enriched by an advantageous Commerce with the Brasils, whither it sends yearly several fleets under strong convoys, which return loaded with riches. Their cargoes consist chiefly in gold, the greatest part ready coined, and it is thence conveyed into the trading countries, which furnish the Portuguese with most of the necessarics of life. The Tagus is always filled with ships of all nations, but mostly English, who carry on here a flourishing and secure commerce. entrance of the river is defended by several small fortresses, built at almost equal distances from the mouth of the river to the city of Lisbon. The view of this metropolis, from a distance, is of the utmost magnificence, being built on a gradual ascent, in the form of an amphitheatre, and extending itself in the figure of an half moon, along the banks of the Tagus. The whole fleet consists in about twenty ships, very ill fitted out in every respect, the Portuguese being but indifferent seamen. They have no manufactories; and their lands, for want of proper cultivation, seldom afford them what is necessary for their sustenance."

* The editors of the Encyclopædia Britannica, in their account of Portugal, have availed themselves of this work.

The antient name of Lisbon, according to Pliny, and Antonine, was Olisipo; believed to be of such antiquity, that Solinus thought it was built by Ulysses; and Mela probably to favour this opinion, writes, according to the common copies, Ulyssipo. Others with more apparent reason suppose it to be derived from the Phoenician Ulisubbo, or Olisippo, signifying in that language a pleasant bay, such as that on which the city stands.-The commonly received opinion with regard to the etymology of the word Portugal, is, that a great number of Gauls landed at Porto, or Oporto, whence it received the name of Portus Gallorum, or the Port of the Gauls. This country first became considerable in the reign of King Emmanuel: since his reign Lisbon has been the capital of the kingdom, and the receptacle of the richest merchandize of the East and West Indies.

The little shipping, the Portugueze have, is chiefly employed in carrying on the slave trade, and a correspondence with Goa, their chief settlement in the East Indies, and of their other possessions in that part of the world. The Marine of Portugal, in 1754, consisted o ly of twelve ships of war, which were employed as convoys and carriers, but were quite unprovided for action. The late king endeavoured to put his fleet upon a more respectable footing, by augmenting that number to twenty-five, chiefly commanded by English and Danish officers.-Lisbon is the greatest port in Europe next to London and Amsterdam; it lies in 38. 42. N. lat. and in 8. 53. W. longitude. The Capes of Portugal are Cape Mondego, near the mouth of the siver Mondego; Cape Roca, at the north entrance of the river Tajo; Cape Espithel, at the south entrance of the river Tajo; and the ever memorable Cape St. Vincent, on the south-west point of Algarve. The bays are those of Cadoan, or St. Ubes, south of Lisbon, where they make a great quantity of salt from the sea water, and Lagos Bay, in Algarve. The principal rivers are the Minho, in Latin Minius; the Linia, anciently the famed Lethe; the Cavado; the Douro; the Guadiena, anciently Anas; and the Tajo, or Tagus. The King's titles are singular-King of Portugal, and the Algarves, on this side and the other side the Sea of Africa; Lord of Guinea, and of the Navigation, Conquests, and Commerce, in Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, India*, &c. Her present Majesty, eldest daughter of the late king, Maria Frances Isabella, was born in 1734, married her uncle Don Pedro, by dispensation from the Pope, in 1760, and ascended the Throne in the year 1770.

In the year 1749, Pope Benedi& XIV, dignified the King of Portugal with the title of his most faithful Majesty.

T

High Court of Admiralty,

BEFORE SIR WILLIAM SCOTT, JUDGE,

JULY 17th, 1799.

DANISH SHIP NEPTUNUS.

HIS day the Court opened, when the question relative to the condemnation of the Ship NEPTUNUS, neutral property, on her way to Havre de Grace, while that Port was in a state of blockade, was argued :

It appeared from evidence, that the NEPTUNUS sailed from Dantzic, with an intention of proceeding on her voyage to Havre, ignorant of the blockade of that port, though notification of it had been transmitted to the government of which the owners were subjects. She fell in with Admiral Duncan's squadron, when the captain was informed, that Havre was not in a state of blockade, and that he might proceed at perfect liberty. She was afterwards captured by an armed cutter, in sight of several of Admiral Duncan's ships, on account of her being bound to a blockaded port. This transaction took place in November 1798.

It was contended for the Captors, that ignorance of a port being Elockaded did not protect those neutral vessels that were bound to it; and for the Claimants, that the ship was justified in proceeding on her voyage, after the information received from Admiral Duncan's Squadron.

JUDGMENT.

Sir William Scott said, it clearly appeared that the Ship in question was pursuing her original intention of sailing to a port in a state of blockade, after notification of it to the government of the neutral power. The effect of such a notification was, to preclude all the subjects of that government from proceeding to the port so blockaded, whether they were ignorant of the fact or not; for the notification would be most nugatory indeed, if the subjects of a neutral power were afterwards allowed to plead ignorance of it. It was the duty of such neutral powers, without delay, to transmit it to those whom it concerned, namely, to the individuals of the country, in order that their properties might not be injured by the belligerent powers. For this reason, no owner of a vessel could be heard in his defence, who had nothing to offer, in extenuation of his conduct, but ignorance. Such circumstance, however, might be stated to our government, as Col. II.

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