When parliamentary sovereignty reached its full growth
Exclusive right of parliament to authorize taxation; Old-English taxes supple-
mented by the new feudal taxes; hidage and scutage. - the great land-taxes
-gradually superseded by taxes upon personal property; fifteenths and
tenths; memorable composition of 1334; unsuccessful attempt to levy poll
taxes; right of tax-payer to assent to taxation; its connection with the growth
of national assemblies; separate negotiation with each estate as to taxa-
tion; tax-payer's right dimly recognized during Norman period; conflict with
the baronage results in articles 12 and 14 of the Great Charter, and finally
in Confirmatio Cartarum; separate negotiations with clergy and commons;
fiscal visits of justices from the exchequer; election and representation in the
shire courts; representation in the national council a fiscal expedient; first
the shires, then the towns represented; Earl Simon's parliament of 1265;
Edward I.'s model parliament of 1295; right of nation to tax itself settled by
Confirmatio Cartarum; transitions from local to central assent; and from
feudal to national taxation; the customs revenue; its probable origin; article
41 of the Great Charter; great and ancient custom of 1275; new or small
custom of 1302; origin of tonnage and poundage; summary; after 1322 the
customs a part of the permanent revenue; additional subsidies; custom and
subsidy levied regularly after 23d of Edward III.; subsidies granted for life
to Richard II., Henry V., and Henry VI.
Collapse of the immature parliamentary system; emancipation of the monarchy
by Edward IV.; overthrow of parliamentary institutions on the Continent;
character of the struggle in England; outline of the policy of Edward IV.;
the royal authority becomes the dominant force in the state; its vital organ
the council; hereditary right; Edward's financial policy; infrequent meetings
of parliament; the council becomes an engine of tyranny
. 17