TABLE OF TREATIES.

CHARLES II.

1661 June 23: treaty of alliance between England and Portugal.

1663 France entered into a defensive alliance with Holland and Switzerland.

1664 November: the second war commenced between England and Holland.

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1664 War between the Turks and the emperor of Germany; after the Turks had been defeated the Truce of Temeswar was concluded, on September 7, for 20 years; the emperor ceding Great Waradein and Neuhäusel.

1666 January 26: France declared war against England; the Danes also entered into a league with the Dutch against England.

1666 October: war declared by England against Denmark.

1667 July 25: Peace of Breda concluded between England, France, Holland, and Denmark.

1668 January 28: a treaty of alliance ratified between the States General and England, against France, for the protection of the Spanish Netherlands; Sweden afterwards joining the league, it was known as the Triple Alliance.

1668 February 13: Peace of Lisbon concluded between Spain and Portugal through the mediation of England. Independence of Portugal acknowledged by Spain.

1668 May 2: Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle between France and Spain signed. France yields Franche Comté, but retains her conquests in the Netherlands.

1669 May 7: Treaty of the Hague between Holand and Portugal: the Dutch allowed to retain their conquests in India.

1672 Treaty between France and England (12th February), and Sweden (14th April) against Holland.

1672 August 30: an alliance entered into between the emperor, Spain, and Holland, against France.

1673 June 16: Peace of Vossem between the elector of Brandenburg and France, the former engaging not to assist the Dutch,

:673 France declared war against Spain.

1674 February 19: Peace of Westminster between England and Holland.

1674 June: The Empire declared war against France.

1673 January 10: treaty concluded between England and Holland, by which Holland detached Charles II. from the interests of France.

1678 August 11: Peace of Nimeguen concluded between France and Holland. Spain accedes to the peace 17th September, giving up Franche Comté, &c.; the emperor on the 5th February following; and Sweden on March 29.

1679 June 29: Peace of St. Germain en Laye concluded between France, Sweden, and the elector of Brandenburg.

1679 September 2: Peace of Fontainebleau between France and Denmark.

1683 March 31: Alliance of Warsaw, between Austria and Polaud, against Turkey, in pursuance of which John Sobieski assisted in raising the siege of Vienna, on September 12.

1684 August 15: truce of Ratisbon concluded by France with Spain and the Empire, terminating the war of the previous year.

JAMES II.

1686 League of Augsburg entered into by Holland and other European powers, for the purpose of causing the treaties of Munster and Nimeguen to be fulfilled on the part of France.

1688 France commences hostilities against the Confederated States and ravages the Palatinate.

WILLIAM III.

1689 May 7: war declared by England against France.

1689 May 12: the Grand Alliance signed at Vienna between England, the emperor, and the States-General; to which Spain and the duke of Savoy afterwards ac ceded.

1696 August 29: the duke of Savoy quitted the coalition, and entered into a treaty with France.

1697 September 20: Peace of Ryswick, between France, England, Spain, and Holland; signed by Germany, 30th October.

1698 October 11: First Treaty of Partition signed between France, England, and Holland, for the purpose of regulating the succession of the territories of the king of Spain. Joseph Ferdinand, electoral prince of Bavaria, declared presumptive heir. 1699 January 26: Peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey and Germany, Poland, Russia, and Venice.

1700 March 13: Second Treaty of Partition between France, England, and Holland, declaring the archduke Charles presumptive heir of the Spanish monarchy, Joseph Ferdinand having died in 1699.

1700 October 2: Charles II., last male branch of the house of Austria reigning in Spain, bequeaths the kingdom to Philip of Anjou.

1700 November 1: Charles II. of Spain died, and the claim of Philip of Anjou was recognised by the court of France.

1701 September 7: England and Holland conclude a formal alliance at the Hague, to resist the claim of Philip of Anjou, to which almost all the European states successively accede.

1701 November 16: King James II. dying, his son was proclaimed king of England by France, upon which William III. commanded the return of his ambassadors from France, and ordered the departure of the French ambassador from London.

ANNE.

1702 May 4: war declared against France and Spain, by England, the Empire, and Holland.

1703 The Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal, principally for the regulation of commerce.

1706 September 24: Peace of Alt Ranstadt, between Charles XII. of Sweden and Augustus of Poland.

1711 July 2: Peace of Falczi concluded between Russia and Turkey, the Russians giving up Azoff and all their possessions on the Black Sea to the Turks; in the following year the war was renewed, and terminated by the Peace of Constantinople, on April 16, 1712.

1713 April 11: Peace of Utrecht, signed by the ministers of Great Britain and France, as well as of all the other allies, except the ministers of the Empire. The most important stipulations of this treaty were the security of the Protestant succession in England, the disuniting the French and Spanish crowns, the destruction of Dunkirk, the enlargement of the British colonies and plantations in America, and a full satisfaction for the claims of the allies.

1713 April 17: the emperor Charles VI. published the Pragmatic Sanction, whereby, in default of the male issue, his daughters should succeed in preference to the sons of his brother Joseph I.

1713 July 13: the Treaty of Utrecht signed by Spain.

1714 March 6: Peace of Radstadt between France and the emperor.

GEORGE 1.

1714 September 7: Peace of Baden, between France and the emperor. Landau ceded to France.

1715 November 15: the Barrier Treaty signed at Antwerp, by the British, the Imperial, and Dutch Ministers. Low Countries ceded to the emperor.

1717. January 4: the Triple Alliance of the Hague between France, England, and Holland, to oppose the designs of Cardinal Alberoni, the Spanish minister.

1718 July 21: Peace of Passarowitz between the emperor, Venice, and Turkey. 1718 August 2: the treaty of alliance between Great Britain, France, and the emperor

TABLE OF TREATIES.

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signed at London. This alliance, on the acccession of the States of Holland obtained the name of the Quadruple Alliance, and was for the purpose of guaranteeing the succession of the reigning families in Great Britain and France, and settling the partition of the Spanish monarchy.

1718 November 18: the duke of Savoy joined the Quadruple Alliance, signing the treaty by his envoys at Whitehall.

1718 December 16: war declared by England against Spain.

1718 December 22: war declared against Spain by France, under the administration of the regent, duke of Orleans.

1719 November 20: Peace of Stockholm between the king of Great Britain and the queen of Sweden, by which the former acquired the duchies of Bremen and Verden as elector and duke of Brunswick.

1720 January 26: the king of Spain accepts and signs the Quadruple Alliance.

1721 August 30: Peace of Nystett, in Finland, between Sweden and Russia, whereby Livonia and Ingria were ceded to Russia.

1724 March 24: Treaty of Stockholm between Russia and Sweden, in favour of the duke of Holstein Gottorp.

1725 April 30: The Vienna Treaty, signed between the emperor of Germany and the king of Spain, by which they confirmed to each other such parts of the Spanish dominions as they were respectively possessed of, and by a private treaty the emperor engaged to employ a force to procure the restoration of Gibraltar to Spain, and to use means for placing the Pretender on the throne of Great Britain. Spain guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction.

1725 September 3: the Hanover Treaty, concluded between the kings of England, France, and Prussia, as an act of self-defence against the provisions of the Vienna treaty.

1726 War between England and Spain commenced.

1726 August 6: treaty of alliance between Russia and the emperor.

1727 May 31: preliminary articles for a general pacification, signed at Paris by the ministers of Great Britain, the emperor, the king of France, and the States-General.

GEORGE II.

1727 October 21: Treaty of Nipchoo (Nerchinsk) between Russia and China, by which the boundaries of the two empires were settled, a Russian residence at Pekin allowed, and 200 merchants allowed to trade to China once in three years. until June 14, 1728, in consequence of the death of Catherine.

Not ratified

1728 June 14: a congress commenced its sittings at Soissons. 1729 November 9: the Peace of Seville, between the courts of Great Britain, France, and Spain; and a defensive alliance entered into: to this treaty the States of Holland afterwards acceded, November 21.

1731 March 16: the Treaty of Alliance of Vienna, between the emperor, Great Britain, and Holland, by which the Pragmatic Sanction was guaranteed, and the disputes as to the Spanish succession terminated; Spain acceded to the treaty on the 22nd of July.

CHAPTER XIV.

Prince Eugene in London.-Opening of the Campaign under Ormond and Eugene.-Or mond's Secret Instructions.-The Allied army deserted by the British forces Subsequent disasters of the Allies.-The Lords' Protest published.-Laws proposed against the Press. The first Stamp duty on Periodical Works.-Terms of peace announced to Parliament. - Bolingbroke's embassy to Paris.-Treaty of Utrecht completed.-Treaty of Commerce with France rejected by Parliament.-Dissolution of Parliament.-Jacobite Intrigues.-The new Parliament.-Libels.-Swift.-Steele.— Death of the Princess Sophia of Hanover.-The Schism Act.-Oxford dismissed from office.-Death of the Queen.

THE dismissal of Marlborough from all his offices; the hostile vote of Parliament; and a prosecution threatened by the ministry to compel him to refund nearly half a million of that money which he said he had employed in the public service-these adversities in the closing years of a life signally prosperous appear to have been borne by him with a philosophical calmness. He wrote, on the 22nd of February, to M. Schuylembourg, who had served under him as a general of cavalry, "Provided that my destiny does not involve any prejudice to the public, I shall be very content with it; and shall account myself happy in a retreat in which I may be able wisely to reflect on the vicissitudes of this world.” * There are several other letters, breathing the same sentiment of resignation—a sentiment which was perhaps as real as in any other case of fallen greatness. But Marlborough's public virtue must have been more exalted than that of most great ones of the earth in the day of humiliation, if he did not inwardly rejoice at the degradation of England when he was thrust out of her service. His constant friend, prince Eugene, had arrived in London at the beginning of January. He witnessed the fall of Marlborough, and testified in the most public manner his sense of the injustice and impolicy of palace-intrigues and parliamentary hatreds. Oxford invited Eugene to dinner, and thus complimented him: "I consider this day as the happiest of my life, since I have the honour to see in my house the greatest captain of the age. Eugene replied, "If it be so, I owe it to your lordship." The "greatest captain of the age was put aside; and the future associate with Eugene in the approaching campaign was to be the duke of Ormond. Con. Dispatches, vol. v. p. 577.

A CAMPAIGN. ORMOND'S SECRET INSTRUCTIONS.

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ferences were opened at Utrecht; but the real negotiations for peace between Great Britain and France were being secretly carried on at Paris. The mission of Eugene to the court of St. James's was to prevent any such separate negotiation, by offering a guarantee, that the emperor would double his contingents, if necessary, to carry the war, in concert with all the members of the Alliance, to a successful conclusion. A few months of vigorous exertion might accomplish that object, and complete the series of triumphs which the Allies had won under English generalship. The propositions of the emperor were coldly listened to; mentioned to Parliament; and then laid aside. Eugene went back to conduct the campaign as the commander of the Allied armies; for the States would not entrust those powers to Ormond which they had entrusted to Marlborough. Eugene could expect no hearty co-operation from the ministry of queen Anne; but he could scarcely expect an amount of duplicity and treachery, happily unparalleled in the future conduct of our country in her foreign affairs. On 26th of May, Eugene and Ormond, with a far larger force than had been brought into the field under Marlborough in the previous year, passed the Scheldt below Bouchain. A French army of inferior force, under Villars and Montesquiou, was nearer the French frontier. The position of the Allies indicated an intention to make a forward movement, and a probable advance into the French territory. But Ormond had a letter in his pocket from Secretary St. John, dated the 10th of May, containing these instructions: "Her majesty, my lord, has reason to believe, that we shall come to an agreement upon the great article of the union of the two monarchies, as soon as a courier, sent from Versailles to Madrid, can return. It is, therefore, the queen's positive command to your grace, that you avoid engaging in any siege, or hazarding a battle, till you have further orders from her majesty. I am, at the same time, directed to let your grace know, that the queen would have you disguise the receipt of this order; and her majesty thinks that you cannot want pretences for conducting yourself, so as to answer her ends, without owning that which might at present have an ill effect, if it was publicly known. The queen cannot think with patience of sacrificing men, when there is a fair prospect of obtaining her purpose another way; and, besides, she will not suffer herself to be exposed to the reproach of having retarded, by the events of the campaign, a negotiation which might otherwise have been as good as concluded, in a few days."* On the 28th of May, Eugene proposed to attack the French camp, which was open and exposed. • Coxe, vol. ví. p. 187.