are every year becoming more important and more closely connected with our Indian Empire. Whether we look at the intrinsic value of our literature or at the particular situation of this country we shall see the strongest reason to think that of all foreign tongues the English tongue is that which would be the most useful to our native subjects.

The question now before us is simply whether, when it is in our power to teach this language, we shall teach languages in which by universal confession there are no books on any subject which deserve to be compared with our own; whether, when we can teach European science, we shall teach systems which by universal confession whenever they differ from those of Europe differ for the worse; and whether, when we can patronise sound philosophy and true history, we shall countenance at the public expense medical doctrines which would disgrace an English farrier, astronomy which would move laughter in girls at an English boarding-school, history abounding with kings thirty feet high and reigns 30,000 years long, and geography made up of seas of treacle and seas of butter. The languages of Western Europe civilised Russia. I cannot doubt that they will do for the Hindu what they have done for the Tartar.

To sum up what I have said. I think it clear that we are not fettered by any pledge expressed or implied; that we are free to employ our funds as we choose; that we ought to employ them in teaching what is best worth knowing; that English is better worth knowing than Sanskrit or Arabic; that the natives are desirous to be taught English, and are not desirous to be taught Sanskrit or Arabic; that neither as the languages of law nor as the languages of religion have the Sanskrit and Arabic any peculiar claim to our encouragement; that it is possible to make natives of this country thoroughly good English scholars, and that to this end our efforts ought to be directed.

111. THE INDIA ACT OF 1833

3. After 22 April 1834 the exclusive right of trading with the Dominions of the Emperor of China, and of trading in Tea, continued to the Company by the Act of 53 Geo. III. shall cease.

4. The Company shall, with all convenient speed, close their Commercial Business, and make sale of all their merchandise,

stores, and effects, at home and abroad, distinguished in their account books as Commercial Assets.

39. The superintendence, direction, and control of the whole Civil and Military Government of all the said Territories and Revenues in India shall be, and is hereby, vested in a Governor-General and Counsellors, to be styled "The GovernorGeneral of India in Council."

40. There shall be Four ordinary Members of the Council, Three of whom shall from time to time be appointed by the Court of Directors from amongst such persons as shall have been Servants of the Company, and shall have been in the service of the Company for at least Ten years; and the fourth ordinary Member of Council shall be appointed from amongst persons who shall not be Servants of the Company by the Court of Directors, subject to the approbation of His Majesty : Provided that such last-mentioned Member of Council shall not be entitled to sit or vote in the Council except at meetings thereof for making laws and regulations.

43. The Governor-General in Council shall have power to make Laws and Regulations for repealing, amending, or altering any Laws or Regulations whatsoever in the said Territories or any part thereof, and to make Laws and Regulations for all persons, whether British or Native, Foreigners or others, and for all Courts of Justice, whether established by His Majesty's Charters or otherwise, and the jurisdictions thereof: save and except that the Governor-General in Council shall not have the power of making any Laws or Regulations which shall in any way repeal, vary, suspend, or affect any of the provisions of this Act, or any provisions of any Act hereafter to be passed, in any wise affecting the said Company or the said Territories or the Inhabitants thereof, or any Laws or Regulations which shall in any way affect any prerogative of the Crown, or the authority of Parliament, or the Constitution or Rights of the said Company, or any part of the unwritten Laws or Constitution of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

51. Nothing herein contained shall affect in any way the right of Parliament to make Laws for the said Territories and for all the Inhabitants thereof: And it is expressly declared, That a full, complete, and constantly existing right and power is intended to be reserved to Parliament, to control, supersede, or prevent all proceedings and acts whatsoever of the GovernorGeneral in Council, and to repeal and alter, at any time, any

Law or Regulation whatsoever made by the said GovernorGeneral in Council, and in all respects to legislate for the said Territories, and all the Inhabitants thereof, in as full and ample a manner as if this Act had not been passed.

53. And whereas it is expedient that, subject to such special arrangements as local circumstances may require, a general system of Judicial Establishment and Police, to which all persons whatsoever, as well Europeans as Natives, may be subject, should be established in the said Territories at an early period; and that such Laws as may be applicable in common to all classes of the Inhabitants of the said Territories, due regard being had to the rights, feelings, and peculiar usages of the People, should be enacted, and that all Laws and Customs having the force of law within the same Territories, should be ascertained and consolidated, and as occasion may require amended; be it therefore Enacted, that the Governor-General of India in Council shall, as soon as conveniently may be after the passing of this Act, issue a Commission, to be styled "The Indian Law Commissioners" and the Commissioners shall fully enquire into the Jurisdiction, Powers, and Rules of the existing Courts of Justice and Police Establishments in the said Territories, and all existing forms of Judicial procedure, and into the nature and operation of all Laws, whether civil or criminal, written or customary, prevailing in any part of the said Territories, and whereto any inhabitants of the said Territories, whether Europeans or others, are now subjects; And the Commissioners shall from time to time make reports, in which they shall fully set forth the result of their enquiries, and shall suggest such alterations as may in their opinion be beneficially made in the Courts of Justice and Police Establishments, form of Judicial procedure and Laws, due regard being had to the distinction of castes, difference of religion, and the manners and opinions prevailing among different races and in different parts of the said Territories.

81. It shall be lawful for any natural-born subject of His Majesty to proceed by sea to any port or place having a custom-house establishment within the said Territories, and to reside thereat, or to proceed to and reside in, or pass through any part of such of the said Territories as were under the Government of the said Company on 1 Jan. 1800, and in any part of the Countries ceded by the Nawab of the Carnatic, of the Province of Cuttack, and of the Settlements of Singapore and Malacca, without any License whatever.

85. And whereas the removal of restrictions on the intercourse of Europeans with the said Territories will render it necessary to provide against any mischiefs or dangers that may arise therefrom, be it therefore Enacted, That the GovernorGeneral in Council shall by Laws and Regulations provide with all convenient speed for the Protection of the Ñatives of the said Territories from insult and outrage in their persons, religions, or opinions.

87. No Native of the said Territories, nor any natural-born Subject of His Majesty resident therein, shall, by reason only of his religion, place of birth, descent, colour, or any of them be disabled from holding any Place, Office, or Employment under the said Company.

103. And whereas it is expedient to provide for the due qualification of persons to be employed in the civil service of the Company in the said Territories, be it therefore Enacted That the Governor-General of India in Council shall, as soon as may be after the First day of January in every year, make and transmit to the Court of Directors a prospective estimate of the number of persons who will be necessary to supply the expected Vacancies in the Civil Establishments of the respective Governments in India, And within One month after such estimate shall have been received the Board of Commissioners shall certify to the Court of Directors what number of persons shall be nominated as candidates for Admission, and what number of Students shall be admitted to the College of the Company at Haileybury, in the then current year . . . and it shall be lawful for the Court of Directors to nominate such a number of Candidates for admission to the College as shall be mentioned in the Certificate of the Board.

105. The Candidates for Admission to the College shall be subjected to an Examination in such branches of knowledge, and by such Examiners as the Board shall direct, and shall be classed in a List to be prepared by the Examiners, and the Candidates whose names shall stand highest in such List shall be admitted by the Court as Students in the College, until the number to be admitted for that year, according to the Certificate of the Board, be supplied.

112. THE NEW AIMS OF THE SUPREME GOVERNMENT

From the Report of the Committee of Parliament on the Affairs of the East India Company, 1833.

On a large view of the state of Indian Legislation, and of the improvements of which it is susceptible, it is recognised as an indisputable principle, that the interests of the Native Subjects are to be consulted in preference to those of Europeans, whenever the two come in competition; and that therefore the Laws ought to be adapted rather to the feelings and habits of the Natives than to those of Europeans. It is also asserted, that though the Native Law might beneficially be assimilated to British Law in certain points, yet that the principles of British Law could never be made the basis of an Indian Code; and finally, that the rights of the Natives can never be effectually secured otherwise than by such amalgamation.

Intimately connected with every plan for the good government of India, and for the introduction of ameliorating changes into the present system, is all that relates to the habits, character, and capacity of the Native Population. It appears that at present they are only employed in subordinate situations in the Revenue, Judicial, and Military Departments. They are said to be sufficiently observant of the practical merits and defects of our system; and to be alive to the grievance of being excluded from a larger share in the Executive Government. . . . It is amply borne out by the Evidence that such exclusion is not warranted on the score of incapacity for business, or the want of application, or trustworthiness: while it is contended that their admission, under European control, into the higher offices . . . would strengthen their attachment to British dominion; would conduce to a better Administration of Justice; and would be productive of a great saving in the Expenses of the Indian Government.

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