Ecclesiastical law, early colonial, 10.
Ecclesiastical societies, general incor-
poration laws, 247.
Edison, T. A., 420.
Ejectment, action of, 88.

Eldon, Lord Chancellor, 264.
Elective franchise, in cities, 233.
Electrocution, 380, 381.
Eliot, President C. W., 519.
Elizabeth, Act of, 43, 198, 199.

Eminent domain, foundation of right of,
53; condemning corporate franchise,

294.

Employers' Liability Acts, 103.
England, its law, the main source of
American, 1; distinguished from
Equity, 116 et seq.; of mortgages,
153-157; of wills, 188, 193; early gen-
eral incorporation law, 281; early law |
of pleading, 314, 315; Judicature Act,
317; criminal procedure, 384; char-
acter of bench, 384; copyright laws,
422; admiralty law, 448, 450, 486,
489; municipalities in, how incorpo-
rated, 218; London, 215; number in
1889, 224; general legislation con-
cerning, 250; policy as to rules of
naval warfare, 494; and of naval
rights, 503, 504; right of visit, 504,

505.

Entailments, 55, 190.

Equity, development of American, 129
et seq.; distinguished from law, 116,
135; fundamental principles, 117, 122; |
no jury, 118; modern period, 121;
maxims, 123, 145; heads of jurisdic-
tion, 124; leading cases, 125 et seq.;
does not vary law, 148; distinctions
in pleadings between Law and Equity,
314 et seq.

Equity of redemption, 154, 155.
Estate tail, 55, 190.

public registers, 327; absent or dead
witnesses, 328; res gesta, 329, 330;
declarations of the dead, 330; opin-
ions, 331; experts, 331; of good
character, 332; confessions, 333; dis-
cretion of the judge, 333; execution
of writings, 334; attestation, 335, 336;
contents of writings, 336, 337; best,
335; secondary evidence, 337; wit-
nesses, competency of, 338; confiden-
tial communications, 339; credibility,
339; privilege to refuse to testify, 340;
disqualifications, 340; examination
of, 341, 342; evolution of this branch
of law, 342, 343.

Execution, by electric shock, 380, 381.
Executive power, 37.
Exeter, N. H., 227.
Expert testimony, 331.
Ex post facto law, 374.
Extradition, 351, 352.

F

Family, punishment by the, 344.
Federal commercial jurisprudence, 29,
30.

Federalist, the, 30, 32.

Felony, 112; compounding, 345.
Fence laws, 88.

Ferrara, University of, 31.
Feudal tenures, 49, 53.
Field, David Dudley, as a codifier, 5;
father of the reformed procedure,
316; opinion of the Conn. Practice
Book, 317, n.

Finance, municipal, 241–247.
Finch, Sir Heneage, 121.
Fines, for crime, 374.
Fiske, John, 226, 238.
Forfeitures, 150.

Evarts Act, 417.

Evidence, definitions, 319; nature of
rules, 320; judicial notice, 320; the
child of jury trials, 320, 321; early
law of, 322; what is excluded, 322;
hearsay, 323; pedigrees, 324; book-
entries, 324; shop-books, 327, 328; dec-
larations against interest, 325; dying
declarations, 326; of reputation, 327;

on Contract by, 66.

Franklin, Benjamin, at Albany Con-
gress, 21; as colonial agent, 265;
claims colonial charters are contracts,
278; his American-foreign policy,

498.

Fraternities, colonial, 272, 273.
Fraud, 89, 90.

Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor, 435.
Hare, Professor J. I. C., 520.
Harris & McHenry's Reports, 16, 84,

260.

Harrison, Benjamin, on our patent sys-
tem, 421.

Harter Act, 477-479.

173, 175, 176, 182, 187.

Freedom of city, 230–233.
Frye, Sir Edward, 368.
Fulton, Robert, 412.

G

Gager, Judge Edwin B., chapter on
Equity by, 115; on mortgages of Real
Property, 153.

General average loss, 482.

Georgia, its code, 5; early municipal-
ities, 216.

Germany, naturalization treaty with,
508, 509.

Gerry, Elbridge, 25.

Gibson, Chief Justice, 25.
Gifts, causa mortis, 201.
Gorges, Sir Fernando, 209.

Governors, colonial, appointment of,
207; right to grant charters, 217;
admiralty jurisdiction, 450; pardon-
ing power, 371.

Grand jury, 348, 349, 358.
Granger laws, 295.

Grant, inviolable, 278; its consequences,

rights, 297; instruction in inter-

national law, 519.

Hatton, Lord Chancellor, 120.

Hawaii, annexation of, 43.

Haynes, John, 350, 351.

Hearsay, 323 et seq.

Heirs, technical meaning, 190, 195.
Henry, Patrick, 280.
Holland, T. E., 118.

Holmes, Chief Justice O. W., 69, 86.
Holmes v. Walton, 24.
Holographic will, 173.

Holt, Lord Chief Justice, 73, 346.
Home rule, 40, 45, 290; a colonial doc-
trine, 263.
Homesteads, 57.
Honesty, 122.

Hudson's Bay Co., 275, n.
Hundred defined, 206.
Husbands, estate by the curtesy, 185.
Hutchinson, Chief Justice, 358, 359.
Huxley, T. H., on administrative nihil-
ism, 3.
Hypothecation, 456.

I

Idealism, in American law, 27.
Illinois, municipal debts, 242.
Impeachment, of the President, 34; of
President Johnson, 47.
Impressment, 503, 504.
Imprisonment for debt, 112.
Incorporation, freedom of, for municipal
corporations, 228, 229, 247-250; for
quasi-public corporations, 276; for
private corporations, 281.
Independence, effect of on status of
the colonies, 263, 264.
Indeterminate sentences, 372-374.
Indiana Company, The, 270.
Indians, treaties with by the colonies,
492, 493.

Individual rights, enlargement of 3;
security for, 45, 46.
Initiative, the, 46.

Injunctions, 147; to prevent strikes,
etc., 92, 110, 112, 113; to protect
privacy, 96; against a trespass, 112.
Innocence, presumption of, 363, 364.
Insurance, chartered companies for, 275,
276; marine, admiralty jurisdiction
over, 481, 482.
Intendants, 234.

International law defined, 491; in the
colonial period, 491-494; in Europe
at same period, 494, 495; beginnings
in the U. S., 495; effect of natural
tendencies, 496; part of the law of
the land, 495; our early treaties, 496-
499; Jefferson's views of our policy,
497; Franklin's, 498; free ships make
free goods, 498; Declaration of Paris,
499; privateering, 499; contraband,
499; neutral rights, 500; our neutral-
ity laws, 500-503; a free sea, 503;
impressment of our seamen by Eng-
land, 503; right of search and visit,
504, 505; suppression of slave trade,
504; free rivers, 505; sealing con-
troversy, 506; the Monroe Doctrine,
506; indelible allegiance, 507–510;
naturalization laws and treaties, 508,

509; laws of warfare, 510; doctrine
of the continuous voyage, 510-513;
General Order 100, Lieber's Code, 513,
514; the Sanitary Commission and
the Red Cross, 514; international
arbitration, 514, 515; intervention,
515; our war with Spain, 515, 516;
literary history of, 516-518; Kent,
517; Wheaton, 517; T. D. Wool-
sey, 517; Dana, 517; Halleck,
Davis, Snow, 518; academic teach-
ing of, 518; early in the U. S., 518-

520.

wills, 168.

J

Jamestown, settlement, 209.
Japan, corporations in, 282.
Jefferson, Thomas, changes at William
and Mary College, 17; views as to
supremacy of courts, 24; conflict
with Marshall, 46; instructions as
to our foreign policy in 1784, 497,
498.

Jekyll, Sir Joseph, 155.
Jessel, Sir George, 148.
Johnson, Andrew, 34, 47.
Johnson, Sir William, 16, 492.
Joint estates, in land, 59.
Joint-stock company, early American,
268-272, 274, 275; early English,

275.

Judges, gowns, 21; cannot make law,
148; but keep it in touch with society,
276, 277; early crown judges in Amer-
ica, 356; English, 384.
Judgments, are what, 7; of another
State, 43, 44.

Judicature Act, English, 144, 156, 317.
Judicial power, 37, 38.

procedure, early colonial, 13.

decisions, have roots, 6; reported, 7.
legislation, 148, 276-277.
notice, 277, 320.

Jurisdiction, of cause, 44; of copyright

suits, 432.

Jurisprudence, federal, 29, 30; Ameri-
can, see AMERICAN LAW.
Jury, trial by, anciently acted on their

own personal knowledge, 321; right
of trial by, 346; mode of criminal
trial, 363 et seq.; inroads on the old
jury system, 382-384.
Jus in re, 457.
Jus in rem, 455, 456.
Justice, natural, 45, 480.

K

tions, 279, 280.

Intervention, 506, 515.
Intestacy, 167.

Inventions, by savages, 391.
Iredell, Mr. Justice, 350.

Kentucky, early charters by, 310, 311.
Kies, Mary, 419.

King, of England, his powers, 9; land
tenure under, 53; equitable powers,
117; charter grants by, 218; as head
of church, 267.

King, in Council, colonial appeals to, |
18, 40, 41, 264, 265.
King's College, 22.
Kirby, Ephraim, 23.
Kirby's Reports, 23, 84, 259.

L

Labor, organized, 106 et seq.
Laborers, Statute of, 108.
Laches, in admiralty, 449.
Lamarck, J. B. P. A., 398.
Land bank, Massachusetts, 272.
Land companies, 271, 275.

Land laws, 48 et seq.; early, 48; inflex-
ibility, 49; English, 49; wills, 181.
Land Transfer Act, 156.
Law, the supreme, 19; unconstitutional
statutes, 23-25; reverence for, 26;
effect on our literature, 26; natural,
45; distinguished from Equity, 116;
special legislation, 247-250; the phi-
losophy of society, 276; based on
reason, 277; ex post facto, 374; to be
suited to the people, 390. See AMERI-
CAN LAW.

Law-books, early importations, 13.
Law reports, historical value of, 6, 115;
English, 6; beginnings in America,
22, 23; copyrighting, 433, 434.
Lawson, John D., 385.

Law suits, early American, 13.
Lawyers, as students of jurisprudence,

7; early American, 13, 265; collegiate
education, 16; English education, 17;
effect of the Revolution on, 17.
Leases, of land, 57 et seq.

Lechford, Thomas, 14.

norial representation in, 207; univer-
sity representation in, 22; character
of action, 277.

Lex talionis, 367.

Libel, 92; in admiralty, 455-457.
License, to enter on land, 58.
Lieber, Francis, 514, 519.

Lien, maritime, 456, 457; priorities,
459-463; order of preference, 466;
sale to satisfy, 467, 468.

Life estates, 55.

Light, rights to, 60.
Limitations, Statute of, 75-77.
Limited Liability Act, 474-477.
Livingston, Robert, manor of, 207.
Local Government Act, 250.
London, 215-230.
Loomis, Dwight, 226.
Loughborough, Lord Chancellor, 263.
Louisiana, civil law in, 52; parishes,
204; early municipalities, 217; muni-
cipal finances, 244, 246; inroads on
jury system in, 382.
Lowlands, drain companies, 271.
Ludlow, Roger, his code for Connec-
ticut, 4, 15, 350, 352, 353; as a Com-
missioner under the New England
Confederation, 351; suit against, 356.
Lugo, G. C. di, 31.
Lynching, 385, 388.
Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor, 505.

M

Mably, Abbé de, 30.

Madison, James, on copyrights, 423.
Magna Charta, 22.

Maine, early charters in, 209, 210.

beliefs, 2.

Malice, 106 et seq.

Lectures, property right in, 426.

Legacy, lapse of, 188.

Malicious prosecution, 91.

Man, Rights of, 4.

Manors, defined, 206; early American,
206, 207.

19, 20, 266.

fiction, 277, n.

after the Revolution, 17.

Legislation, in law reform, 116, 149;
special, 247-250; consent of cities to,
251; judicial, 148, 276, 277.

Legislative power, 37, 38.

Manufactures, early American, 297, n.
Marcy, William L., 499.
Mare Liberum, 503.

Marine protest, 472.

Marine survey, 472.

contracts, 70, 71; torts, 93; separate
estate, 150; wills, 184-186.
Marshall, John, legal education, 17;
as Chief Justice, 25, 32; familiarity
with French, 33; conflict with Jeffer-
son, 46; views of our patent laws, 420,

421.

Maryland, early colonial bar, 16; law
reports, 16, 84, devises in, 181; ma-
norial courts, 206; early municipali-
ties, 216, 217; English decisions
concerning charter, 263, 264; no
colonial private incorporation, 307,
n.; early State charters, 307; banish-
ment as a penalty, 375.
Massachusetts, Body of Liberties, 4, 14;
quo warranto to forfeit charter, 12;
early lawyers in, 14; no equity
courts, 18, 130, 131, 136, 137 ; probate
of wills, 174; early municipalities, 219-
221; general municipal incorporation
Act, 228; quo warranto against, 262;
scire facias against, 267; early incor-
porations by, 266-269, 297-301; the
witchcraft cases, 356, 357; grand
juries in, 357, 358; Chief-Justice
Hutchinson's charges, 358, 359; ha-
beas corpus in, 360; colony patents for
inventions, 392; State copyright, 423;
early colonial diplomacy, 492, 493.
Master and servant, 101 et seq.
Maxims, of equity, 123 et seq., 145.
Mayors of cities, 234-237.
Merchants, customs of, 73.
Memphis, dissolution of, 256.
Michigan, indeterminate sentence law,

372-374.

Mines, protection of, 99; early joint-

stock companies to work, 268-271.
Minors, contracts of. 70.

Missionary societies, 274.

Mississippi, free navigation of, 505.

Missouri, constitutional provisions as to

cities, 251.

Monopolies, 391, 392.

Monroe Doctrine, 496, 506, 507.

150, 161; English doctrine, 153–157;
American doctrine, 157-161; fore-
closure, 162, 163; form, 163, 164; by
corporation, 294; of ship, 462.
Mortmain, 196, 198.

Mosaic code, adopted in Conn. for
crimes, 352; in Mass., 359.
Mozley, Canon, 398.
Municipal corporations, by-laws, 37;
names and number, 203–208; early in-
corporations, 208-222; Paterson char-
ter, 222, 223; census of 1900, 224;
unincorporated towns, 224, 225; town
theory of the origin of, Connecticut,
225-227; general incorporation laws,
228, 229, 247-250; freedom of the city,
229-234; mayors, 234-237; right to
reside in, 231, or trade in, 232, of
voting, 233; self-perpetuating muni-
cipal governments, 238; American
development of, 239; constitutional
provisions, 240-253; financing, 241-
246; modern foreign legislation re-
garding, 250; self-framed charters,
251; acceptance of legislation affect-
ing, 252; obligation of contracts, 253,
254; vested rights, 253, 257; in prop-
erty, 256-259; dissolution, 254-257,
289; litigation concerning, 259, 260;
its gradual increase 260; early study
of law of, 266; artificial persons, 266;
the franchise for, 266; liability for
acts of agents, 288; ultra vires con-
tracts, 289; wrong done in performing
governmental act, 482-484.
Municipal Corporations Act, English
of 1835, 238, 239, 250.
Murder, appeal of, 84, 346, 348, 349.

N

Name, patenting a, 409; as a trade-
mark, 440, 441.

Natural justice, 45, 480.

Naturalization, 507-509.

Navigable waters, 453, 454.

Moore, John Bassett, 515.

More, Nicholas, 306, n.; Sir Thomas,

124.

Morse, telegraph patent, 404, 420.

in admiralty, 455; exceptions in bills
of lading, 477-479; of municipality,

482-484.