"Birmingham has also been noted as a centre of liberality and freedom of thought."

"Was it not here, Mr. Cartmell," Miss Gray asked, "that the trades unions used all their influence to prevent the introduction of machinery?"

"Yes. And to-day the effect is still seen in the many kinds of business carried on which require a great amount of manual labor."

Mr. French, Mrs. Cartmell, and Miss Gray drove about the city to find and see the best streets and the best buildings. Not far from the hotel they found the Town Hall, which reminded Mr. French in style of Girard College in Philadelphia. In the large hall is a fine organ, and here are given concerts attended by musical people from various parts of England.

Near by they found the Council House, recently erected in the Grecian style, and costing an immense amount of money. Colleges, free libraries, and museums are all located near the Town Hall. They drove through Calmore Row to Snow Hill, past many fine buildings, banks, hotels, and churches.

Mr. Cartmell and the children drove through quite different parts of the city to learn about the industries. First they went to the great establishment of Messrs. Gillott & Son, and watched how the pens are made which they had so often used in the United States. Then they passed a number of great button factories on their way to one of the gun manufactories.

"Birmingham has been long noted for its excellent rifles," said Mr. Cartmell. "In the Civil War they sent to our country nearly 800,000 rifles."

In riding about among the tall chimneys, and talking with people, they learned furthermore that this city makes millions and millions of screws and pins. All kinds of jewelry, from the cheapest to the best grades, are made here. Sewing

machines, edge-tools, and bicycles are turned out by the thousands. Brass and copper and tin works were frequently seen. The last place visited was where stained glass for church windows is made.

In the evening Mr. Cartmell read to the party Burritt's lively account of the people all over the world using things made in Birmingham.

A GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW.

66

1. What is a Drawing-Room"?

2. What is one of the finest monuments in the world?

3. What is the difference between "Albert Memorial" and "Albert Hall" ?

4. For what is the Tower of London noted?

5. What is the Traitor's Gate?

6. How does Tower Bridge differ from other bridges near home?

7. How old is Windsor Castle?

8. Who was Thomas Gray ?

9. What are the peculiarities of Oxford ?

10. What can you write about Stratford-on-Avon ?

11. Who was Anne Hathaway?

12. What is there to be seen at Warwick?

13. For what is Rugby noted?

14. What are English moors?

15. What is the largest English lake?

16. Who were the "Lake Poets"?

17. For what was William Wordsworth celebrated?

LESSON XVIII

TO LAND'S END

OF

THROUGH THE SOUTH
ENGLAND

THE Cartmells spent the winter partly in London and partly in the southern part of England. In the various trips back and forth they became very well acquainted with the counties, and many of the towns and places of interest. They rode in their carriage over much of the ground. In these trips Miss Gray often called the attention of the children to the wonderful variety of scenery to be found in different parts of England.

The mountainous parts are not so great as to become monotonous, the plains are not too extensive, the lakes do not remind the observer of seas, the moors are broken up by long valleys, and the downs do not tire the traveller.

One of the first counties visited south of London was Surrey. Artists told Mr. Cartmell to notice here the blue tints of the hills and distances. The country was at first well wooded, and then beyond Kingston came green meadows and tilled fields and pleasant rural homes.

At Dorking Miss Gray reminded the children of Mr. Sam Weller's giving Mr. Stiggins a wetting in the horses' trough where their own horses were drinking. Mr. Cartmell said he once read that there was at one time a real stage-coachman here by the name of Weller, who might have been the original of Dickens's character. In the western part of Surrey they noticed that the hop was largely cultivated. Everywhere in the season may be seen these plants twining round the poles, following the course of the sun from east to west.

They also admired here the most lovely hedges, in which grew many kinds of plants. Mrs. Cartmell observed that England would not be England without its hedges.

Here they fre

All admired the

In Hampshire County they saw typical English scenery. The landscape was full of soft, restful greens, mingled with grays and russets, browns, oranges, reds, and blues, many changing tints blending with each other. quently saw the ground covered with gorse. effect; and Miss Gray told the story that botanist, Linnæus, came unexpectedly upon a field covered with gorse, and observed its golden sea of bloom, he fell on his knees in an ecstasy of delight, exclaiming that in all the world he had never beheld a sight so splendid.

when the great

One day was spent in Winchester, a very old town in this county. This city, they learned, is sometimes called "the white city" or "the city of chalk."

It has a curious winding river encircling the suburbs. They found in the city many queer nooks and odd corners, all more or less romantic in appearance.

The Cartmells spent a large part of their time in the cathedral, which can be seen from a distance of several miles, standing in the midst of the city.

Before entering, Miss Gray quoted the lines:

"Nations and thrones and reverend laws have melted like a dream, Yet Wykeham's works are green and fresh beside the crystal stream.""

"Bishop Wykeham," remarked Mr. French, "is said to have invented the Perpendicular style. This cathedral is the largest in size in England. The three points of interest to notice are the nave, transepts, and presbytery."

Entering the church through the front portico, they were amazed at the grandeur of the nave. The great pier arches were beautiful, and there seemed to be less barrenness and