Population of Belgium, Prussia and France. 129 in a very great number of instances in of Ditricé, Director of the Statistical Ireland the term "house" should be un- Bureau. The subjects embraced, and derstood merely as applying to some- the divisions included, are public buildthing containing human beings, and ings enumerated as churches and houses not as indicating such a structure as the for prayer, school-houses, orphan and term usually signifies. poor asylums, buildings for the adminisBELGIUM-POPULATION AND HOUSES. tration of public affairs, justice, customs, -The population of Belgium, on the 31st &c.; buildings for ecclesiastical and December, 1845, amounted to 4,298,560; communal magistracies, military and on the 15th October, 1846, to 4,337,196. hospital buildings, private dwelling. In the cities of Belgium, the houses houses, factories, mills, &c., stables and inhabited amount to 170,455, and those barns; population, male and female, at uninhabited to 9,302. In the rural com- the ages of 5, 7, 14, 16, 19, 24, 32, 39, 45 munes, the inhabited houses number and 60th year, and those over 60. They 629,393; the uninhabited 20,411. Total are enumerated also according to relinumber of inhabited houses 799,848; gion, as far as respects Evangelical uninhabited, 29,713. Of these houses Christians, Roman Catholics, Greek 78.20 per cent. had but one (basement) Christians, Menonites and Jews. The story; 18.32 per cent. were of two stories, deaf and dumb are returned as to age including the basement; and 3.48 per and sex, enumerating them at the ages cent. were of three or more stories, in- of 5, 15, 30, and over, respectively; and cluding the basement. Of the entire the blind are returned by age and sex at number of houses, 160,500 were insured the ages of 15, 30, and over 30, respecagainst fire for the average amount of tively. They enumerate their horses, 6,811 francs. One-fourth of the Belgian asses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep, and population is found inclosed in cities, goats, dividing the sheep into three and the other three-fourths spread over classes. By their census (1839), the the rural communes. Of the number of population of Prussia amounts todwelling-houses in cities, 72,407 had but one room for a family; 65,461 had two rooms; and 100,402 had three or more rooms for a family. In the rural communes, 82,047 houses had but one room for a family; 217,324 had two rooms, and 352,925 had three or more rooms for a family. PRUSSIA-For the first time the Prussion government has made provision for the publication of their statistics in an extended form. Their census was taken at the close of the year 1849, of which a portion of the results have been published in one large quarto volume, to be followed by two others, under the direction Males... Total... Number of families Number of dwelling-houses. destitute 8,162,805 8,168,382 16.331,187 3,180,707 .1,945,174 Number of churches, 16,897; schoolhouses, 23,384; asylums for orphans and astical, military, and hospital buildings, persons, 5,710; civil, ecclesi35,353. The Evangelical Christians number.. ..10,020,161 6,076,252 11,973 9,579 Roman Catholics POPULATION OF FRANCE. given, together with the ratio of deaths to the number living; and some considerations were adduced, showing the most feasible mode of arriving at the law of mortality. The work of condensing this order of statistics has been continued with such discrimination as the nature and value of the returns seemed to require. A great diversity of opinions, it is well known, exists with respect to the salubrity of the Northern and the Southern, the maritime and the inland localities of our country; and on no point, perhaps, could reliable information be more reasonably desired. It is not here proposed to discuss the numerous inquiries which this important branch of statistics suggests, how far it shall confirm existing opinions, or awaken an interest and prepare the way for more full researches. The returns being the first of their kind in the national census, may seem to require some mode of verification; and in this view, the following investigations have been prepared. either continent. As has been truly observed, "a race of men, launched upon the tide of existence, have by virtue of all the conditions, a determined course to run, which will make its own way, and fulfil its own destiny in accordance with a system of laws as unalterable and supreme as those which control the physical universe." Without enumerating the conditions and circumstances of vital development, the practical conclusion arises, that the values of life for different branches of the Teutonic family of nations, in temperate climates, will not greatly differ. And if the ratios of annual mortality, and the expectations of life in America, should substantially agree with the like values in European tables, the general correspondence would afford so many credentials of statistical authority. With respect to the Northern United States, the returns of Massachusetts have been selected for comparison with those of the national census of Eng land. In applying the same mode of verification to the Middle States, the The great mass of the white popula- statistics of Maryland have been taken, tion of this country is chiefly of Teutonic the table described in last year's report origin, with a large admixture of Celtic. being revised, and male and female Located in temperate latitudes, with a lines distinguished. The computations climate not greatly differing from that have been executed by Mr. L. W. of Europe, the presumption naturally Meech, whose familiarity with the subarises that the same laws of life would ject, and scientific qualifications, afford prevail, and to nearly an equal degree, a sufficient guarantee of their accuracy. on both sides of the Atlantic. In the In contrast with these results, are set absence of any assignable and special the expectations of life in France. The source of change, the universal law of proportion of deaths and the expecta self-preservation and protection might tions of life at its several periods, may be assumed to produce like results upon then be compared as follows: Proportion of Deaths in England and the United States. 131 the youthful character of the population of the new states, and the comparative absence of aged persons, who remain in the older states of the Union. The influence of this emigration will be understood by table 1, where, from the age of five to thirty, the deaths are only from one-half to one per cent., while above The expectation of life expresses in years and decimal parts of a year the future length of life to be lived, on an average, after attaining a given age. Thus, on arriving at the age of thirty, the average future lifetime of males, by the Massachusetts table, is thirty-four years, while that of females is thirtyfive and four-tenths. The expectations the age of fifty-five, the rate of deaths for other ages and columns of the table will readily be understood from mere inspection, though the analytic process of deriving the values requires much collateral research and professional experienee. As the year is a natural unit of time, universally familiar, the expectation is doubtless the simplest method that could be devised for exhibiting, at a glance, the changing value of life. Viewed as a whole, the general correspondence, both of the ratios of mortality and the mean length of life, from independent sources, sufficiently verifies their accuracy. For general estimates, adopting the current classification of the states, the American census exhibits the following ratios of mortality, disregarding the ages at death: increases from two to thirty-five per cent. Wisconsin, and other Northwestern states, being newly settled by persons chiefly in the prime of life, in the comparative absence of older persons, the per centage of deaths should be less, as it is indeed given by the census. This distinction will tend, in a considerable degree, to reconcile apparent differences in the returns. From the year 1840 to 1850 the population of the United States was augmented from seventeen millions to twenty-three millions, the increase being six millions in ten years. At the rate of annual mortality above stated, the total deaths, during the same period, were from two and a-half to three millions, being nearly equal to half the residual increase by birth and emigration. Thus, and in various other ways, which space number living here precludes to specify, statistics of the persistence of life, pointing ultimately to the removal of special causes of mortality, are essentially related to national happiness and advancement. Ratio to the .1 to 64 .1 to 73 It will be seen that the values for the With respect to the longevity and three middle divisions strikingly agree vital characteristics of slaves and the free with the average for the United States, colored, the following epitome of life as a whole, representing one death to tables is given for three localities, seseventy-three living; and this is sub- lected from the Northern, Middle and stantially the ratio stated by Webster for Southern States. The values for Newinterior towns in 1805:- The annual England are deduced from the general deaths," he observed, "amount only to census, embracing 23,020 colored resione in seventy or seventy-five of the dents; that of Maryland is founded population." The inquiry might arise, upon the total returns of 90,368 slaves; in examining the preceding abstract, and that of Louisiana upon the aggrewhy the rate of deaths in the North- gate of 244,786 slaves, and 17,537 free western States should be so much lower colored, taken collectively. The relathan in the Middle States, and especially tive preponderance of female African New-England. In reply, the mere life is remarkable, while the prevalent ratios of mortality are not conclusive opinion of the greater mortality of male upon the question of relative longevity, slaves in Louisiana is statistically conwithout taking into account the propor- firmed. The table possesses a higher tions of young and aged, and the increase of population. Without attempting a full explanation, one source of the difference referred to undoubtedly lies in interest, not only from the definite and comprehensive information contained, but for being the first of the kind for the colored classes in the United States. 3-EXPECTATION OF LIFE FOR COLORED PERSONS. -New-England¬ ~Maryland 42.92....45.75......45.30....45.00......35.92...40.69 4.61 16.71 8.76....10.57. -Louisiana Completed Colored Colored Slaves Slaves Colored Colored Age. male. female. male. female. male. female. 13.89....17.31. 14.32. 14.75....15.27 22.83 3.69. NATIVITY OF THE POPULATION.-One of the most interesting results of the census is the classification of inhabitants according to the countries of their birth, presented, in an authentic shape, in No. 5 of the accompanying tables. We are thus enabled to discover, for the first time, of what our nation is composed. The investigations under this head have resulted in showing that of the free inhabitants of the United States, 17,736,792 are natives of its soil, and that 2,210,828 were born in foreign countries, while the nativity of 39,227 could not be determined. It is shown that 1,965,518 of the whole number of foreign-born inhabitants were residents of the free states, and 245,310 of the slave states. It is seen that the persons of foreign birth form 11.06 per cent. of the whole free population. The countries from which have been derived the largest portions of these additions to our population appear in the following statement : This view of the living immigrant population is important, as serving to correct many extravagant notions which have attained extensive currency. Another interesting branch of this inquiry, is that which concerns the inter-migrations of our native citizens among the states. The tables presenting a view of this movement will be most useful and valuable, in tracing the progress of different portions of the country. The facts developed will show how far one section has impressed its own characteristics and peculiar customs on others. It is found, that out of 17,736,792 free inhabitants, 4,112,433 have migrated birth. Three hundred and thirty-five and settled beyond the states of their thousand natives of Virginia, equal to twenty-six per cent. of the whole, have found homes outside of her own borders. South Carolina has sent forth one hundred and sixty-three thousand, which is thirty-six per cent. of all the native citi zens of that state living in the United States at the date of the census, and the very remarkable proportion of 59 per cent. of those remaining in the state of their nativity, North Carolina has lost 261,575 free inhabitants, equal to 31 per cent., by emigration. Among the Northern states, Vermont and Connecticut have contributed most largely to the settlement of other parts of the country. Their proportion, about 25 per cent. of their native citizens, would exceed, perhaps, that of either of the Southern States already mentioned, were the number of slaves in the latter admitted as an ele ment of the calculations. But the rov ing tendency of our people is incident to the peculiar condition of their country, Natives of Ireland in United States in 1850..961,719 and each succeeding census will prove The Deaf, Dumb and Blind-Age, Sex, Color and Condition. DEAF AND DUMB.-No one thing, perhaps, better proves the value of the statistical details connected with our census, than its efficacy in pointing out the number of the unfortunate who come within the above designation, and who are unable to make known their own wants. Not only does it give us the aggregate in each state and in our whole country, but its unpublished details so designate and particularize the deaf mutes in the United States, that those who have been led to make their condition and improvement a special study, have now, for the first time, the means to arrive at the age, sex, color, condition, and wants of each. It will appear from the tabular statement annexed, that the number of white mutes in the United States amounts to 9,091, and the colored 133 to 632, of which 489 are slaves. The census of 1840 returned the number of white deaf and dumb at 6,685, and the colored at 979. The latter amount is clearly erroneous, and was calculated to create an opinion that the deaf mutes were so much more numerous among the colored population of the North than among the whites; in fact, there were, by the census of 1840, colored mutes returned for counties where no colored persons existed. The proportion of deaf mutes among the colored is less than among the white population; and among the slaves the proportion is still smaller. Among the white population there appears to be one deaf mute to each 2,151 persons; of the free colored one to each 3,005; and among the slaves, one to each 6,552. -DEAF AND DUMB. COL'D SLAVES .465..14.. 4..-..-..1.004....443..355..20..11.. 28... 26.. 1.. 1..-.. 2.. 58 .103. 92..19..17..15.. 8.. 254 7.... 9.... 2.. 1..-.. 19 .325. .256..10.. 8..67..45.. 711 .198....153.. 1.. 3..29..23.. 407 74. 55....1..11.. 4.. 145 .116. Aggre gate 201 136 138 64 389 .270..220.. 4.. 3.. 39.. 22. 1.. 2.. .110.. 67..12.. 3.. 497 64 192 829 10.. 17.. 7..12.. 46 96. 97..30..41..22..21... 7.. 7..5.. 3..-.. 1. ..261..275..56..65.137.202. ..182..205..13..15..57..60 91.. 61. 6.. 8..31..25. ...128.. 96.. 1.. 4..38..42.... 309 10.. 2.... 2.. 8.. 4.... 307 23 996 532 222 26 95......20..21.. 252 Oregon.. .... The directors of several institutions United States. Such a work would be for the deaf and dumb memorialized Congress, at its last session, to provide for the publication of a small volume, to be prepared by this office, in which should be given the name, age, sex, residence, occupation, &c., of each deaf mute in the of great value to such institutions, but of more consequence to the unfortunate class it would be specially designed to benefit. It would lead to the discovery of hundreds whose abode is unknown, and render available to those unable to |