whole ground. It may be harvested by mowing, raking with a horse-rake, and stacking; or it may be reaped, and tied into bundles. The amount thus yielded per acre, in well dried fodder, will be from five to ten tons. Good corn land, such as will commonly yield forty or fifty bushels of grain per acre, will produce in this way about seven or eight tons of fodder. And the ground is left clean and in good condition for fall sowing; which is not the case where the broadcast method is adopted. I tried an experiment to determine the most profitable degree of thickness in the drills. Ten stalks to a foot gave only two thirds as much by weight, as twenty to a foot, besides which, the fodder was coarser. I have said, FORTY grains to a foot, not that so many stalks are actually needed, but there will be some losses, on the principle of the old saying, "One for the blackbird and one for the crow, What is the cost per acre, of such a crop? Harrowing and furrowing 3 bu. corn, seed, $1.00 75 1 25 1.00 1.00 2.00 7.00 $33 00 Deducting interest on land. &c., would give a clear profit of some 25 or 30 dollars; and if manure were applied that year, three additional tons of fodder resulting, would pay for the manure.— There is no humbug about this, for I have tried all these experiments, and some of them repeatedly. And seeing that this is the case, and people are at their wit's end for cattle food, the man who does not avail himself of these advantages another season, must be set down,-shall I say it as possessing a torpid or stupified cranium, that is, a numskull. X. WESTERN N. Y., Aug. 1845. For the Ohio Cultivator. The greatest difficulty I have found in making he was rather inexplicit. And Mr. Eastman, in a perfect cast, is in getting it free from the little the last number of the Cultivator makes the exbubbles of air that remain in the plaster and set- ception of vines to the general remark of G. R.; tle on its surface; to prevent this, shake the mould "that wheat, corn, oats, and all other plants that while the plaster is "setting." grow out of the ground, will produce roots, and Care should be taken to place the fruit in the no stalk, or seed, if sowed in the old of the moon." box in such a position as will allow it to "draw" Is this exception correct? And is the particular the division of the mould must be exactly at the time for tilling potatoes, corn, vines and other greatest diameter of the fruit. The mould may vegetation considered a matter of no consebe taken with plaster in the same manner as with quence or influence? But this is not all. Inforwax, in which case it is necessary to varnish it mation is furthermore desired concerning the before using. proper time to plant, transplant, graft and prune trees, to plant flower seeds,-having regard to the doubleness and durability of the flower-to cut grass, to gather a harvest, to gather apples and other fruit with a view to their preservation to wean the young of animals, to destroy thistles and other noxious plants, to make soap, &c., &c. Indeed, "I want to know it all"-"seriousYours, &c. ly." TRUMBULL, Co., Aug. 1845. The stem of the fruit that is cast, should be If there is anything peculiar about the flesh or J. WOOD. MARTIN'S FERRY, O., Aug. 1845. A Curious fact for physiologists and breeders of farm stock.-About two years ago I had a Berks shire boar which got into the street and had hileft testicle torn out by the dogs. After this he never got a sow riz, though many sows had pigs by him which formerly had had mixed litters of sow and boar pigs. AUGUSTUS WATTLES. CHICKASAW, Mercer co., O., Aug. 1845. To breed Males and Females.—In a recent con- Allen, of Pittsfield, successfully bred males or "Moon Farming” again. C. From the Genesee Farmer. Science with Practice. Every farmer should adopt for his motto, "Knowledge with Labor," or, "Science with Practice." Knowledge without labor, and labor without knowledge are alike nearly worthless.But knowledge with labor, or science with practice, gives to the honest cultivator of the earth, the best possible chance to acquire both wealth and distinction as a successful agriculturalist. Suppose a farmer wishes to sow land enough this fall to yield him at the least possible expense, 500 bushels of good wheat, free alike from rust, smut and chess- what knowledge does he need to accomplish this object? Will any experienced farmer say, that to produce this amount of grain at the least cost in land and labor, no knowledge of the mineral constituents of his soil, of vegetable mould and muck, of an excess of moisture in the surface, or subsoil-no knowledge of the substances that Nature must have to form a perfect wheat plant, and the condition in which those substances should be placed, is useful to the wheat-grower? a It is a sad sight to view forty acres of wheat all blackened, and shrunken with rust, involving loss of several hundred dollars, because the owner despised a knowledge of those simple laws of nature, which produce this parasite plant on the stems, leaves and heads of his wheat. It is painful to witness the toiling husbandman, harvesting fifteen bushels per acre, where the the hard work performed, would by the aid of a amount of seed sown, the thorough tillage, and little more knowledge of the nature and properties of wheat, have given him 30 bushels per acre. Thousands of farmers will reap this season an average of thirty bushels of corn on land that might grow seventy quite as well, with an equal amount of labor, if scientifically applied. Too many farmers unwittingly prepare their Directions for making Plaster Casts of Fruit. [See notice in Cultivator of July 15.] Procure a square box large enough to admit the fruit and leave a space of at least half an inch on every side; divide this box into two equal parts by a horizontal section, and fit the parts together with pins in order that it may be taken apart and put together again in the same position with facility; fit a tight bottom to one half, and having made a composition by melting together two parts of beeswax and one part of rosin, fill the half box having the bottom, with it nearly to the brim, and when nearly cold sink the fruit into it to its MR. EDITOR-I am very glad that the subject of greatest diameter, and hold it steadily there un- Lunar influences is to be discussed in the Culti-wheat crop just right to be stricken, as it is termtil the composition is hard enough to bear its vator. I am not a believer in such influences, ed, with rust. They fail to drain their wheat weight; the fruit should first be prepared by cov- neither am I a disbeliever; but I am glad inas- fields most thoroughly, and thereby induce the ering it with a thin coat of oil that it may slip much as it may afford your readers a definite growth of sickly imperfect, wheat plants, which readily from the mould-and if, of a kind having knowledge of the views of those who do believe fall an easy prey to parasites. They place their cavities at the ends, as the apple or pear, a hole in them. The truth of their theory may then be seed in soils that contain too much vegetable should be made through it from the blossom to easily tested by observation and actual experi- mould, and too little of the alkalies, potash and the stem, to allow the air to escape when it is ment. I know there are many intelligent farmers, pressed into the wax. When the composition is whose farms are successfully cultivated, with dihard in the lower box, grease the surface around rect reference to their theory on this subject; bat the fruit to prevent its adhering to the wax of I have never had more than a very vague and the upper half of the mould-place on the upper indefinite idea of the maxims by which they are half the box and pour in the composition until guided.. It is this definite and specific informa- a the fruit is covered; a plug should be placed be- tion which is wanted, and which, I believe, would There is but little study, little knowledge, and tween the boxes in such a manner to form be very generally interesting-the particular time no science, brought to bear on the feeding and when taken out, an opening into the mould; to attend to the various branches connected raising of wheat plants in the state of New when all is perfectly cold the boxes may be sepa- with the farming interest, with especial reference York, which makes twelve million bushels of rated and the fruit and plug taken out; cover the both to the Moon and to the SIGN. Your corres- grain. The habits of this head-bearing plant, inside with a slight coat of grease rubbed on with pondent, G. R., (with whose commmunication I and what it needs to form a firm, bright, glassy the finger; place the boxes together again in their was pleased) states explicitly the proper time to stem, which Uredo-rust, cannot grow upon; and proper position, and the mould is finished. Mix plant roots, and other vegetables, to cut down what it needs to develop a long ear, well filled now sufficient well calcined plaster with water, timber, to build fence, to spread manure, to nail with plump kernels, are matters that pertain to to about the consistency of thick cream, to fill the shingles, to kill pork, &c., with reference, how-wheat culture, most sadly overlooked by those mould, and pour in immediately: and in a few mo- ever, only to the increase and decline of the that toil too much with their hands, and exercise ments the plaster will be set and may be taken moon. Where should the sign be? And is it oo little those noble faculties of reason and comentirely immaterial at what stage of the increase tmon sense, which God had given them. or decline of the moon? Whether early, or at a later period? In regard to the best time for the castrat on of animals and the shearing of sheep out. as Before painting, it is well to give the cast one or two coats of copal varnish. Oil colors should be used, they stand the weather better. soda, too little of the alkaline earthis, lime and magnesia; and too little phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine. The young wheat plant finds its nourishment as a lamb would find his, provided you give it a gill of its mother's milk a day, diluted in pint of bad water. Every rational being that happens to have a mouth to feed, should study the science of transforming earth, air, and water into good, light When we had written thus far, and read it to MASSILON, Aug. 27.-Flour rates at 3,50 to 3,75 bbl.; wheat 65 NEW YORK Auz. 25.-About 30,000 bbls. flour have been sold for Wool has advaneed a trifle, and sales BALTIMORE CATTLE MARKET.-Supply of beef cattle large, and a slight decline in prices; 518 head sold at f om 150, to 2,50 $100 on the hoof; equal to 2,50 @ 4,75 net. There was a good supply of hogs at 5,00@ 5,25. COLUMBUS PRODUCE MARKET. wheat bread. It is hardly possible that this knowledge will be utterly valueless to any one our informant, he said, three years ago I traveled to 68 cls.; oats 25 cts. per bu. during the whole period of his existence, what- again through that section, and the only good wheat" to 4,00 for "new" and fancy brands. 5,000 bu. wheat sold at ever his pursuit in life. farm I saw was this very one of which you have 83 cts, delivered at a mill in Canada-is worth 75 cts. here. As a general rule, it is cheaper to grow 30 bush- just written. All the others were desolate-fen- BUFFALO, Aug. 26.-Several large lots of good Oblo and Michigan els of wheat on one acre than on two, provided ces down-cabins abandoned, the settlers dis-wheat sold at 6 to 3 cts. Plu. Flour is active at 3, 674 to 3.94. the use of the land was given to the cultivator. couraged and moving off. I thought I saw the shipment within a few days, at 4,50 p hhl.; fresh Genesee and Ohio On an acre of well drained, well pulverized soil same old stable door, hanging by one hinge, that for home use sells at 324; wheat, 87@ 92 cts. p bu. Ashes, pots, sown in wheat, scatter broad cast with a shovel, used to disgust me ten years before; and I saw no 381. reas 4,12 p 100 tb. large. Ohio pork has advanced-new mess sells at $14, per bbl.; ten bushels of unleached ashes, five of lime-change except for the worse in the whole county, prime 10,50. (ten will be better if not too expensive) two and with the single exception of this one farm.-Ind. a half of gypsum and an equal "quantity of com- Farmer and Gardiner. mon salt. If possible, the ground should be entirely free from the seeds of weeds, that nothing but clean wheat plants may grow. The above compounds will serve to make bright flinty straw, so little subject, as every observing man knows, to be attacked by rust. Deep plowing, thorough harrowing and early sowing, constitute prominent features in the practice of those wheat growers, whom the editor has lately visited, because of their notable success in this branch of husbandry. In Scipio and the adjoining towns in Cayuga County, the good effects of underdraining wheat fields, have been most signal this season. During the last four weeks we have collected many interesting facts relating to rust, smut, &c., in connection with shale, sand stone, clayey and muck soils. These will be embodied in our official report to the New York State Agricultural State Fair at Utica, to be held on the 16th, 17th, Society. Subsoil plows can now be had of Messrs. Ely & Campbell Cincinnati, J. Ridgeway & Co., Co!umbus, and J. Stair & Son (seedmen,) Cleveland. The price is only $8 or $9, and we hope many farmers will soon be induced to put them in operation (on heavy soils.) From the Rochester N. Y. Democrat. and 18th of September, 1845. Any gentleman that has made, or shall make Arrangements have been made with the severany discoveries relating to insects injurious to al railroad companies, whose officers have acted wheat, potatoes, apple, pear or peach trees, rela- with their accustomed liberality and public spirit, ting to the blight which is now injuring, if not that all animals and implements intended for exdestroying so many quince trees as well as oth-hibition, shall be transported free of charge, by ers, will confer an especial favor by communica- extra trains for that purpose, and that all persons ting an account of the same to the Corresponding visiting the Fair shall pass at one half the usual Secretary of the State Society, for publication in the current volume of its transactions, or to be made public through some other medium. rates. [MARKET DAYS TUESDAYS, THURSDAYS & SATURDAYS.] 2,75 a 46 small, Hams,country, lb., 6 66 city cured, Lard, lb., ret, in kgs. or bbls. 66 Cheese, Eggs, dozen, 1,62 a 1,75 6 ASHES, (only in barter.) 66 strained. 12) a 14 Pot, 100 lbs.. SHORT ADVERTISEMENTS, suited to the agricultural character WANTED TO PURCHASE It is anticipated that from the great exertions The study of Entomology-the science of in- of the Society, together with its popularity, the making by the people of Utica and by the Officers sects, is becoming every year more and more im- Show will far outstrip any former exhibition in of this paper, will be inserted at the rate of six cents per ine, for the portant to the practical farmers of this State. this state. The preparations are on a magnificent insertion. first insertion, and three cents for the second and each subsequent The popular work of HARRIS should be in the scale, and from present indications, the show of family library of every cultivator of the soil.-animals, implements of husbandry, and the variLet every young man who reads this article be- ous curiosities and manufactures that will be exgin at once the systematic study of his noble pro- hibited, will constitute this Fair the Grand Musefession, if he designs to be a skillful and successum of Agricultural Articles for the State of N. Y. ful farmer. Let him unite knowledge with labor -science with practice, and the great Foun- in operation from Utica eastward, which will The Magnetic Telegraph will on that day, be tain of all knowledge will reward him a thousand prove no small attraction to those visiting the fold for his well directed efforts. Getting poor on rich land, and rich on poor lands Fair. BY the subscriber, from one hundred and fifty to two hundred VINCENT WESENER, HE new proprietors of this ancient and celebrated nursery, late of William Prince deceased, and exclusively designated by English News - The Harvest, &c. A close observer of men and things told us the The last steamer from England brought dates to Aug. 4, and caused THE considerable excitement among the flour dealers of this country by following little history, which we hope will plow the intelligence that the weather in England, and other wheat-grow the above title for nearly fifty years, offer for sale, at reduced pri very deeply into the attention of all who plowing portions of Europe, had been quite unfavorable of late, so that ces, a more extensive variety of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, very shallow in their soils. apprehensions were felt in regard to the harvest. This news Shrubs, Vines, Plants, &c., than can be found in any other Nursery caused the speedy shipment of some 30,000 barre's of flour, from in the United States, and the genuineness of whieh may be deNew York, and an advance of 12 to 25 cents per barrel on the for-pended upon; and they will unremittingly endeavor to merit the mer low prices-which has had a corresponding effect on the mar- confidence and pat ronage of the Public, by integrity and liberality kets throughout the country. in dealing, and modération in charges. It must be borne in mind however that as yet there is no certainty of the advanced rates being maintained, or of any considerable de not sufficiently advanced at the date of the latest news for the fate of mand occurring for American flour in England; for the season was the harvest to be known with certainty, as will be seen from the following extract from the (London) Mark Lane Express, (the or Two brothers settled together in county. One of them on a cold, ugly, clay soil, covered with Black-jack oak, not one of which was large enough to make a half dozen rails. This man would never drive any but large, powerful, Conastoga horses, some seventeen hands high. He always put three horses to a large plow, and plunged it in some ten inches deep. This deep plowing he invariably practiced and cultivated thoroughly afterwards. He raised his seventy bushels of corn to the acre. This man had a brother about six miles off, settled on a rich White river bottom-land farm-and while a black-jack clay soil yielded seventy bushels to the acre, this fine bottom land would not average fifty. gan of the wheat and flour dealers,) of Aug 4: Descriptive Catalogues, with directions far planting and culture, Flushing, L. I. September 1, 1845. L. I., near New York. "The unsettled state of the weather has excited no little anxiety, especially on the continent, as to its effect upon the harvest of this Linican Botanic Garden and Nurseries, Flushing is known would arise throughout Europe in the event of any matecountry and the consequent derangement in financial interest which rial deficiency of the crops. Our correspondence from every part of Europe dwells more or less upon this topic, &c. From all the enground for these apprehensions. The weather no doubt, is broken quiry we have made, we believe that at this moment there is no and unsatisfactory, but as yet no damage of importance has been received by the growing crops, while taken generally and all kinds of produce together, are as heavy and iuxurient as in any year on One brother was steadily grow-record, and if the weather during the next month should prove faing rich on poor land, and the other steadily vorable, will be the most productive, all kinds of produce cousidered, growing poor on rich land. One day the bottom-land brother came down to see the blackjack-oak farmer, an they began to talk about their crops and farms, as farmers are very apt to do. "How is it," said the first, "that you manage on this poor soil to beat me in crops." The reply was, "I WORK my land." That was it, exactly. Some men have such rich land that they won't work it; and they never get a step beyond where they began. They rely on the soil, not on labor, or skill, or care. Some men expect their LANDS to work; and some men expect to WORK THEIR LAND;-and that is just the difference between a good and a bad farmer. THE new and unrivalled descriptive cala'ogues of this Establish- September 1, 1845. ever known. What has added considerbly to the apprehensions, has ihe season for the sake of the straw. same time last year." terest. The news by the next steamer will be looked for with much in- late news from England have caused some activity, and a slight rise markets, at $4 per bu. Butter and cheese are becoming scarce, and AGENCY of Cattle, Sheep, Swine, &c. THE subscriber having had many years experience in the breed- VOL. I. A Semi-Monthly Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture. COLUMBUS, OHIO, SEPTEMBER 15, 1845. THE OHIO CULTIVATOR, A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE, HORTI- М. В. ВАТЕНАМ, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. Published on the 1st and 15th of each month. TERMS.-ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR, for single subscriptions, but when four or more copies are ordered together, the price is only 75 cents each, [or 4 copies for $3.] All payments to be made in advance; and all subscribers will be supplied with the back numbers from the commencement of the volume, so that they can be bound together at the end of year, when a complete INDEX will be furnished POST MASTERS, and all friends of agriculture, are respectfully solicited to use their influence to obtain subscribers. ATTENTION! to come up to the support of this excellent Soci Agricultural Exhibition at Oberlin. Horticultural Exhibition, At Columbus, Friday, September 26th. Persons wishing to remit payments to us for At the meeting of the Columbus Horticultural single subscriptions or clubs, may do so at our Society on the 4th inst., it was resolved that an risk and expense-only send good current bills, exhibition of flowers, vegetables, fruits, &c., be and letters properly directed; so there is no long-held by the Society on Friday, Sept. 26th;-that a er any excuse on account of the difficulty of meeting of the Executive Committee be held making payments. We continue to give the vol. on the 15th, to make the necessary arrange of Genesee farmer as before. HALF YEAR SUBSCRIPTIONS.-The year is now so far advanced, that some persons who desire the Cultivator, refuse to subscribe on account of our rule requiring them to take the back numbers; we therefore have concluded for the present to allow such as prefer it, to commence with the last half of the year, (1st of July,) and end with the rest in December, at 50 cents each. ments; and that the citizens of Columbus be in- MISTAKES AND OMISSIONS may have occurred in We trust the above requests will be cheerfully sending the Cultivator to subscribers, and we complied with by the citizens of Columbus genewill thank our friends to inform us thereof in all rally; and that an interesting display will be gocases, that corrections may be made; (try how-up, notwithstanding the lack of fruits. From an ever to do so without taxing us with postage if inspection of a number of the best gardens about possible,) missing numbers will at all times be the city, we are confident it can be done-espesupplied. cially if the ladies lend their aid, as we have no doubt they will. We hope, too, that the cultivators of good fruit, (who are always liberal in such matters) will send us specimens from districts of the State where the failure is not so entire as here. This can readily be done with apples, from adjoining counties. Will not our Cincinnati friends favor us with a box or two? We may reciprocate the favor at another time. Travelling Agent.-Mr. Henry Greatrake will visit different parts of central and southern Ohio, as agent for this paper. He has been very successful thus far, in obtaining subscriptions, and we bespeak for him, the confidence and assistance of our friends, wherever he may visit them.-ED. Montgomery County Agricultural Fair. The seventh annual Exhibition of the Montgomery County Agricultural Society is announced to be held at Swaynie's Hotel in Dayton, on Thursday and Friday the 23d and 24th of October. The list of premiums offered is liberal and comprehensive, embracing all kinds of ordinary farm Stock, grain and root crops, implements of husbandry, dairy products and articles of domestic manufacture. PLANTING STAWBERRIES.-The fine rains of late have rendered the ground in fine condition for planting strawberries. See remarks in our last. Mr. J. Burr, of this city, has plenty of plants for sale, of different good kinds. He has a number of seedling strawberries under trial, that promise great excellence; and one, produced by his father, in Connecticut, is equal, if not superior, to any other variety known. [SILK REEL AND TWISTER.] NO. 18. MR. GILL, of Mt. Pleasant, called on us a few days ago, and in conversation informed us that his silk manufactory is in full operation, as usual. He says the crop of cocoons in this State was very much reduced by the late frosts in spring, which in many cases destroyed the foliage after the worms had began to feed. He is buying all the cocoons and reeled silk that are offered.Most of his supply now comes from Tennesee and several other southern States. Conducting Water through Pipes. M. B. BATEHAM:-Through the columns of the Cultivator, I would enquire the best method of conveying water to a dwelling from a spring situated 60 or 80 rods distant, with an elevation of perhaps 50 feet above the house. I have been told, by a professional gentleman, that water will run but a very short distance through a small tube, though considerably inclined, unless supplied with a good head: the obstructing cause being friction, according to his philosophy. If the theory of his doctorship be correct, can any one tell why it will run through a short tube? Wonder why this great obstruction had not long since entirely overcome capillary attraction? If water will not run through a a long tube, it must be owing to some other cause. The editor, or some of the readers of the Cultivator, no doubt know the truth of this matter; if so, will they be so kind as to give a little advice on the subject? If pipes will answer, what kind, and how large should they be; and what are the directions for putting them in? Or does any one know of a better and more economical method of accomplishing the object? Z. With respect, &c. Shady Valley, O., 7th Mo., 1845. We observe also that the Mechanics of Dayton STRAWBERRY CULTURE.-Mr. Kenrick gives the Remarks.-Z. may rest assured that water will are requested to exhibit articles of their manufac- following methods, as practiced by market gar-run down hill, whether in a small tube or a large ture. They should by all means do so, and have deners near Boston: one, if unobstructed, and will rise, in a pipe or a large room expressly devoted to that purpose."In the vicinity of Boston, the following mode reservoir, to a level with the fountain head, no We shall speak of this again hereafter. is often adopted. The vines are usually trans-matter how great the distance through which it The Dayton Journal very truly remarks: "The planted in August. The rows are formed from is conducted. It is true that friction has some object this Society has in view-the advancement eighteen inches to two feet asunder. The run- effect; but it is on the force or speed with which of the Agricultural interest-is one that com- ners, during the first year, are destroyed. In the stream will flow through a pipe, and consemends itself to the good wishes of every lover of the second year, they are suffered to grow and quently on the height to which a jet of water his country. Agricultural Societies, wherever fill the interval, and in the autumn of that year, will ascend, but not on the horizontal distance, they have been conducted with spirit, have been the whole old rows are turned under with the nor the ascent in a tube or reservoir. This is found most efficient agents in the promotion of spade, and the rows are thus shifted to the mid- true at least with reference to pipes of all sizes agricultural improvement. In New York, where dle of the space. The same process is repeated over say inch diameter, which is smaller than these Societies have been attended and support- every second year." is often used for such purposes. ed by practical, hard working farmers, the re In the case alluded to by Z., it is not at all es sult has been most auspicious. A most gratify- The "Gapes" in chickens, we learn from vari-sential that there should be any head of water at ing improvement is visible in the appearance of ous quarters is becoming increasingly prevalent the spring or fountain, if there is any descent farms and the comfort of farmers, while all kinds and fatal. We shall give a full explanation of inmediately therefrom. In laying the pipes, take of products have been greatly increased. We the nature of the disease refore long, and must care to lay them below the reach of frost, and to therefore call on our farmer friends particularly, try and find an effectual remedy. avoid as much as possible short curves and an gles. The end of the pipe entering the spring like sand or gravel it will improve (mechanically) year, than if the whole of it were directly ap or fountain should be somewhat enlarged, and the texture of heavy soils, and thus render them plied to the wheat. The crops on this farm have have a globular rose or strainer attached, made more friable and productive. This may explain averaged for several years past, as follows: of tin or sheet copper, finely pierced with holes, the cause of beneficial results in the use of pul- Wheat, 20 bushels per acre; corn, 50; ruta-bagas to prevent the entrance of anything that can verised coal when harrowed in with wheat, &c.; 600 to 700; barley, 35; hay, two tons. obstruct the pipes. The size of the pipes must but it will not do so, in cases like the foregoing, This course is well adapted to most of our ferdepend on the quantity of water desired or to where striking results followed its use when ap- tile wheat producing regions; slight variations, be obtained. From one inch to two inches in plied as a top dressing to growing crops of clover of course, being made, according to circumstandiameter (inside) is the usual size; and for long and corn. It is well known however that the ces. The principal objection is the frequent redistances, say 100 rods or over, it is well to use coals of this county differ materially in their chem-currence of the wheat crop, which would be two or three sizes, commencing with the largest ical properties. Some of them containing little remedied by suffering the clover and grass to reat the fountain head, and ending with the small- or nothing else than carbon and earthy matter, main for two or more years, instead of one, beest at the other extremity; this will increase the while others contain a portion of sulphur or fore breaking up for wheat, introducing summer force of the current, and tend to prevent obstruc-ammonia in some of their forms; and one or both fallow if necessary. This change would also adtions-though where the descent is as great as of these elements may have contributed to the mit of a greater number of live stock, and of a represented by Z., this will not be necessary. results above stated. We have no full analyses consequent increase of manure. In regard to the kind of pipes, one must be of Ohio coals at hand, and do not know as any governed by considerations of economy. Wood but partial ones have been made. The best way and lead are the materials commonly used. The is, for farmers living in the vicinity of coal mines, first is in most places the cheapest, and therefore where the expense is trifling, to try experiments most usually adopted; though we are not sure with its use. It will certainly do no harm; and that in the long run the latter will not be found on clayey or compact soils it is sure to do some most economical. We should be glad if some good-and that good will remain for many years. friend who has had experience in the business, ED. O. CULT. and can give the actual and comparative expense, &c., would favor us with a communication on this subject, as it is one of very general importance.-ED. O. CULT. For the Ohio Cultivator. From the Transactions of the N. Y. Agricultural Society. On the Rotation of Crops. A PRIZE ESSAY-BY J. J. THOMAS. [Concluded from No. 17, p. 132.] low in succession, but return at periods as remote 2. Crops requiring thorough tillage, should 3. Crops favoring the growth of weeds, should not follow in succession. 4. Crops which eminently exhaust the land, manure, should occur sufficiently often to keep Stone Coal as Manure. DEAR SIR:-About five years ago I tried an experiment of applying coal on wheat at the rate of 200 bushels to the acre, and harrowed it in with the wheat. The crop in that part of the field ripened somewhat earlier, grew taller, and had brighted straw. I have since applied it on clover, and Indian corn and it invariably proved very advantageous to the crops. At one time I put about half a pint of pulverized coal to the hill of corn a few days after it was up, on two rows a considerable distance into the field, and on the poorest part of it; and leaving two rows I put an equal quantity of coal ashes on two other rows. The corn in both cases in a few days was of a much deeper green than where there was nothing; and on pulling in the fall, we found there was about a fourth more on those four rows than on an equal number of the adjoining rows. Three years after this the field was in clover, and on every hill where I had put the coal, the clover was more then twice as large as elsewhere, while those hills on which the coal ashes were put, scarce showed it at all. I have tried it frequently since on clover, and have invariably found that where the land was not already rich, the clover was more than doubled by its application. Where 200 bushels of fine coal have been applied to the acre of clover, I have seen it immediately assume a dark green colour,and grow so large that it fell down about the time of heading, while that which had nothing on, within one Good systems of rotation must differ materially step of the other, was only about half as high, with the nature of the soil and other circumstanmuch thiner on the ground, and yellow; indica- ces. Where from necessity, grazing enters largeting a poor soil. I was told by a respectable gen-ly into the husbandry of a particular region, the man of Green township in this county, (Mr. Wm. course will vary from that adopted on a rich and Moore) that its effects were visible for fourteen mellow soil. An excellent farmer in Macedon, years after it had been applied on one of his Wayne county, N. Y., has long pursued the following, and his superior success over his equally hard working neighbors, is ascribed by them to "extraordinary good luck;" fields. If it be found on more extended experiments that the general result of the application of coal to thin, or tough limestone lands, will be as advantageous to the crops on which it is applied, as it has proved to be in the above mentioned cases, it will certainly become a subject worthy the attention of farmers in the eastern part of the State where coal is so abundant, and so cheaply procured; the cost of digging being only about a cent, or cent and a half per bushel. you Have you ever analized stone coal? Or do know of others who have, so that you can tell us what its constituent elements are, and in what proportions they exist? It now remains, as the object of this essay. to put the preceding principles and rules into practice, by pointing out the errors of bad rotation, and endeavoring to suggest better, which may be adapted to our own State. The following excellent course was given by Willis Gaylord, in his essay on Farm Management, and adapted to a farm of eight fields: 1st year-Wheat with clover seed. 2d year-Pasture; 3d year-Meadow. 4th year-Fallow. 5th year-Wheat. 6th year Oats and barley with clover seed. 7th year-Pasture. 8th year-Corn and roots with manure. Thus, if each field contain ten acres, there would be each year twenty acres of wheat, twenty in pasture, ten in meadow, ten in summer fallow, ten in oats and barley, and ten in The chief objection is, that as be hardly enough dry fodder for the domestic anicorn and roots. there are only ten acres of meadow, there would mals, which twenty acres of pasture, besides stubble and summer fallow, would support, more especially in our long winters, where for nearly six months green food cannot be had. A large quantity of roots would of course, greatly lessen the difficulty. With a more southern region the objection would not exist. An interesting example is given in the Farmer's Cabinet, of very successful farming connected with regular rotation. An old, practical, hard of his industry, added to a small legacy, was enworking farmer, commenced the world as a day laborer, and when 30 years of age, by the avails of 130 acres, 100 being under cultivation but in abled to purchase, and to pay for in part, a farm farming he adopted a particular system of rotaa very low condition. When he commenced tion, to which he has adhered for forty years, or until the present time, and his success is the best All farming may be regarded as some kind of rotation, either regular or irregular, however im- comment on the value of his experiment, he beperfect it may be, unless there is a perpetual suc-ing now worth at least $100,000, not taking into cession of the same crop. There are consequent- at various times sustained. His course of cropaccount several heavy pecuniary losses he has ly all grades, from the very rudest and simplest, ping, defective in some particulars, is as follows: to the complete well digested, and systematic rotation throughout the farm. all * * * * ** 1st year--Wheat, after fallow. 4th year-Clover-pasture. 5th year-Wheat. 7th year-Corn. 8th year-Fallow, with heavy manuring. This course it will be seen is a much more selarge supply of extraneous manure was used, in vere one than the last; but it is probable that a addition to that made on the farm; and the fertil izing operation of turning under in the latter part of summer, two crops of clover, the one 2d year-Corn, potatoes and ruta-bagas, with meadow and the other pasture, for succeeding the manure. 1st year-Wheat after clover. 3d year-Barley. 4th year-Wheat sown with clover. crops of wheat, was an additional benefit.Another objection is the difficulty of plowing in two fields of clover immediately after harvest, and in the hottest and driest season, for wheat. The chief part of the farm is regularly laid out The manure following instead of preceding the in ten acre lots, and each lot, in its turn, regular- corn, is another defect. But the superiority of y subjected to this system. A piece of low the course in spite of these defects, over the ground is kept in meadow, and occasionally top many more imperfect modes in practice, is shown dressed, rarely broken up, and supplies the hay. by the heavy crops obtained, the crop of wheat Respectfully, &c.. A rougher part of the farm, which could not be seldom being less than 1,500 bushels (on three well brought into the regular course, is occupied twelve acre fields;) the rye averaging 450 bushels with the summer fallow, wheat and clover, and (on one field:) and the corn crop annually, about SHORT CREEK, Harrison Co., O. grass for pasture. After long trial, the owner of 500 bushels. The latter would however probaRemarks.-Stone coal is not generally regarded the farm is satisfied that the manure which is ap-bly have been double, if the manure had preceded as of any value as manure or dressing for land,in plied to the corn crop, from the thorough inter-instead of following it. In this respect, the two England and other coal countries. It is com- mixture which it undergoes with the soil during preceding courses possess eminent advantages. monly supposed that it is not decomposable, and the cultivation of this and the following crop of In addition to those two, the following may be therefore furnishes no food for plants, although barley, is more beneficial to the wheat the third proposed for the adoption of our farmers. WM. E. LUKENS. Simplest, or three-course system: 1st year-Corn and roots, well manured. 2d year-wheat. 3d year-lover-one or more years, according to fertility and amount of manure at hand. Farmer's College. A GREAT YIELD.-The Maumee (O.) Times, of Pursuant to public notice, a meeting of the the 9th inst., says that a gentleman in that (Lustockholders in the joint stock company for the cas) county, raised 120 bushels of wheat from erection of a building to be used as a Collegiate three acres, averaging 63 lbs. to the bushel. ForInstitute adapted to the wants of the agricultural ty bushels to the acre is an uncommon yield.and business community, was held at Cary's We have heard of a farmer in this county who Academy, Pleasant Hill, Hamilton county, on has fifteen acres in wheat, and he is confident 1st year-Corn and roots, with all the manure. Friday, the 22d inst., at which a large number of that they will yield 500 bushels-being over thir2d year-Ba ley-or peas-or both. ty-three bushels to the acre.-Logansport (Ia.) Four course system: 3d year-Wheat. 4th year-Clover, one or more years. Oats is a severe crop any where in a rotation; an excellent farmer who adopts the preceding three-shift system, never permits oats to grow on land fit for wheat, but confines the crop exclusively to the more moist parts of his farm otherwise devoted to meadow and pasture. The following diagram will exhibit, to such as may not be familiar with the subject, the manner in which a farm may be laid out into fields, and each one allotted to its regular course for a long term of years. The rotation of Willis Gaylord, already mentioned, is selected; and the column given has only to be repeated to extend the cropping to a perpetual series of years. 1840-Wheat. '41-Pasture. '42-Meadow. '43-Fallow. '44-Wheat. '45-Oats and barley. '46-Pasture. '47-Corn and roots. 1840-Pasture. '41-Meadow. '42-Fallow. '43-Wheat. '44-Oats and Barley. '45-Pasture. '46-Corn and roots. '47-Wheat. 1840-Meadow. '41-Fallow. '42-Wheat. '43-Oats and barley. '44-Pasture. 45-Corn and roots. '46-Wheat. '47-Pasture. 1840-Fallow. '41-Wheat. '42-Oats and Barley. '43-Pasture. '44-Corn and roots. '45-Wheat. '46-Pasture. '47-Meadow. 1840-Wheat. '45-Pasture. '46-Meadow. '47-Fallow. From the Farmer's Cabinet. Fall Plowing for Corn. A Board of Directors, composed of the follow- In this county, the wire-worm has made great destruction in the corn for the last ten years. I ing fifteen persons, was elected, viz: John W.Caldwell, of Carthage; Nath'l S. School- have accidentally found out a remedy that has ey, Springfield; E. M. Gregory, Cincinnati; S. F. succeeded twice in preventing the worm from Cary, Esq., T. Kirby, T. B. Weatherby, Mill creek destroying the young corn. In September, 1842, township; Charles Cheeny, Edmund R. Glenn, I plowed part of a clover sod for wheat, but the Springfield; Paul C. Huston, Giles Richards, Cole- great drought prevented my finishing the field, Elizabethtown; J. Ely, Cheviot; Taylor Webster, corn in the spring of 1843. The part plowed in rain; Hon. John Matson, Miami; Edward Hunt, so that i concluded to put the clover sod field in Hamilton, Butler county; and Jacob Denniss, September, 1842, escaped the ravages of the Dearborn county, Ia. worm; while the land alongside, plowed in the spring of 1843, was nearly all taken by the worm. This induced me to try again, which I did in the month of September, 1843, with the same success as before stated. To plow in November and December will not, as I believe, be of any use as a preventive against the worm. I have known a field part plowed in September, part in December, and the residue in March following. The first escaped the ravages of the worm, the second and last were both destroyed in greater or less degree-all in the same field. Now, if September plowing will prevent the destroyer, it will save the farmer many bushels of corn. It has succeeded in three instances, to my knowledge; the reason for which I leave for others better qualified HENRY CAŽIER. to ascertain. Newcastle Co. Del., June 4, 1845. The following resolutions were then presented, and after some very appropriate and spirited remarks by different members upon the general object, were unanimously adopted, viz: 1. Resolved, That the report made to us this day, of one hundred shares of stock, already, in so short a time, subscribed towards a building for an institution of learning, which addresses itself so much to the wants of the business and laboring community-making a sum of 3000-has exceeded the expectations of even warm friends of the cause of education, and gives earnest of a deep and abiding interest in the cause, which will not falter till the means and facilities for a good business education may be within the reach of every son and daughter of this and the adjoining counties. For the Ohio Cultivator. To the Farmers. 2. That it recommended to the Board of Directors to proceed with all convenient expedition in their arrangements and preparations for the erection of a building, so as, if possible, to have the Born on a farm and bred to its delightful duties, laying of the corner stone, performed with appro- I cannot avoid feeling a deep interest in the reppriate ceremonies, at the close of the present ses-utation and prosperity of that portion of my felsion of the Academy, Sept. 25th; and also have a foundation completed this fall, and ready for the commencement of the brick work early next spring. 3. That the building to be erected be denominated the Farmers' Collegiate Hall of Hamilton county. low citizens who cultivate our beautiful earth. Yours is truly an enviable lot. Your employment, your country abode, and all your associations are worthy the admiration of every pure and noble spirit. The air you breathe is so pure, the breeze that fans you is so free, and all nature around you is so lovely and inspiring, that I should almost suspect the goodness of that person whose soul does not joy in your vales, your hill-tops and your shades-and when bound in the city's unnatural limits does not long to burst its confines and repose in your elysium. Do you call this exaggeration? O! I fear you do not appreciate the privileges which you enjoy, and the beauties which surround you. Removed from the bustle, turmoil and deceit of the city, quietude, harmony and virtue reign around you; removed from its impure, sultry and suffocating air, you inhale an atmosphere that comes to you loaded with the sweets of the flowers, and the fragrance of the foliage; removed from its strifes, pollutions and vices, you live where all nature inspires peace and purity, and lifts the wondrous spirit to its true nobility. What want have you that is not satisfied, what enjoyment can you conceive that you do not possess? If you do not enjoy all that heart can desire-all that can render life pleasurable, the fault is your own. If your condition be not exactly what it should be-if your physical powers do not possess that health, strength and Mass. Society for promoting Agriculture.-We elasticity, and your intillectual faculties that freelearn that the Trustees of the State Society have dom, vigor and activity which belong to them there concluded not to offer any premiums for the is none in Heaven or Earth you can complain of NORTHERN WISCONSIN.-The crops, particularly present season-and that they have appropriated but yourselves. The human body was made for wheat, corn,oats and barley-are better than ever funds and sent an experienced agent to Europe toil, and you are not forced to labor more than before known. The wheat is heavy, and entire- to select the best of the Ayrshire and Devon- your health demands, the mind is also constituly free from either smut or rust. The corn is shire breeds of cattle that can be procured-and ted for cultivation and exercise, and you have very heavy. We are sorry to say, however that if any other breed, remarkable for their milking every means for its full development, and ample grass and potatoes are almost an entire failure in qualities, should be thought by the agent to be time for the acquisition of knowledge. Physical consequence of the unprecedented hot,dry weath- an advantage to the country, he is authorized to and intellectual pursuits were designed to be It is feared that, if a long winter should en- make the purchase. The Trustees hope thereby prosecuted hand in hand, and he who devotes sue, the cattle will fare hard in Calumet and a to promote the agricultural interests of the Com- himself exclusively to the one, and neglects the portion of Fond du Lac counties.-Wisconsin monwealth as substantially as they could have other, violates the laws of God and Nature, and Republican. done by the offer of premiums:-N. E. Farmer. but half fulfills his destiny. Health and cheer It may be needless to multiply examples for practice. The principles already laid down in a former part of this essay, will enable the cultiva- 4. That the Board of Directors be instructed to tor to vary the preceding instances to suit circum- issue immediately, at the expense of the comstances; and the more the subject is examined, pany, a printed circular, setting forth the object the more interesting will its investigation appear. and plan of the association, and istribute copies One of the courses already given, that of corn, to the different individuals, in this and the adwheat, clover and heavy manuring,--has tripled joining counties, who may be supposed likely to the products of many farms in the eastern and take an interest in such an educational scheme. southern portions of the state within the last 5. That they be directed to make application to thirty years; and some which had been exhausted the legislature of the State, at its next session, and abandoned have been restored to a fertility for an act of incorporation under the name and rivaling the rich districts of the west. It is only form herein before designated. the examination of this branch of successful ag- 6. That Prof. Scott be requested to continue his riculture, and the exercise of the judgment in its agency for the obtaining of stock, with the aid of application in practice, that is necessary to ena- the Rev. Dr. Bishop, so far as he may be able to ble the farmer to guide his multifarious operations render it, until the county generally and the adwith clock-work precision and regularity; and while other departments of husbandry are all essential,-while manuring has been justly styled the sheet-anchor of the farmer, rotation may be regarded as the compass needle to guide him and prevent shipwreck on a barren waste. To the attention of all, this subject is therefore commended, as one fraught with the deepest and most important results to the agricultural prosperity of this country. er. joining districts of other counties shall have been 7. That a copy of the proceedings of this meet- NÁTH L. S. SCHOOLEY, Ch'm. |