"Hail, horrors, hail! ye ever gloomy bowers, "Ye Gothic fanes, and antiquated towers!" He is defcribed as walking the freets of Cambridge with a mincing ftep, his gown held up behind with one hand, his chin elevated, and nofe cocked up, as if in difdain; and, to the obferver of manners, this defcription will prefent a picture of his mind. Johnfon, as fome fort of apology for the caft of temper that I have endeavoured to delineate, fays, that his contempt is often employed where it muft be approved----on fcepticifin and infidelity. But, furely, the genius, virtues, and learning of Hume, merited the forbearance of kindred talent, into whatever errors of judgment their poffeffor might have been feduced. a term of addrefs for the fpires of called Milyans and Solymi, the deriCambridge than vation of which is too uncertain to be worthy dwelling on. The earliest account we can depend on of the Lycians, as a people of any note, is when the Cretans mixed among them, as alfo among their neighbours the Carians, from whom, therefore, both thefe nations are generally reckoned to be defcended, without taking any account of the first inhabitants. The event of the Cretans mixing with them took place when Sarpedon, being driven out of Crete by his brother Minos, landed in Afia with thofe Cretans who fided with him, and fettled in Mylias, founding there a new kingdom, after having conquered its antient inhabitants. During the reign of Sarpedon, the people of Lycia were, of courfe, indifcriminately called Cretans, but after his death they took the name of Lycians, from Lycus, the fon of Pandion, King of Athens, who, being forced by his brother Ageus to quit his native country, had fled to Sarpedon. I am, Sir, your's, &c. Z. A. A SYSTEM OF COSMOLOGY; IN- TORY. [Continued from page 17.] Lycians. The Lycians were once a very powerful and warlike people,confidering the fmallness of their country: they had, THE reader, on confulting the according to Strabo, upwards of threemap, will perceive that, fince we en- and-twenty large and populous towns, tered Afia, our march has been pur- were experienced mariners, and exfued, in an eastern direction, over the tended their power on the feas as far fouthern coaft of Afia Proper, wath- as Italy. Lycia was bounded by Caed by the Mediterranean; which ria on the weft, by Pamphylia on the route we fall continue till we arrive eaft, by Phrygia Major and part of at the Euphrates and borders of Sy- Pamphylia on the north, and by the ria, which form the utmoft extent Mediterranean on the fouth. The that can be allowed to Alia Minor, moft remarkable cities were, Patara, It was a matter of perfect indiffer- celebrated for a temple and oracle of ence whether we traverfed this firft, Apollo, not inferior to that of Delor the northern coaft, bounded by phos. At Patara, Apollo was fupthe Pontus Euxinus; but the fouth- pofed to refide the fix winter months, ern route feemed the most eligible, as and the fix fummer at Delos; whence what offered to our obfervation re- the epithets of Pataræus Apollo and fpecting the Myfians, Lydians, Phry- Sortes Lycia. Myra, built on a high gians, and fonians, was of greater hill, mentioned in the Acts; and confequence than moft of what will Olympus, a famous city with a mounoccur to us on the others, and alfo tain of the fame name. The chief more connected with what has been mountain of this country, and indeed delivered concerning Europe. of all Afia, is Mount Taurus, which The original Afiatic inhabitants of has its beginning in Lycia, and exLycia, according to Herodotus, were tends caftward to the great Oriental VOL. III. P 114 ocean. A Syftem of Cofmology. Their cuftoms were much the fame with the reft of Afia, except in one inftance, which is of a very fingular nature, and peculiar to themfelves: they took their names from their mo thers, for the women gave the family name; fo that if any one was asked of what family he was, he had recourfe to the female line. If a free born woman married a flave, her children enjoyed all the privileges of In Lycia was alfo the famous after the death of Alexander, were mountain Chimæra, which vomited governed by the Selucidæ, flames: the bottom was infested with ferpents, the middle afforded pasture for goats, and the top was frequented by lions, which gave room to the imagination of the poets to invent the monfter Chimæra: they painted it as a beaft with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a ferpent; whence the common expreffon Chimæra, to intimate the abfurdity of any vifionary fuppofition, has obtained. This mountain was firft citizens; but, on the contrary, if a planted and rendered habitable by Bellerophon, who is, therefore, reprefented by the poets as having killed this monfter. man of the first rank married a slave, their children were incapable of bearing any public employment, or taking any honours which were due to their The foil of this country is very fathers. What gave occafion to this fruitful, and the air reckoned whole- law, by which their politenefs to the fome it is plentifully watered with fair fex was carried to fo great a fmall rivers running down from Mount length, we are left in the dark. Taurus, which often fwell to an imCilicians. moderate degree, and overflow the country, being increased by the melting of the fnow on that mountain, as well as by heavy rains. CILICIA, according to the Greek writers, borrowed its name from Cilix, the fon of Agenor, and brother to Cadmus, who is faid by them to have fettled in this country; but Jofephus tells us that it was antiently called Tarfis, from Tarfhifh, the fon of Javan, who first peopled this part of Alia: the accounts are not inconfiftent, as Jofephus fpeaks of the earlieft times, on the fyftem by which he has defcribed the firft peopling of the world, and is the foundation on which this work was commenced. The Greek writers allude to a fubfequent period when Cilix may be fuppofed to have fettled there. The Lycians are highly commended by antient writers for their fobriety and manner of adminiftering juftice. The numerous cities we have mentioned as belonging to them, fent their deputies to a general affembly or diet; the great cities three, the inferior ones two, and the leaft only one. In this affembly all matters of confequence were canvaffed; here they administered juftice, fettled all private business, and declared war or peace: whence we may conclude that their government at least, in latter times, Bochart derives the name of Cilieither was not monarchical, or their cia from the Phoenician word Challemonarchs were not abfolute. This kim, which fignifies a stone, as it cer nation, as most of the reft of Afia, was tainly is allowed to be a very ftony firft fubdued by Crefus; and, after country; and the Turks, at present, the downfal of the Lydian kingdom call it Tas Wilcieth; that is, the ftony by Cyrus, they continued, however, province. It is bounded by Syria on to be governed by their own kings, the east, by Pamphylia on the weft, even after they fubmitted to the Per- by Ifauria, Cappadocia, and Armefians, but paid an annual tribute to nia Minor, on the north, and by the the King of Perfia. Both they, and Mediterranean on the fouth. It is now their mafters the Perfians, fell under called Caramania, having been the the power of the Macedonians, and, laft province of the Caramanian king dom that held out against the Otto- became, by degrees, a poor village: man power. it is at prefent called by the Turks The whole country was divided by Scanderon, and by the Italians Alexthe antients into Cilicia Afpera, or andretta; remarkable only for thofe Trachæa, and Cilicia Campeftris ; that ruins which thew what it was in betis, the rough or ftony, and the more ter times. That part of Cilicia which fertile and cultivated part. The ci- the antients call Cilicia Campeftris ties moftly worth notice in a work of was reckoned one of the most fruitful this nature were the following. countries of all Afia; but the wettern part, equally barren, is famous even to this day for an excellent breed of horfes, of which fix hundred are yearly fent to Conftantinople, for the ufe of the Grand Signior. The air in the inland cities is very wholefome, but equally dangerous on the coast, especially to fuch as are not accustomed to it. Sola, built, according to Laertius, by Solon, on his return from the court of Crafus, and which was peopled by a colony from Athens. It was deftroyed by Tigranes, King of Armenia, in his wars with the Romans, and rebuilt by Pompey; whence it was, in future, called Pompeiopolis. The Athenians of this colony, in procefs of time, quite loft the purity The Cilicians were a rough race of of their native language by converf- men, treacherous in their dealings, ing with the Barbarians, and became cruel, great liars; which gave rife to remarkable for their rude pronuncia- proverbs againft them by the Romans, tion; whence any impropriety of as, "Cilix haud facile verum dicit," fpeech obtained the appellation of &c. They were greatly addicted to Lohopos, folæcifmus; a folecifm, piracy, of which mode of depredation which we now ufe for any falfe con- Pompey had the honour of effectually ftruction, contrary to the rules of curing them. grammar. Tarfus, which produced the great Apoftle of the Gentiles; fo called from Tarthith, the abovementioned fon of Javan: but, according to Strabo, it was built by Sardinapalus, which he takes from Ariftobulus, who found a frange infeription on an antient monument: it was, Sardinapalus, the fon of Anacyndaraxes, built the cities of Anchiale and Tarfus in one day." It was, at first, the metropolis of all Cilicia. The inhabitants enjoyed the privileges of Roman citizens: it was by virtue of this right that St. Paul called himself a Roman, and was enabled to avail himself of it by the Portian law, much to his advantage. Alexandria, built by Alexander the Great, lies between Iffus and the ftraits which lead from Cilicia into Syria, a fituation very convenient for trade; whence it foon became one of the most flourishing cities of the world, till trade took another courfe on the difcovery of a way to the Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, when it In a work of this nature it cannot be expected that all the smaller states lying between thofe of greater confequence thould be taken notice of: such a defign would be too voluminous in its exccution. Our object is merely to give the student in hiftory a general view of the firft fpreading of mankind over the face of the globe, and of the origin of the principal ftates and kingdoms, of which the fmaller neighbouring ones were, for the most part, only branches. Having, therefore, touched on the borders of Syria, being the firft nation we come to of the Greater Afia, let us take a view of the northern coaft, and the principal midland people of Afia Minor, beginning with Bithinia, and go on till we arrive at a northern point oppofite Cilicia, the province laft treated of. Bithinia. THIS Country was alfo antiently called Mylia, Migdonia, and Betri cia: it was bounded on the weft by the Bofphorus Thracius and part of the Propontis; on the fouth by the river Rhyndacus and Mount Olym- fary to obferve, before we take notice pus; on the north by the Euxine of those which belong to Magog. fea; and on the eaft by the river Par- Next to Bithinia were fituated Pathenius. Ptolemy extends the con- phlagonia and Gallogratia, of both fines of Bithinia on this fide to Cito- which people we find nothing of rum on the coaft, and to Juliopolis in worth to arrest our attention, and the inland country; comprehending, have only to observe, respecting them, under the name of Bithinia, fome pro- that they were the offspring of Afhkevinces belonging to Galatia and Pa- naz and his brother Riphath, the fons phlagonia. of Gomer; for in Bithinia there was Bithinia was antiently inhabited by a river called Afcanius; and in Leffer various nations, differing in their man- Phrygia, or Troas, a city named Afners, customs, and language: they cania; and the Pontus Euxinus, or were the Bebryces, the Mariandyni, Axinus, as it was first called by the Eaucones, Dolliones, and Cimmerii. Greeks, is fuppofed to be a corruption Thefe different nations were governed for the fea of Alkenaz. Riphath, by kings of their own, Bithinia being, according to Jofephus, fettled near in the earlier times, divided into as his brother; and from him the Pamany kingdoms, as nations or tribes. phlagonians were originally called RiIn process of time they were reduced phathæans. under one monarchy, as each was fubdued by a more powerful neighbour; which muft ever be the fate, as it always has been, of thofe petty kingdoms contained in the fame coun The kingdom of Pontus, of which we are now to treat, had, no doubt, the fame origin with the preceding countries, though the particulars are not fo easily traceable. The name, indeed, is of very obvious derivation, that of the Euxine fea, or Pontus Euxinus, which washes its hore. That fea was called, by way of preeminence, Pontus, or the Sea, being the greatest known to the inhabitants of that country; whence not only this part, but the whole country extending along the coaft, was formerly, as Strabo informs us, called Pontus. The proper Pontus was bounded by the Euxine fea on the north, by Armenia Minor on the fouth, by Colchis on the eat, and by the river Halys on the weft. It is divided by Ptole my into three parts, viz. Pontus Galaticus, Polemoniacus, and Cappadocius. Pontus Galaticus, fo named becaufe added to Galatia by the Romans, extended from the Halys to the river Thermodon. The chief cities belonging to this part were, Amifus, built by the Milefians, and peopled partly by them, and partly by a colony from Athens: it was at firft a free city, like the other Greek cities in Afia, but afterwards fubdued by Pharnaces, King of Pontus, and made the metropolis of his kingdom. Ama fia, feated among mountains, at three arts and manufactories, the inhabitmiles diftance from the river Iris, now ants of Pontus Cappadocius, called Cafalmach, from whence there is a Chalybes, are celebrated for their trench, cut out of the folid rock, to extraordinary skill in working in iron, convey water to the town: it was, and making fteel armour, from whence according to Tavernier, an immenfe they derived that name. They were work, though he does not give us the a trading people, having many condimenfions. venient harbours in the Euxine fea, Pontus Polemonaicus, fo called by and great ftore of timber proper for the Romans from Polemon, king of building thips. Their language and this country, on whofe death it fell religion were much the fame with to them, extended from the river thofe of the Cappadocians, of which Thermodon to the country of the we are next to treat. This country Chalybes, or Pontus Cappadocius. was originally a part of Cappadocia, This part of Pontus is fuppofed to extending from Mount Taurus to the have been the country of the Ama- Euxine fea, and divided into feveral zons, which story in reality fignified petty kingdoms. The Medes and no more than that the women of that Perfians were, in turns, mafters of nation were fo uncommonly attached this, and all the countries on the to their husbands, that they always Euxine fea. The latter divided Capaccompanied them in time of war, padocia into fatrapies, and bestowed which custom moft likely obtained a- that part called Pontus on an ancestor mong them in confequence of their in- of Mithridates. tercourfe with the Scythians. LITERARY FROM Α Pontus Cappadocius, fo called be- EXTRACTS caufe it bordered on Cappadocia, extended from Pontus Polemonaicus to [Continued from page 241, Vol. II.] Colchis, having Armenia Minor and IN Victor's almoft forgotten notes a fiream of the Euphrates on the on the ftage, during his connection fouth. The chief city belonging to with it, occurs the following anecthis part was Cerafus, built by the dote of the refpectable author of Oroinhabitants of Sinope, in Paphlago- nooko-an anecdote that cannot be nia, to whom it paid a yearly tribute. read without a figh for a man of taFrom this town the cherry-tree was lents, who had lived to find himself firit brought into Ialy by Lucullus, capable only of calling forth emotions from whence it was called Cerafum in of contempt, inftead of thofe burfis Latin. According to Tournefort, the of approbation with which he had country hereabouts is very hilly, and been used to be greeted. “In 1725 the hills are covered with woods, was performed Money's the Mistress, wherein cherry-trees grow naturally, a comedy, by the celebrated Mr. as alfo the olive. The plains abound Southern. I happened to be behind with all forts of grain, being plenti- the fcenes the first night of this cofully watered with fmall rivers. The air of this country is reckoned very wholefome, and the foil in general fertile. It has been commonly fuppofed, that the antient inhabitants were the defcendants of Tabal; but, in procefs of time, the Cappadocians, and other nations, mixed with them, befides many Greek colonies which fettled in thefe parts, and maintained themfelves free, till the time of the latter kings of Pontus. As for their medy, and was very forry to find that It appears barely credible that the |