to stabilitate the reasoning of the acute rally confidered by the Roman wriand intelligent Philodice. ters as a part of Phrygia. Your's refpectfully, FULCRUM. A SYSTEM OF COSMOLOGY; TO THE HISTORY. GENERAL STUDY [Continued from page 511, Vol. II.] Phrygia. OF fpreading of mankind was undoubtedly from the eaft towards Europe, than that the Brygians fhould return into Afia. Jofephus informs us that the Phrygians were defcended from Togarmah, one of Gomer's fons, and adds that IN- they were known to the Hebrews under the name of Tigrammanes; but Herodotus, and others, are inclined to derive them from the Brygians, a people of Macedonia, who, they fuppofed, paffed into Afia Minor, and WHENCE the small country, now by a fmall alteration changed their to be confidered, obtained the name name to Phrygians. It is, indeed, of Phrygia, is uncertain, as different very probable that these two nations origins have been given by refpectable were originally the fame, by a colony authors; wherefore it will be the fafeft of Phrygians feeking a fettlement in way to take the one most usually given, Europe, and that the small alteration which is, from the river Phryx, now in the name took place on their obSarabat, which divides Phrygia from taining one; which is a fuppofition Caria. The Phrygians, Trojans, Me- much more probable, as the first fians, Lydians, and Carians, have been fo blended by the poets, and alfo in the accounts of them by other authors, that it is difficult to give the exact boundaries of any of these na- The Phrygians are defcribed as a tions. Phrygia proper was bounded fuperftitious, voluptuous, and effemion the north by Pontus and Bithy- nate race, without any prudence or nia; on the weft by Myfia, the Ægean forecaft, and of fuch a fervile temper, Sea, Lydia, Mæonia, and Caria; on that nothing but ftripes could make the fouth by Lycia, and on the east them perform their duty; from which by Pamphylia and Galatia. All thefe the Latins derived two of their procountries, as was obferved, were in verbs, which are well known, “ Phryantient times highly celebrated for ges fero fapient," "The Phrygians their fertility, abounding in all forts are always wife too late;" and "Phryx of grain; being, for the most part, a verberatus melior," The more you plain country, covered with a deep beat a Scythian, the better he will be." rich foil, and plentifully watered by They were the firtt inventors of divifmall rivers: they were alfo well nation by the finging, flying, and feedftocked with cattle, having large plains ing of birds. Their mufic, commonly and pasture grounds: the air was called the Phrygian mood, has been pure, and the climate wholefome; much infifted on as an argument of though now, as great part of the their effeminacy. The Doric mood countries is uncultivated, it is was a kind of grave and folid mufic; thought to be in fome degree lefs fo: the Lydian, a doleful and plaintive this is the neceffary confequence of harmony; but the Phrygian, we are the defpotifm, grofs ignorance, and informed, was particularly calculated fuperftition of all thofe unhappy na- to effeminate and enervate the mind. tions who groan under the Moham- Now what could this mood be, othermedan yoke. wife than that delicate and foft comPhrygia is ufually divided into the bination of notes, connected by half greater and leffer, called alfo Troas; tones, lofing itself in a delightful mebut this divifion did not take place lody fimilar to that of the modern Itatill Troas was fubdued by the Phry- lian, fo highly expreffive of the volupgians, and therefore is more gene- tuous confufion of amorous ideas? 66 We may therefore conclude that the countries were extremely fertile, they Italian is the offspring of the Phry- were equally reforted to by merchants gian tafte, as moit probably, on the from Greece and Italy; and that migration of part of the Lydians to Apamea, now Apami, in Phrygia MaTufcany, as we have seen above, they jor, was the chief emporium of all imported the love ftrains of their Afia Minor. neighbours, together with their own. pathetic harmony. It has been fuppofed, that the Phrygian language bore a great reThe notion, however, that music femblance to the Greek; but the enervates a nation more than every contrary is manifeft, from the few other amusement muft neceffarily do, Phrygian words which have been colwhen it becomes the fole employ- lected by Bochart. It obtained the ment of life, feems rather popular first place in point of antiquity in the declamation than found reafoning; opinion of the learned Egyptians, for it is wrong to conclude, that from an experiment made by Pfambecaufe music is capable of fiimu- metichus, a king of Egypt, who imalating the fotter paffions to a great de- gined that children not taught any gree, the more manly and heroic other would naturally speak the primuft of course be enfeebled or obli- mitive tongue, and that he might by terated the powers of mulic have this means afcertain what nation was ever been allowed to be very great, the oldeft, fhould they use any words and capable of effecting very oppofite of a then living language. This foolpurpofes. Thus, we tee that martial ifh fuppofition, in which the king mufic, even the beat of the drum, however does not stand single, gives excites the feelings of heroic ardour, us but a poor fpecimen of the proand perhaps, more powerfully even grefs Egyptian learning, fo much exthan the tender ftrains, calls into ac- tolled, had then made, fince they tion thofe of love; and undoubtedly the effect is more general; for all men, even the boors, are roufed by the beat of the drum and the found of the trumpet; but men only of fome degree of refinement, at least, are capable of understanding the language of foft mufic. Wherefore it is not mufic that effeminates, but luxury and diffipation, the effects of more evil refinements and corrupt manners. But as all refinements have be intuitive. The method the good commonly been introduced pretty nearly at the fame time, and mufic has unfortunately been too often found in company with fome of the worst of them, the has been made the fcape goat of her companions. The government of the Phrygians was monarchical, and all Phrygia was originally fubject to one prince: but fome time before the Trojan war, we find this country divided into feveral petty kingdoms under their refpective princes. Refpecting their trade, it is neceffary only to fey, that, as all thefe were ignorant that, as the power of articulation is natural to man, the utility of converting it to the purpose of forming founds that should fiand for ideas would foon direct those that were excluded from the poflibility of learning any tongue to form a language of their own; and that as all words, as figns of ideas, are merely adventitious and arbitrary, without any connection by nature, none could king took to try this experiment was, by placing two infants newly born under the care of a fhepherd, who, under the ftricteft commands, was to fufier no person whoever to come near them, but to purfe them himself, by bringing them goats to fuck, till they could take other food, and never to let them hear his voice. At the expiration of two years, the fhepherd entered their little cabin, when they ran to him, holding out their hands, and cried, beccos;' which, when he found they repeatedly did, he informed the king of it; and on enquiry One that word was found to fignify bread Streight of the White Sea. The mouth in the Phrygian language, and the of the channel is defended by two cafprecedence in point of antiquity was tles, built by Mahomet IV, in 1659, candidly yielded to the Phrygians by to fecure his fleet against the Venethe Egyptians. The Scythians, how- tians. The fea flows through this ever, would not allow this to be a juft ftrait out of the Propontis, or White inference, and thereby proved them- Sea, with the greatest rapidity: when felves to be the wifeft, at least in this the north wind blows, no fhips can inftance, of the two nations; for they enter; but when it is fouth, the curargued, that, as the two children had rent is fcarcely perceptible. Accordnever heard the voice of any human ing to Tournefort, the mouth of the creature, the word beccos,' which in Hellefpont is four miles over; and Le the found even refembles the cry of a Brun affures us, that the ftrait at goat, muft have been only an imita- the caftles is only half a mile over, tion of the goats that had fuckled which indeed was quite enough for a them, though it also happened to be lover, actuated by the highest degree a Phrygian word. of paffion, to attempt fwimming over Phrygia Minor was antiently called in a dark tempeftuous night, which Troas, Teucria, and Dardania, from we are informed Leander of Abydos kings that reigned in that country. It ufed frequently to do, to vifit Hero, was alfo named Idæa, from Mount priestess of Venus, who refided in the Ida, and finally became part of Phry- caftle of Seftos, on the other side: gia, from the Phrygians making the directed his courfe by a light, themselves matters of it, about the which one unfortunate night went time of the deftruction of Troy. It was divided into two parts; the maritime, called Hellefpontiaca; and the more inland part, termed 'Epictetus. This part was properly called Troas, though the Trojan kingdom extended from the river Afopus to the banks of the Caicus, including the greater and beffer Myfia. Epictetus extended nearly to Mount Olympus, in the greater Myfia. This part at firft belonged to Prufias, king of Bithynia, who yielded it by agreement to Eumenes, king of Pergamus: whence it was called Epictetus; that is, acquired. The Hellefpont was fo called from Helle, a Troy, or Ilium, a city of Phrygia daughter of Athamas, king of Thebes, Minor, made immortal by the iniwho was drowned in that channel, as mitable poems of Homer and Virgil, fhe was carrying the golden fleece to was built by Tros, king of that counColchis, with her brother Phryxus. try, who called it Troy, from his own The name of Dardanelles is probably name; and Ilium, from that of his fon derived from Dardanum, an antient Ilus. It was feated on a rifing ground, city built by king Dardanus; and this near Mount Ida, and five miles from name is still in ufe, though it is now the fhore: there were fcarce any remore commonly called the Streight of mains of it to be feen in Strabo's Gallipoli, and the Arm of St. George, time; and moft of the antient as from a famous church of St. George, well as the modern writers confound in a village called Periftafis, not far the old with the new Ilium. This from Gallipoli: it is known to the city was reduced to a village in the Turks by the name of Boghas, or time of Alexander the Great, who out, and Leander was drowned; upon Bear me but fafe to her for whom I burn, I brave your vengeance, waves! on my return.' Leander is represented on the medals of Caracalla and Alexander Se verus as conducted by a Cupid flying before him with a torch. caused it to be repaired, and the whole origin of this nation, as it is an incity to be embellifhed. This new city ftance of a remigration, in which was almoft reduced to the condition cafe the original migration always beof the former when the Romans first comes obfcure, and the latter is entered Afia, who, as they fancied given by antient hiftorians as a fuffithemselves to be the offspring of the cient account of the origin of any antient Trojans, fpared no pains or people under fuch a predicament. coft to restore it to its antient luftre: This is exactly the cafe with respect and Auguftus Cæfar fent thither a co- to the Ionians, who, no doubt, muft lony, and euriched it with many state- originally have been Afiatics, though, ly buildings; therefore, undoubtedly, when they fift migrated to Greece, the ruins, which are to be seen at pre- time has drawn the thick veil of obfent, are this new Ilium. There are fcurity over. We find, therefore, in a great many marble tombs of most history, an account of the Ionians, as exquifite workmanship, two of which a people of Greece, derived, accordare ftill perfect. Spon, who vitited ing to the fable, from Ion, fon of thefe curiofities, informs us, that they Apollo by Creufa, daughter of Erichare in the style of the antient Romans, theus, and grandfon to Deucalion; and much refembling thofe that are but, according to Jofephus, from Jato be seen at Arles; whence he con- van, fon of Japhet. When the cludes, that they must be the remains Achæans were driven out of those of that Troy which the Romans built countries in which they had fettled on the ruins of the original. Le Brun by the Dores and Heraclidæ, they fpeaks of the remains of a mott noble feized on that part of Achaia where ftructure, which he vifited, at the dif- the Ionians had fettled, and drove tance of five miles from the coat. them out. The Ionians went into The four gates of this great edifice, at Attica, where they were well received that time entire, were about forty-five by Melanthus, who then reigned feet in height, and near them stood a there; they, however, did not stay wall of an extraordinary thickness, there longer than the establishment of with fourteen gates of a competent the first archon, when Nileus, and fize: the veftiges of this magnificent the reft of the fons of Codrus, impastructure took up an hundred and tient of being under the government thirty feet in length, and an hundred in breadth; and our author thinks that thefe ruins may vie with any monuments of antiquity he ever faw. Ionia. of their brother Medon, drew a great number of Athenians, with all the Ionians, to join them, and left Athens to fettle in Leffer Aha. This event muft have taken place about the year 1052 before Christ. BEFORE We proceed to an account of the farther parts of Afia Minor, it The Ionians, on their arrival in will be proper to take a view of thofe Afia, divided themselves into twelve countries which were fituated be- fmall ftates, as they had been while tween Phrygia and the Ægean Sea; to inhabitants of Peloponnefus; and do which, it will be proper to begin founded in each a city from which with the Ionians, who were next the each ftate took its name; they were as fea, in confequence of the connec- follows: Ephefus, Miletum, Priene, tion we fhall obferve to have exift- Colophon, Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Claed between them and most of the in- zomenæ, Erithræ, Phocea,Chios, in the terjacent countries. Ionia was bound- ifle of that name, and Samos. Thefe ed on the north by Æolia, on the weft were at first under a petty prince, but, by the Egean and Icarian Seas, on being forced at length to join togethe fouth by Caria, on the east by ther, formed the Ionian confederacy, Lydia and part of Caria. It is im- fo much spoken of by the antients, poffible to fay much refpecting the the chief and moft powerful among them being that of Miletus. As they fupported by an hundred and twenty brought no women with them into marble pillars feventy feet high, of Afia out of Greece, they conceived which twenty-feven were most curithe plan of invading their neighbours, oufly carved, and the reft polished. the Carians, in order to provide them- Thefe pillars were executed under the felves with wives; which enterprize direction of as many kings, and the they fucceeded in, and returned with bas-reliefs of one were done by Scoas many women as they thought ne- pas, the most famous fculptor of all ceffary; a precedent from which, in antiquity. The altar was almoft all probability, Romulus conceived wholly the work of Praxiteles: it is the plan of his Sabine rape, about very remarkable, that for fo magnifithree hundred and forty-four years cent a temple fo fmall a ftatue as after the times we are speaking of. Pliny defcribes fhould have been Next to Miletus, Ephefus was the placed in it, which, it feems, was a city moft worthy of notice: it is very little one of ebony, made by one called by the prefent inhabitants Canitia. On the fpot where this temAifaloue; it was antiently the metro- ple stood there had been a very beaupolis of all Afia. Stephanus calls it tiful one, though not equal to it, Epiphaneftate, or the Moft Illuftrious; which was deftroyed the fame day but what a different idea of it does that Alexander was born. It was that give from what its prefent ftate burnt by one Eroftratus, who owned affords us, which exhibits only a forry on the rack, that the only thing which village, inhabited only by thirty or had prompted him to deftroy fo exforty Greek families, and of the most cellent a work, was, the defire of trans ignorant and lower order! mitting his name to future ages; whereupon a decree was paffed, forbidding any one to name him; but this prohibition ferved only to mak● his name more memorable, such an extravagant measure being taken notice of by all the hiftorians who have written of thofe times. The chief ornament of Ephefus was the celebrated temple of Diana, built at the common charge of all Afia, in the construction of which fome hiftorians inform us, that fuch a quantity of fione was used, that almoft all the quarries in the country were emptied. To fecure the foundations, which The religion and laws of the Greek were to bear a building of fuch a colonies in Afia were much the fame prodigious weight, they laid beds of with thofe of Greece; their principal charcoal, according to Pliny, well deities being Ceres, Apollo, Diana, rammed, and upon them others of and Neptune. Thefe colonies enjoyed wool; from which we may obferve, their liberties, and lived according to that the properties of charcoal, lately their own laws, from the time of their fo much the fubject of chemical in- migration to the reign of Cræfus, King veftigation, were not entirely unknown of Lydia, to whofe fuperior power to the antients, as this method per- they were forced to fubmit, after havfectly agrees with the obfervations ing baffled all the attempts of his prewhich were lately offered to the So- deceffors. ciety for the Encouragement of Arts and Sciences, on the best means of preventing the dry rot, in which the charring the ends of beams and timber used in buildings is recommended. THE twenty-firft verfe of the fourPliny tells us, that two hundred teenth chapter of Saint Luke does years and upwards were spent in not appear to have been fufficiently building this wonderful temple. It well understood by the interpreters, was four hundred and twenty feet in not even by that perfpicacious comlength, and two hundred in breadth, mentator Hugo Grotius. The word. VOL. III. To the Editor of the Universal Mag. C |