cylindrical rollers, each three inches in diameter and as long as the barrel inside, and these turn and assist in the amalgamation during the revolutions of the barrels. The barrels are cleaned up once in two weeks. Amalgamation proceeds more readily if hot water is used. Mr. Philip S. McDonald, who was superintendent of the Grizzly mill for a time, and has the repute of being a very competent man, prefers the system of dry crushing and amalgamating in close barrels. By the ordinary modes of crushing and amalgamation much of the fine gold is carried off by the water. In dry crushing, however, it is necessary to protect the laborers from the dust, which has been known to cause death in three months, where no precaution was used.

The Bonita mine, adjoining the Grizzly on the south, is idle, and so is its 10-stamp mill, which was built before the mine was opened.

The Consuela and its ten-stamp mill are doing nothing.

The Martin mine, two miles south of the Grizzly, is being worked with

arrastras.

The Invincible mine, 2,000 feet on Sugar Pine creek, 22 miles eastward from Sonora, has produced some good quartz, but the mine and its mill are standing idle now.

The Excelsior mine, at Sugar Pine, has yielded $300,000, of which two-thirds was profit.

MOUNT VERNON.-The Mount Vernon mine, 2,100 feet long, 18 miles northeast of Sonora, is on a vein which runs northeast and southwest, dips 45° to the southeast, and is about two feet wide on an average between granite walls. Only one pay chimney has been found, and that dips about 45° to the southwest. It was 60 feet long horizontally, near the surface, and 300 feet down it is more than 100 feet long, the end not having been found in the drift now being run. The rock is worked in the Monitor mill, which is very near on the north fork of the Tuolumne river. The rock pays $96 per ton, and in 1866 500 tons were worked.

SNELL. The Snell mine, 1,800 feet long, 15 miles northeast of Columbia, is on a vein which runs northeast and southwest, is nearly vertical, and has an average width of one foot. A pay chimney was found, and it paid $50 per ton, but it pinched ont. A mill is going up now.

MONITOR.-The Monitor, 2,100 feet long, 18 miles east of Columbia, in Sugar Pine district, is 15 inches wide, and dips at an angle of 45° to the east between granite walls. There is an incline down 60 feet, and drifts have been run 90 feet on the vein. Some of the rock has paid as much as $300 to the ton, but the mine and mill are both idle now. The mill has five stamps.

HAZEL DELL.-The Hazel Dell mine, 1,550 feet long, at Five-mile creek, on a vein that averages about two feet in thickness. The walls are rotten granite. The rock averages $25 to $30, but at present the extraction of quartz is interrupted by water. The lowest workings are seventy feet below the surface. A tunnel is now being cut for the purpose of drainage. There is a five-stamp mill which has been leased.

SUMMIT PASS.-The Summit Pass mine No. 1, one mile from Columbia, 3,600 feet long, runs north and south, dips to the east at an angle of 70°, and is four feet wide. The walls are of slate, with an overlying stratum of limestone near the surface. The claim has been worked 500 feet along the surface, and paid well. The quartz is heavily charged with arsenical sulphurets. No work is being done now.

Summit Pass No. 2, 2,000 feet long, is on a spur from the preceding lode. The mine has been opened at several points.

QUARTZ NEAR COLUMBIA.-The Columbia mine, on the experimental lode at Summit Pass two miles northeast of Columbia, has limestone walls, runs northwest and southeast, dips to the northeast, and is from one foot to four feet in width. The average pay is $11 per ton. It is worked with a 15-stamp mill.

The Kimball mine, three miles northeast of Columbia, lies between limestone and green-stone, is a foot wide, and is accompanied by a trap dike 8 or 10 feet wide. When first opened $6,000 were obtained from 600 pounds of rock. is not worked now.

It The Kimball extension, adjoining the Kimball, is similar in character, and is being worked now, the quartz being crushed in a custom mill. The yield is $10 per ton.

The Shanghae mine at Yankee Hill, two miles east of Columbia, in a vein which runs north and south, dips to the east at an angle of 65°, and is three feet wide. It is east of the limestone belt in slates highly metamorphosed. It was worked with arrastras in 1856, and yielded then $100 per ton; and it is now worked with a 10-stamp mill.

HUNTER.-The Hunter mine, in Big Cañon, 14 miles southeast of Sonora, is on the side of a mountain that is at an angle of 45° from the north fork of the Tuolumne. The rock was very rich at the surface, and a tunnel run in 20 feet ran through quartz that yielded $300 to the ton. The owner was so delighted that he built a mill without delay and at great cost. The only way to get the timbers and castings to the site was to let them down with ropes from the top of the mountain. After $40,000 had been expended in the mill and in exploration, it was found that the pay chute was only 20 feet long, and more money would be required to work it than the owner could raise; so after $10,000 had been taken out no more work was done.

LEWIS.-The Lewis mine, 2,400 feet long, is 20 miles east-northeast of Sonora, on a vein of talcose slate 150 feet wide. The course is north and south, with a slight dip to the east. The slate is barren, but it encloses a number of veins of quartz which run in every direction, and all are rich. There are several chutes about 30 feet long horizontally, in which the quartz averages $25 to $30 per ton, while elsewhere the quartz yields $10 or $12. Most of the quartz is found near the hanging wall. The vein has been examined for a distance of 2,000 feet, and pay rock has been found at intervals along the whole distance. The quartz in places contains sulphurets of iron and lead, and crude sulphur is found in the slate. Heretofore the quartz has been extracted by tunnels, but hereafter shafts are to be sunk. The eastern wall is granite and the western a hard black slate. The mine lies in the Big basin, which is surrounded by high ridges, on the north side of which the snow lies till May. The rock is crushed in a five-stamp mill, and is amalgamated in two large arrastras. The gold varies in fineness from 600 to 785, the highest fineness being obtained from those quartz veins which contain the coarsest particles of metal.

It

SELL AND MARTIN.-The Sell and Martin mine, 1,200 feet long, is situated one mile north of Sonora. It is two or three feet wide, and runs northwest and southeast, and dips 60° to the northeast. It is a remarkable pocket vein, and has produced not less than $150,000, of which one-fourth has been profit. was first opened in 1850, and has been leased three or four times. For one year the lessee paid one-third, and for another one-fourth of the gross yield. About 2,000 tons of rock have been taken out in all, but most of the gold has been pounded out in a hand mortar. The walls are of slate, and the country is intersected by porphyritic dikes three or four feet thick, which occur at intervals of 100 or 150 feet along the 700 feet in which the pockets have been found. The vein is later in formation than the dikes and cuts across them, and on the lines of intersection most, if not all, of the pockets have been found. The quartz, except in the immediate neighborhood of the pockets, is barren. A 15-stamp mill was erected at the mine in 1863, but as no large quantity of ore could be obtained to yield more than 50 cents a ton, the mill has been standing idle. There are several men now at work in the mine hunting for pockets and taking out the gold in a hand mortar when they find them. The largest pocket found yielded $15,000.

SOPHIA. The Sophia mine, two miles east of Sonora, is 2,150 feet long, on a vein which runs northeast and southwest and dips 80° southwest. The vein is crossed by dikes which the miners call granite. Their width is usually three feet, though one is forty. The gold is found in pockets near the dikes. Every pay chimney is near a dike, but some of the dikes have no pay chutes near them. The walls are of slate, and there is on one side or the other a talcose gouge, usually on the hanging wall; and when in the foot wall it indicates the proximity of a pocket. There are within a distance of 300 feet, horizontally, three pay chutes, each of them from ten to twenty feet long. The mine has been worked by a tunnel 400 feet long, and a shaft 80 feet deep; and another tunnel 130 feet below the level of the first one is now in 170 feet. The total yield from the mine has been $45,000, and in the year ending May, 1867, the produce was about $5,000. There is a five-stamp mill on the claim, but it has not rock enough to run regularly.

BALD MOUNTAIN.-On the same Bald mountain, and it is supposed on the same vein, is the Patterson and Turner claim, which yielded $30,000 in one pocket, and $60,000 in all.

On the same mountain is the Ford elaim, which was discovered in 1851, and was wonderfully rich at the surface. One pocket yielded $40,000, and the owners rejected offers to purchase shares at the rate of $500,000 for the entire mine.

The Austrian claim, on the same mountain, had one pocket that paid $70,000, besides several others smaller.

The three claims last mentioned are all idle now, and were worked only near the surface. There is no regular (as distinguished from a "pocket") pay chute in Bald mountain, the gold being nearly all in pockets. The gold is of very fine quality, some of it 960 fine. Some pockets are surrounded by shattered and decomposed rock, and about these some mill rock is obtained, but the pockets in hard rock have all their gold in a little compact cluster.

Bald mountain is only a mile east of the limestone belt which runs through Tuolumne county, and many miners say that all the gold near the limestone is in pockets.

DRAPER.-The Draper mine, 4,000 feet long, six miles eastward from Sonora, is on a vein which runs north and south, is nearly perpendicular, and is 15 inches wide in granite walls. The lowest workings are 325 feet deep, and they extend 410 feet on the vein. There are three pay chimneys, one of 70, one of 90, and one of 60 feet in horizontal length. Between the pay chimneys the walls pinch together. The mine has been worked regularly since 1858. The quartz yields about $40 per ton, and 150 or 180 tons are extracted monthly and worked in steam custom mills, to which $6 per ton is paid for crushing and amalgamation. The price in water mills is $5 per ton. The ore is heavily charged with sulphurets of iron, copper, lead and zinc.

NONPAREIL.-The Nonpareil mine, one mile from Big Oak Flat, is on the Nonpareil vein, which runs east and west and dips to the north at an angle of 70°, and has an average width of five feet. The walls are slate, and the quartz of the veinstone is mixed with slate, and in places the hard slate is seen full of particles of gold. Several shafts have been sunk, and the deepest workings are 140 feet on an incline. Drifts have been run 160 feet on the vein in pay all the way. At 70 feet from the surface the rock yielded $30 and $40 to the ton, but in the lowest levels the pay has been $13. The rock contains five per cent. of sulphurets which assay $300 or more to the ton, some samples yielding double and treble as much. The mine is now troubled with water, and work has been stopped, but a tunnel 650 feet long would drain the mine to a depth of 340 feet. There is a five-stamp mill which is also idle. The power is supplied by a Faucherie turbine wheel seven inches in diameter and four feet long, including the driving wheels. There is 345 feet of perpendicular fall for the water, and 60

inches are used at a cost of 15 cents per inch, or $9 for 24 hours. The turbine was bought with the assurance that it would drive 24 stamps, but the opinion among those who have seen it work is that it would not drive more than 10 Farrand's oscillating pan and Hinkle's pan are used in the amalgamation.

BURNS.-The Burns mine, on the Nonpareil vein and adjoining the Nonpareil mine, has a mass of decomposed talcose slate which is in places 25 feet wide. It all pays to work, and 12 tons are rushed daily through the five-stamp mill. Five additional stamps are being put in. The pulp, after being amalgamated in the mortar and on copper plates just below the battery, runs into tanks and settlers, and from the tanks the sand is put into Varney's pans to be ground, and it is afterwards amalgamated in settlers.

OTHER QUARTZ NEAR BIG OAK.-The Rattlesnake mill containing 10 stamps, erected in 1866 at Big Oak Flat, is not running now.

"The Cosmopolite mine, near the head of Garrote creek, is on a vein which runs northwest and southeast and dips to the northeast, and is ten feet wide. The lowest workings are 150 feet below the surface, and a 10-stamp mill, formerly known as the Cross or Anita mill, belongs to the mine.

The Mississippi mine at Big Oak Flat has had some rich pockets. A mill was built in 1866, but it is not running now, crushing being done at present in

an arrastra.

The Cross mill is standing idle. It belongs to the Golden Rock Water Company and offers to do custom work.

The Mack mill is also idle. The Jackson mill, four miles east of Big Oak Flat, ditto.

SECTION V.

CALAVERAS COUNTY.

The county of Calaveras extends from the Stanislaus river on the south, to the Mokelumne on the north, and from the summit of the Sierras on the east, to . near the base of the foot-hills on the west. The rivers which serve as the northern and southern boundaries are permanent, but, all within the limits of the county, unless streams confined to the snow regions near the summit, go dry in summer. The Calaveras river, from which the county takes its name, and the San Antonio, are considerable streams in winter, but their beds are bare in the fall.

With the exception of West Point, all the towns of any note in this county are on the lime belt, or west of it; and most of them are within 1,800 of the level of the sea, and in a region which, except near the large streams, is gently undulating, so that there is little difficulty in travelling about. All the streams are auriferous, but most of the diggings have been shallow and are now exhausted, and as a consequence the business of the county has very much declined. There is not one large hydraulic claim in the county, and although there are many quartz claims that have each yielded large sums, there is no quartz mine that has paid high and constantly for five years. There is good reason to believe, however, that Calaveras will, in a few years, occupy a much higher position in quartz mining than at present. The county is well supplied with water by ditches; the roads are comparatively good; and timber can be had in sufficient quantity for mining purposes."

The debt of the county is $240,000, and the State and county tax is four per cent. annually of the assessed value of property.

There are fifteen ditches in the county, with a total length of 300 miles, constructed at a total cost of $2,000,000. The only large ditches are those owned

by the Mokelumne Hill and Campo Seco Company and by the Union Water Company*

The principal quartz mining towns are Angels, West Point and Carson Hill, Murphys, Douglas Flat and Cave City are placer mining towns on the limestone belt. Mokelumne Hill and San Andres are near old channels, and both have some shallow placers. Jenny Lind and Campo Seco had rich placers in early days, but both are exhausted now, at least so far as the present wages and modes of working will permit. Cat Camp, near the western line of the county, not worked hitherto because of the lack of water, is to have a ditch finished before the end of the year, and 350 claims have been located there in anticipation.

Deep beds of gravel have been found in several high ridges in the eastern part , of the county, but so far as they have been examined they have not proved rich enough to pay for hydraulic washing. It is known that there are considerable deposits of gravel near the Big Tree grove. Some explorations have been undertaken in the hope of finding in that neighborhood the Big Blue lead of Sierra and Placer counties, but without success.

El Dorado Flat is a portion of an old channel near the Stanislaus river, 300 feet above its level, and half a mile above Robinson's ferry. The gravel is 100 feet deep, and the bed rock pitches as if the stream had run up the course of the present Coyote creek. Ten men, in four months, took out $7,000 at El Dorado in the early part of 1867.

The Mokelumne river paid very well at nearly all the bars, more than a dozen in number between Union bar and Clay's bar, and even in the bottom of the channel. At Sandy bar 107 pounds of gold were taken in two days by seven Frenchmen. The river was flumed every year from 1850 to 1865, and for the first seven or eight years paid high. At Union bar much of the gold was in pieces resembling melon seeds in size and shape. The Mokelumne river has been worked for about 30 miles along its course.

The Stanislaus river has been worked every year since 1849. In that year the work was confined chiefly to the bars; in 1850, 1851 and 1852 the stream was dammed at many places and turned, but paid at only a few. The bed, except near the mouths of Carson's creek, Coyote creek, and Jackass gulch, was comparatively poor. The best diggings were found at the heads of bars and near high-water line, and the rich spots in the deeper parts of the bed were nearly all in crevices, some of them made by the decomposition of quartz veins. After 1853 the river was flumed repeatedly, but in nine cases out of ten these fluming enterprises were unprofitable. The river mining, for the last six or seven years, has been mostly in the hands of Chinamen.

BIG TREE GROVE.-The Big Tree grove, situated 15 miles from Murphys, 81 miles from Stockton, and 4,500 feet above the level of the sea, is a favorite place of resort. Five days' time and $50 are required to make the trip from San Francisco and back in the cheapest and most expeditious manner.

The

* Mr. Watson, referring to the resources of Calaveras county, says: "The sectional area of this county is 1,140 square miles, with but 98 square miles or 62,763 acres of cultivated land. The assessor's valuation of the county is $2,004,430. The population, 16,299 in 1860,* is mostly engaged in mining pursuits, and are large buyers of imported products and merchandise, all of which must pass over the Stockton and Copperopolis railroad. Aside from the gold and copper of this county, there are extensive quarries of marble and granite of very superior quality, which cannot be worked at the present rates of transportation. Her upper range of mountains are covered by a dense forest of pine and oak, embracing an area of about 300 square miles, which can probably be transported to the San Francisco market for 25 per cent. less than an equal quality of timber can be procured from any other source on this coast. In this county is located the Big Trees or "Mammoth Grove," which, as a curiosity, attracts thousands of tourists every year, and, as a natural production, it excites the wonder and admiration of every visitor. The up freights for the county will amount to 15,640 tons per annum, and down freights, including copper ores, 65,400 tons per annum-total, 71,040 tons.

* Estimated population in 1866, 12,000.-Swett's Report on Public Schools.