This

Only about one-half of the timber thus accounted for, however, is so situated and in such stands as to be commercially usable. condition is set forth in the following table:

TABLE 68.-Canada: Volume of standing timber

Of the timber tabulated, the largest part is required for lumber. The drain upon Canadian forests, including that caused by fire and disease, is estimated at over 4,000,000,000 cubic feet per annum. This is, of course, offset to a certain extent by an undetermined amount of growth. To quote from an official Canadian report:

The supply of readily accessible virgin timber is being depleted rapidly in Canada, as is evidenced by the greatly increased distances to which the raw material is being transported to the manufacturing centers and by the extension of operations into territory which a few years ago was considered economically inaccessible.

Of the supplies of pulpwood in Canada only a small proportion is available for export to the United States. This is due to the prohibition by Dominion and Provincial legislation of export of unmanufactured wood from Canadian Crown (public) lands.

Ontario was the first Province to restrict the exportation of pulpwood. Legislation of 1900 prohibited the exportation of unmanufactured pulpwood cut on Crown lands within the Province. Similar Dominion legislation covering Dominion Crown lands in the Prairie Provinces and elsewhere came into force in 1907. During 1908, when exportation from Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia was unrestricted, the total exports amounted to 842,308 cords and formed 64 per cent of the apparent total production. Similar restrictions became effective in Quebec in 1910 and in New Brunswick in 1911. In 1912 the total exports formed only 53 per cent of the apparent total. The exportation of Crown land pulpwood was prohibited from British Columbia in 1913, and the exportations from the Dominion fell to less than one-half the total. The ratio of exportation decreased steadily up to 1922 when exports made up only about one-quarter of the total quantity of pulpwood cut in Canada. The proportion in late years has varied, but the tendency has been downward. In 1929, exports formed only 20 per cent of the cut.

As just shown, Canadian pulpwood is exportable from private land. In Nova Scotia, 76 per cent of the forest land is privately owned; nearly half of this is in holdings exceeding 1,000 acres. In New Brunswick a little over 50 per cent is privately owned, and 20 per cent is in holdings exceeding 1,000 acres. The percentage of privately owned forest land in other Provinces is much smaller, being as follows: Quebec, 7 per cent; Ontario, 31⁄2 per cent; Manitoba, 111⁄2 per cent; Saskatchewan, 10% per cent; Alberta, 12% per cent; and British

Columbia, 13 per cent. In Canada, as a whole, only 9% per cent of the forest land has been permanently alienated. The alienated tracts, however, average a heavier stand than the land remaining in public hands, so that on the basis of timber content it is estimated that about 10 per cent of the forest resources of the Dominion is in private ownership.

It is estimated that 60 to 65 per cent of all exported pulpwood is supplied by farmers.

Production of pulpwood.

The following table gives statistics of the Canadian production of pulpwood, showing also the quantity used in Canada and the quantity exported.

TABLE 69.-Canada: Production, consumption, and exportation of pulpwood

The total Canadian production of pulpwood increased each year up to 1929 to 6,500,000 cords, but fell in 1930 to 5,977,000 cords, and probably fell still lower in 1931.

Production of wood pulp.

The Canadian production of mechanical and chemical pulp is shown in Table 70.

TABLE 70.-Canada: Production of wood pulp

The total production in 1929 was nearly five times the quantity produced in 1913. Total production, however, fell off 400,000 tons in 1930. The following table specifies the Canadian production of wood pulp in 1929 and 1930 by varieties. Ground wood pulp is much the

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most important kind produced in both years. The production of ground wood pulp decreased 138,000 tons in 1930, and the production of chemical pulp decreased 236,000 tons.

TABLE 71.-Canada: Production of wood pulp, by kinds

The bulk of Canadian pulp is manufactured in Quebec and Ontario, as shown in Table 72.

TABLE 72.-Canada: Production of wood pulp by Provinces

The following table summarizes the quantity and value of pulpwood, pulp, and paper produced in Canada in recent years:

TABLE 73.-Canada: Production of pulpwood, pulp, and paper

The following tables show the quantity of pulpwood used by process of manufacture and by kind of wood:

TABLE 74.-Canada: Pulpwood used, by processes

TABLE 75.-Canada: Pulpwood used, by kind of wood

The manufacture of pulp and paper in Canada is carried on in three classes of mills; mills manufacturing pulp only, mills manufacturing paper only, and combined pulp and paper mills. In the lastnamed the bulk of the pulp produced is used for paper making in the same establishment, but many of these mills produce a surplus for sale or export, whereas others do not produce pulp in sufficient quantities or pulp of the required kind for their own use and purchase a part of their supply in the open market. In Canada, 74 per cent of the pulp produced in 1929 was made in combined pulp and paper mills for their own use in paper making. About 22 per cent was made for export and the remaining 4 per cent was made for sale to other paper mills or factories making other pulp products in Canada. The capacity and percentage of utilization of Canadian pulp mills in 1928 and 1929 are shown in the following table:

TABLE 76.-Canada: Capacity and output of pulp mills
[In thousands of short tons]

Exports.

Canadian exports of wood pulp in 1913 and since 1923 are shown in the following table. Exports reached their peak in 1926. Since that year exports of mechanical pulp decreased from 382,000 tons to 165,000 tons in 1931. Exports of mechanical pulp are increasingly made in the form of newsprint paper. Canadian exports of chemical pulp decreased from 628,000 tons in 1928 to 440,000 tons in 1931. TABLE 77.-Canada: Exports of wood pulp

Table 78 summarizes by quantity and value recent exports of pulpwood and pulp, and by value exports of paper.

TABLE 78.-Canada: Exports of pulpwood, pulp, and paper

The quantity and value of exports of newsprint paper are shown in the following table:

TABLE 79.-Canada: Exports of newsprint paper