stored him to his offices, he would have given his book to the flames. But the rich and powerful ministers Pontchartrain were inexorable, and in consequence the book was printed. LaHontan was in England while these volumes were printing, and in consequence of his supervision they are more correct than the French edition.

Alexander Henry, 1760

The Travels and Adventures of Alexander Henry are fully as readable as those of Captain Carver, Father Hennepin, or Baron Lahontan. Unlike the accounts ascribed to the authorship of these three travellers, Henry's accuracy has never been questioned. Henry's travels extended from 1760 till 1776, but were not recorded in print until 1809, when they were brought out in New York with the following title:

Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories, between the years 1760 and 1776. In Two Parts. By Alexander Henry, Esq. New York: Printed and published by I. Riley. 1809.

P. 3301 unnumbered page of errata.

The dedication, addressed to Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet, is dated Montreal, October 20, 1809. In his preface Henry states that:

A premature attempt to share in the fur-trade of Canada, directly on the conquest of the country, led the author into situations of some danger and singularity. These transactions occupied a period of sixteen years. The details [were] from time to time committed to

paper.

In 1901, Dr. James Bain, of Toronto Public Library, published Henry's travels in a reprint edition of 250 copies, with admirable notes and bibliographical matter.

Jonathan Carver, 1766

The travels of Jonathan Carver were published for the first time twelve years after his journey of 5,000 miles. He spent three years in his wanderings through Wisconsin and into Minnesota. His book had a circulation that was phenomenal for that day, and advertised the Western country among

English speaking people. It was in fact, the most popular book of its day. Schiller read it in a German version, and was inspired by it to write his poem, "Nadewessie Chief's Death Song." This poem has been translated into English by Sir John Herschel, Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, and Edgar A. Bowring.

Editions of Carver's travels have appeared from presses in Dublin, Edinburgh, London, Philadelphia, Portsmouth, New York, Hamburg, Boston, Leyden, and Walpole, N. H.

The Harper edition of the book is called Carver's Travels in Wisconsin.

Lists of the Carver editions have been printed in the following periodicals and books:

(Parkman Club Publications, No. 5.)

Captain Jonathan Carver, by John Goadby Gregory. Milwaukee, 1896. (Parkman Club Publications, No. 5)

Catalogue of Carter-Brown library, part iii.

Bibliography of the Algonquian languages, by J. C. Pilling. Washington, 1891.

Mr. Gregory's excellent paper on Carver, with critical comment, can be commended as the best narrative account of this traveller.

The Impeachment of Levi Hubbell

By John Bell Sanborn, Ph. D.

Those who believe that the world is growing better may receive encouragement from the fact that the only impeachment in the history of Wisconsin occurred in early days. Judge Levi Hubbell, who was thus differentiated from the other circuit judges of his time, was chosen at the first judicial election held in the state. The later immunity from impeachment may indicate either that our present officials are better than those of the past, or that we are less critical than our predecessors, or less combative-probably the last. The campaign material of the present day may seem to belie this statement, but we are much more calm and restrained in political matters than our fathers were fifty years ago. This solitary impeachment, moreover, did not relate to a strictly partisan office. Whatever has been the feeling aroused by party strife, and whatever have been the charges made in the heat of political campaigns, they have never found expression in this drastic action of the assembly. Against the judiciary, always well removed from political feeling, has this weapon alone been directed, and in this one instance the senate refused to convict.

The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted in 1848, provided for a judicial organization by dividing the state into five circuits, in each of which a judge was to be chosen for terms varying from two to six years in the first instance, and thereafter

for six years. These circuit judges were also collectively to constitute the supreme court of the state. The second circuit, consisting of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, and Dane counties, was the largest and most important. For the elec tion which was to occur upon August 7, 1848, party conventions were held therein in order to nominate candidates. Abram D. Smith, afterwards a judge of the supreme court, was nominated by the Democrats, Francis Randall being named by the Whigs. Much dissatisfaction was expressed with the Democratic nomination," the Madison Argus going so far as to refuse to support the candidate in language that brought out threats of a libel suit from Smith. Comparatively late in the campaign Levi Hubbell, who had been mentioned as a possible nominee of the Democrats," entered the field as an independent candidate. It was some time before the result of the election was known, but it was at last ascertained that Hubbell was elected by a plurality of 66 votes over Smith and 107 votes over Randall."

The successful candidate was born in New York state April 15, 1808. He was a graduate of Union College, later being adjutant-general of New York and a member of the legislature of that state." In 1844 he came to Milwaukee, where he soon became the senior member of the firm of Hubbell, Finch, and Lynde, the other members whereof were Asahel Finch and William P. Lynde, both well known in the legal history of the state.8

1 Constitution, art. vii, secs. 4-7.

2 Milwaukee Sentinel-Gazette, July 28, 29, 1848.

3 Ibid, July 28, 29, Aug. 1–5.

Madison Argus, July 28, Aug. 1, 8, 1848.

5 Sentinel-Gazette, July 18, 1848.

6 According to the Madison Argus (Aug. 28, 1848), the vote stood: Hubbell, 1,606; Smith, 1,540; Randall, 1,499.

7 Wisconsin Bar Association Reports, i, p. 111.

8 The lives of Hubbell mention this partnership, but those biographies of Finch that I have seen do not. The card of Hubbell, Finch, and Lynde appears in the Sentinel for July 20, 1844.

In the drawing of lots by the various circuit judges to determine the length of their respective terms, Judge Hubbell's service was fixed at three years. He consequently came up for re-election in the fall of 1851. That his conduct had not been entirely satisfactory is evident from the opposition manifested against him when he became a candidate to succeed himself, and that he did not do so at the desire of his party, but was nominated by a call of his friends. A convention of the Democrats of the circuit, held at Cconomowoc, August 27, 1851, refused to make any nomination, but passed resolutions condemning the procedure of Hubbell. He was also opposed by the Milwaukee Wisconsin and the Free Democrat, while the News and the Sentinel supported him. The two latter did so because it considered him equal in ability to his opponent, while he had had the advantage of three years' experience on the bench. Politically, the Sentinel should have opposed him.* The opposition to Hubbell appears to have been personal rather than caused by the wish for any particular candidate in his place; but at last his former partner, Asahel Finch, was chosen by the opposition, and the campaign was an extremely bitter one, conducted on both sides with small regard for the amenities of the occasion. The charges against Finch and his fitness for the place do not here concern us. Much of the criticism of Hubbell, particularly that of the Free Democrat, edited by the well-known S. M. Booth, was extremely abusive. There was little definiteness in the opposition, however, and only two direct charges were made against the judge; one of these was, that in the trial of one Haney in Dane County for assault, the sentence imposed was less than that allowed by law." This also was one of the charges in the impeachment, and will be considered in that connection. The

1 Madison Argus, Aug. 28, 1848.

2 Free Democrat, Aug. 28, 1851.

3 See Sentinel, Sept. 9, 1851.

4 See the issues of this paper for August and September, 1851.

5 See Sentinel, Sept. 4, 11, 1851.