ART. IL--A Treatise on the Art of Bread-making: wherein the Mealing-trade, Assite Laws, and every Circumstance connected with the Art, is particularly examined." By A. EDLIN. 12mo. pp. 216. WE have been, upon the whole, much pleased with this little work, and should be glad to see all our domestic manufactures illustrated in the same manner. The first chapter treats, somewhat unnecessarily, of the natural history and cultivation of wheat; but having entered on this part of the subject, it was the business of the author to devote more attention to it than he appears to have done. The scraps of vegetable physiology might well have been spared, together with the extracts from Dryden's Virgil, Thomson's Seasons, and Darwin's Botanic Garden; and the space thus occupied might have been more profitably employed in describing the different varieties of this useful grain, and the peculiar advantages and defects of each. The coarse reed-like Egyptian wheat should have been noticed; also the beautiful gold-coloured Arnaut wheat which the Italians import from the Crimea, and of which they make their best vermicelli: nor ought the wheat of Tripoli to have been passed by in silence, so remarkably hard as to be incapable of being ground by the common mill-stones. The second chapter, entitled "Observations on the Mealing-trade," relates, in a brief but perspicuous manner, the management of wheat in granaries, the process of grinding, and the proportion of flour, bran, pollard, &c. in English and Bengal wheat. The analysis of wheat-flour is the subject of the third chapter, which contains several experiments in confirmation and correction of those already made by Parmentier, Vauquelin, and other chemists. Mr. Edlin shows that wheat-flour consists of gluten, fecula or starch, and sugar; and that no two of the ingredients, even when assisted by the usual proportion of yeast, will make good bread, the presence of all three being absolutely necessary. The component parts of 1lb. of the best wheat, according to Mr. Ediin's analysis, appear Mr. The fourth chapter is improperly termed "on the Analysis of Yeast." Edlin shows, indeed, that yeast, by gradual distillation, is separated into carbonic acid, a watery liquor, and a dry extract; but this can hardly, with propriety, be termed an analysis. Neither the distilled water, nor the extract, are capable of exciting fermentation in flour; but the carbonic acid does it very readily, as indeed Mr. Henry had before observed. Even water, strongly impregnated with carbonic acid from chalk, if hastily mixed with flour, appears, from the experiments of this author, to be equally efficacious with yeast in making bread. The fifth chapter treats slightly and imperfectly of the theory of fermentation is bread. The fecula, as is obvious from the common mode of preparing starch, does not undergo fermentation, unless dissolved in water; neither does the gluten, whether by itself or mixed with yeast, exhibit any change for several hours, and then the fermentation that takes place is of the putrefactive kind. But the saccharine extract of wheat runs speedily into the proper vinous fermentation when assisted by a little yeast; if left to itself, the fermentation is slower and more irregular, and seems to become acetous even before the vinous fermentation is thoroughly established. In both cases carbonic acid is given out; and to the entanglement of this in the gluten of the floor, is no doubt owing the lightness of the bread. Chapter VI.is entirely practical, and relates to the preparation of bread either unleavened, leavened, or fermented with yeast. Leavened bread has usually more or less of an acidulous taste; but this may be avoided, and the lightness of the bread greatly improved, by dissolving in warm water forty grains of fully carbonated potash for every pound of flour employed. and using this alkaline solution instead of plain water, to moisten the flour with when it is mixed with the leaven. The seventh chapter shows how to prepare the various substitutes for wheaten bread, and contains many excellent economical receipts for this purpose. The eighth chapter relates the best methods of preparing and preserving yeast; the ninth explains the structure of a bakehouse, and the implements made use of; and the last chapter explains the manner in which the assize of bread is regulated, and contains a good summary of the provisions of the various acts of parliament passed for this purpose. The plan of the author upon the whole is very good, and the execution is much to be commended; but, in the next edi tion, much valuable matter, both practical and theoretical, may be added from various quarters. In Dr. Townson's Travels, Mr. Edlin will find a particular account of the Hungarian bread. In the Journal de Physique is a valuable paper, by Dr. Guthrie, on the Russian rye-bread, and an elaborate memoir, by Tillet, on the weight which dough loses by being baked, [ ANN. REV. VOL. IV 3 I CHAPTER XX. FARRIERY AND HORSEMANSHIP. ART. I.—An Analysis of Horsemanship; teaching the whole Art of riding in the manege, military, racing, hunting, and travelling System. Together with the Art of breaking Horses for every Purpose to which those noble Animals are adapted. By JOHN ADAMS, Riding-master. 3 vols. 8vo... WE have been much pleased with the modesty, good sense, and good temper, by which these volumes are characterized; in nothing do they appear to be either defective or superfluous. The author always keeps his main object in view, and proceeds towards it by the shortest and plainest road without any stop or devia tion. Calm and gentle perseverance he shows to be the readiest and most effectual method for the rider to attain and preserve an entire command over his horse, so that the work before us is not less calculated for the comfort of the horse than the safety of his rider. ART. II.-4 practical Treatise on Farriery: including Remarks on all Diseases incident to Horses, the Symptoms by which they are generally known, and the most approved Mode of Cure. From the Manuscripts of the late Edward Snape, Farrier to their Majesties and the second Troop of Horse-guards, 4to. pp. 152. THIS publication will, we doubt not, be found an useful addition to the library of the veterinary surgeon. It contains a brief account of the leading symptoms of diseases to which horses are subject, together with a full and particular description of the remedies which the author in his own practice has found to be most successful. The language is plain and perspieuous, and most meritoriously free from that ignorant conceit, the sign of a defective education, for which many of the fashionable farriers seem to have taken out a patent of monopoly. CHAPTER XXI. MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. The disturbed state of the continent has prevented us from receiving the usual supply of mathematical and philosophical works. One fell into our hands but just before this part of our work was going to the press and we expect from it, since the author is a member of the National Institute, that the philosophers of Paris are meditating a serious attack on the Newtonian philosophy. We shall not feel any alarm on this side of the water; and Mercier's wit will fali harmless, though it may excite enquiries into the use of words employed by many mathematicians. The observations made by Herschel, noticed in our account of the Philosophical Transactions, may be opposed to the flimsy wit of Paris: and the observations of Schroeter in Germany open a field for wide discussion. The three new planets between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, will bring many, questions on the philosophy of Newton to a severe investigation; and we shall try it not by the wit of Mercier, but by those calculations which he holds in so much contempt. Here we may find great assistance from the very able work of Mendoza y Kios; a work which does honour to this country; and the more it is known the more will its merit be acknowledged. But if we have not many works to lay before our readers, the dignity of one of the philosophers may, notwithstanding the smallness of his work, give a splendour to our catalogue. A bishop appears among us, and explains Virgil from no small attention to the doctrine of the sphere, and true astronomical principles. His work will deservedly call the attention of the classical scholar to a science which may assist him in many of his difficulties. If a bishop can condescend to enter into questions on the gathering of honey and the sowing of wheat, we trust that many mathematicians will apply their talents to practical objects of still greater importance. The eastern world calls out for assistance; and Mr. Machonochie has projected a plan for the improvement of naval architecture and navigation, which requires all the exertions of the mathematical world. It is well known how little has been contributed by science to the art of ship-building, and how much has been gained by the navigator by the improvements in astronomy and the lunar tables :, the success in the latter may justly excite the mathematician to use his exertions for the improvement of naval architecture. ART. I.-Lilienthalische beobachtungen der neu entdecten Planeten von D. J. H. SCHRÖTER. Gottingen. 1805. Observations made at Lilienthal ONE of these planets was discovered at Lilienthal, and the other two have been examined with that skill and diligence on the lately discovered Planets. which Mr. Schröter and his assistants are known to possess. Next to Herschel's his observatory is supplied with better in struments than any other in Europe can boast of, and his industry is scarcely inferior to that of the astronomer, which our country has adopted, and may justly call her own. That these two astronomers should not agree in every respect in their observations cannot excite surprise, when we consider the distance and, comparatively speaking, small size of the bodies which they were examining; the determination of the app rent magnitude, and circumstances attending the colour and edges of the planets, are points of great nicety, and it is rather surprising that they should agree in so many particulars than that in certain respects a diversity of opinion should prevail. neither Piazzi nor Olbers better defined. The apparent diameter of Piazzi is esti mated from a variety of observations taken with great care at 1,830, and with the nebula at 2",514, on the 25th January 1802, the distance from the earth then being 1,9029. On the 6th of March the orb was 2,997, and with the nebula 3.843 the distance from the earth being 1,610. From the changes in the atmosphere in the two planets Piazzi and Olbers, the rotation round their axes will with difficulty be ascertained. Olbers was first observed on the 30th March 1802, as a star of the seventh magnitude, pale, nebulous, but better defined than Piazzi. These two planets scemed to be twins, and partaking of the nature of a planet and a comet. The day after the first discovery, it was evident that Olbers was subject to greater changes in his atmosphere than Piazzi; for on the 1st of April its light was clearer, and without a nebula, and it appeared like a fixed star: on the second and third the nebula reappeared, but on the thirteenth it was gone again. From seven measurements made in March and April 1802, the apparent diameter was determined, namely on the 30th of March with the These planets were observed by our author chiefly with his thirteen-foot telescope, and a magnifying power of 136 and 288. The observations were made between the eleventh of January and the third of April 1802, and some took place in December 1804. The first time that he saw Piazzi, on the eleventh of January, it appeared to have a pale reddish light, the orb was not well defined, but on the twenty-fifth the edge was sharp and the light whiter. In general, however, its aspect was like that of a comet, and resembled very much that which was seen in 1799. On the 26th it was again more nebulous, but on the 28th clearer, and it underwent continual changes of this kind, the extension of its nebula increasing in the proportion which the diminished distance from the earth 1,389. tance of the earth required. On the 11th of January it appeared to be of the ninth magnitude, but in the middle of March when it was in its perige, it looked like a star of the seventh magnitude. In Dollond's best glasses this nebulous appearance was not observed, and it was not noticed by the astronomers Zach, Olbers, Maskelyn, and others, whose observations were made with refracting telescopes. Strongly illuminated telescopes were requisite to discover it, and such as have lately been brought to a high degree of improvement; with these Herschel Haker, Schröter, and Harding, observed it. As a proof of this difference in the telescopes, Harding, with an excellent ten-foot Dollond, could not find the least trace of a nebula. Hence it appears that something more is requisite in these observations than the increase of magnifying power; for Herschel with his seven-foot telescope and magnifying power of 516 observed some kind of nebula about Piazzi, but with a magnifying power of 881, with which he expected a sharper view, saw bula 44,635, without the nebula 3",S03, its distance from the earth being 1,377. On the first of April its apparent diameter without a nebula was 3",243, and its dis Harding was discovered at Lilienthal, and we may with reason attribute the discovery of it to the plan laid down at this place in September 1800, when Zach, Endi, and Olbers, paid a visit to it, and there it was determined to pay each particular attention to certain districts in the heaven, with the express view and expectation of discovering new planets. In consequence of this determination, Harding was discovered by the astronomer of this name on the first of September 1804. Harding on the 6th of September was noticed to have a different aspect from that of the other two planets, the light being soft and white, and the orb like that of a planet without any resemblance to a comet. On the 11th the light was less clear and white, and in three hours after the first observation on that day the light was still paler. On the ninth its apparent diameter was taken at 2′′,611, on the 14th with a magnifying power of 136 and thirteen-foot telescope it was 2",640, and with a magnifying power of 288 it was taken at 2,413. On the 20th of December, when |