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We understand that Mr. Hayley is employed on a Life of Romney, the Painter. The materials were bequeathed to him by Mr. Romney himself.

SCIENTIFIC.

The new Gallery of Pictures now exhibiting in the New Road, opposite to Portland-Place, is called the Truchsess Gallery; it consists of pictures from the pencil of the first masters in every school, and fills eight large rooms, built for the purpose. They are the sole property of Count Truchsess, of Cologne, who during the late war removed them for safety to Vienna. The gallery is divided into the old school, the Flemish, the Dutch, the German, the French, the Italian, and Spanish schools, and is remarkable at once for the great variety of masters it possesses, and the fortunate choice of their works. The number of pictures is so great as to have put the proprietor to an expence of upwards of £4000 for Custom-house duties; and their resuite of apartments has cost him 12,000 guineas. moval from Vienna to London, and the fitting up of the The collection is valued at 60,000 guineas.

The eighth edition is now publishing, at Lyons, of the Mr. Knight Spencer has received from the Humane Sojustly celebrated Dictionaire Historque, &c. formerlyciety, the honorary Silver Medal for his excellent invention attributed to a Society of literary men, but now discovered of a Marine Spencer for the preservation of lives in shipto be the production an ex-benedictine monk of the wreck. It consists of a girdle to fit the body, six inches name Chaudon, and of another gentleman of the name of broad, composed of about 800 old tavern corks strung Delandine. It will be increased from nine to twelve voupon a strong wire, well lashed together with lay-cord, lumes, and the authors, Chaudon and Delandine, declare covered with canvass and painted in oil, so as to make it that they have spared no pains to render it as complete as water-proof; when used, it is to be slided from the feet possible. It will exhibit upwards of twenty-four thousand close up under the arms, and to be fastened over each articles more than the former, and be printed in a superior equipped may safely trust himself to the waves, as he will shoulder by means of tapes or cords. A person thus float head and shoulders above water in any storm, and by paddling with his hands may easily gain the shore.

manner.

year

Mr. Delalin has published at Paris, a new edition of the Dictionaire Bibliographique, in 3 vols. 8vo. hitherto known under the name of Cailleau's. A Supplement, forming a fourth volume, is added, which is intended to exhibit all the new books that have appeared since the 1789, when it first appeared, as well as a separate list of the most elegant editions which have issued from the types of the Elzevirs, of Brindley, Barbon, Baskerville, Prault, Bodoni and Didot. For the convenience of those of our readers who may not have seen the former edition we think it proper to notice that the third volume is closed by an Essay on Bibliography, in the introduction to which an analysis is given of the excellent treatise of William Salden, of Utrecht, De Libris, eorumque usu et abusu, published || at Amsterdam, in 1688.

We learn from Frejus, the ancient Forum Julii, in the department of the Var, that several antique basins, one of which contains an urn of baked clay, three vases in the form of bombs, and a spiral cylinder of amber, about $ inches in length, have lately been dug out of the ground in the vicinity of that place.

In the summer of 1802, a considerable number of Arabian coins was found in a field of the village of Belkow, near Stetin. The Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin having purchased them for the Royal Prussian Museum, they were sent to the learned Professor Tychsen at Rostock, who in March 1803, returned them to the Academy with a descriptive catalogue, from which it appears-1. That Dr. Benzenberg, at Schoeller near Elberfeld, has lately 10 of the above coins belong to the dynasty of the Ommipublished an interesting account of experiments he made ades; 2. One hundred and sixty-five to that of the Abasin the course of last year to ascertain the declination to the sides; 3. Two to the dynasty of the Soffarides, one of which east and south of heavy bodies falling from an elevated has been coined at Fars; 4. Fifty-eight to the dynasty of the point. He took his station for that purpose in the steeple Semanides in Transoxana and Choravan; and 5. Three are of the St. Michael's church at Hamburgh, which afforded || Persian coins. The whole collection consists, therefore, him a perpendicular height of 340 feet. The result of his of 238 coins; the most ancient of the Arabian coins is of experiments corroborates the evidence of that declination the year 714, and the most recent of the year 988. They already before the public, and corrects the errors which consequently belong all to a period of 224 years. As to crept into Guglielmini's observations on that subject, founded the three Persian coins, Professor Tychsen has been able to on experiments made by him in the steeple of Arinelli, at ascertain that they were coined before the year 938, but has Bologna, and described in his treatise-" De diurno terræ found it impossible to determine with any degree of exactmotu," published in 1792. ness the precise time of the coinage.

Mr. Stutzmann, at Goettingen, is engaged in the composition of a very instructive work which is nearly finished, "On the Physical, Political, Intellectual, Moral and Religious Condition of the Inhabitants of Persia, both

Ancient and Modern."

Mr. Bergman, of Rujen, in Livonia, who has resided upwards of two years among the Kalmucks, at the expence of the Russian Government, for the purpose of collecting correct and satisfactory information relative to the manners, customs and religion of that class of the inhabitants of Russia, our knowledge of which is as yet extremely confined, is preparing for the press the result of his researches on that interesting subject.

By the "Kalendario manual ò Guia de Forasteros en Madrid," &c. for the year 1803, we find, that the celebrated Spanish botanist, Dr. Antonio Jos. Cavanilles has been appointed Director of the botanical garden, and Dr. Pedro de Estala, author of the "Viagero Universal," Librarian to the "Estudios Reales" in Madrid.

It appears by a letter, lately written by Mr. Jefferson, president of the United States, to Citizen Lacépede, member of the Conservative Senate at Paris, that in New England remains have been found of an animal of enormous size, to which from the length of its fangs the name Me galonia has been given.

VOLUME II.]

THE LITERARY JOURNAL.

LITERATURE.

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which has, as well as the Hebrew, its claims. His Lordship will pardon us, if, whilst rendering him the The Book of the Prophet Isaiah, in Hebrew and En-praise to which he is entitled, we point out a few exglish. The text metrically arranged the Transla- | tion altered from that of Bishop Lowth, With Notes, critical and explanatory. By Joseph Stock, D.D. Bishop of Killalla, M.R.I.A. and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. 4to. 1803.

S a classical scholar and judicious editor of both

long known to the public. It is in a light more appropriate to his ecclesiastical function that he now presents himself. Having been driven from the active duties of his diocese by the late troubles in Ireland, || and compelled, for the space of four years, to give up his see-house for a garrison; he has most laudably devoted this interval to the study of the Hebrew Scriptures. In the progress of reading the Old Testament, being persuaded that a certain rhythm, or metre, pervaded the whole, his Lordship at last was convinced that not the Psalms and Prophecies only, but the historical parts also, supposed in common to be written in prose, are in fact composed in verse, and with no other difference but that they want the ornaments and bolder features of poetry.

Persuaded of the fact, and that the general run of verses throughout the Old Testament are, what Bishop Lowth called, tetrameters, Bishop Stock prescribed to himself the task of transcribing the original, which he accompanied with Lowth's version, corrected where it should appear necessary, either by the later discoveries of Rosenmüller, or from his own observation. Hence arose a translation almost new, which with due deference to the merits of Bishop Lowth, is here given with the text, thus metrically arranged.

The notes subjoined to both are very much limited to verbal criticism, and drawn into the narrowest compass consistent with usefulness. With this view, avoiding controversy with preceding interpreters on disputed passages and various readings, his lordship exhibits his own sense, and in general leaves the decision to the reader.

The work thus executed is offered as a specimen, and an incitement to others to give the Hebrew Scriptures in parts, till the whole be completed. The effect of which, Bishop Stock thinks would be that of throwing an unexpected and very pleasing light on the

sacred volume.

As nothing can be more commendable than his Lordship's motives in this publication; so, notwithstanding the slight blemishes that here and there appear, it is highly creditable to his efforts.

The blemishes to which we advert, chiefly consist in the use of harsh terms, or at least such as are unfamiliarised to the popular ear; inversions which might have been avoided without affecting the sense, and undue attention to the rhythm of our language,

VOL. II.

amples, from more, to be corrected in a future edition. Page 1.-If in conformity with the general mode of giving Eastern names it should not have been in v. 1.-Isaiah Ben-amoz? at least the before son should be dropped.

V. 4.-Children, placed before degenerate?-In note 2, does not retreating backward imply, retreating with the face towards the object deserted? which is what the Hebrew does not seem to express.

P. 2. v. 6.-Putrifying seems a better epithet than running, substituted for it. In line the third, the sore in italics might have been suppressed.

P. 3. v. 17.-For Right the fatherless; would not do right to, accord better with the phraseology?-In V. 23, we should prefer award to administer.

P. 4.-Instead of shall come at once we would read be immediate.

P. 6.-For grandee we would propose he of high degree.

To dismiss a work like this, without a specimen by which our readers may be enabled to judge of its execution and merits, would be an injury both to it and to them, we will therefore present them with a chapter and notes, premising only that in the volume the original is printed on the left hand of the page and line by line with the version.

CHAP. XXIII.

1 The oracle concerning Tyre.

Howl, Oye ships of Tarshish!

For she is laid waste without house or entrance; From the land of Chittim it is published to them. 2 Be still, ye inhabitants of the isle!

Thou, whom the sea-faring trader of Sidon replenished:

3 And from many waters the seed of the Nile, The harvest of the river, was her revenue: And she was the mart of the nations.

NOTES.

Ch. xxiii. v. 1. Concerning Tyre.] Its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar.

ib. Ships of Tarshish] Traders from Tyre to Tartessus in Spain, a city founded by the Tyrians. To these the news of the taking of Tyre is brought from Chittim, that is, from the islands of the Mediterranean, particularly from Cyprus, wherein was a town of note, called Čitium. "The Tyrians," says Jeroine on v. 6, "when they saw they had no other means of escaping, fled in their ships, Ionian and Egean sea.” and took refuge in Carthage, and in the islands of the

v. 2. Be still With grief and terror.

v. 3. Seed of the Nile] The produce of Egypt is called the seed of its river, because from thence it derives its fertility. The Nile, from its colour, received the appellation of the black water, in Hebrew Shichor, in Greek Melas: it was also, by way of eminence, denominated the river, N'.

X

4 Be ashamed, O Sidon, for the sea hath spoken, Even the strong hold of the sea, saying:

I am as if I had not travailed, nor brought forth children,

As if I had not brought up youths, nor reared virgins.

5 As at the report concerning Egypt,

So shall they sicken at the report of Tyre. 6 Pass ye over to Tarshish :

Howl, ye inhabitants of the isle!

Is this your exulting city,

7 Whose antiquity is of earliest days?

Her own feet bear her far away to sojourn.

3 Who hath devised this

Against Tyre, the bestower of crowns,
Whose merchants were princes,

Her traders the honourable of the earth?

9 Jehovah of hosts hath devised it,

To annul the pride of all loveliness,

To make vile all the honourable of the earth. 10 Pass through thy land like a river,

Odaughter of Tarshish! there is no mound now left.
11 His hand he hath stretched over the sea,
He hath shaken the kingdoms.

Jehovah hath given a charge concerning Canaan,
To destroy her strong holds.

12 And he hath said, Thou shalt exult no more,
O thou much courted virgin, the daughter of
Sidon!

To Chittim arise, pass over;

Even there thou shalt have no rest.

NOTES.

13 Behold the land of the Chaldeans; this was no land,

(The Assyrian founded it for the dwellers in the
desert,

Set up the towers thereof, erected her palaces)
Even these have reduced her to a ruin.

14 Howl, ye ships of Tarshish,

For your strength is destroyed.

15 And it shall come to pass in that day,
That Tyre shall be forgotten seventy years,
According to the days of one king:

At the end of seventy years, it shall be unto Tyre
As the song of the harlot.

16 Take the harp, go about the city,

O harlot, long forgotten!

Strike well the lyre, multiply the song,

That thou mayest be called to remembrance.

17 And it shall come to pass at the end of seventy years,

That Jehovah will visit Tyre,

And she shall return to her gain,

And play the harlot with all the kingdoms of the world,

That are upon the face of the earth.

18 But her traffic and her hire shall be holy to Jehovah: It shall not be treasured, neither locked up;

But for them that dwell before Jehovah shall her traffic be,

For food in abundance and for durable cloathing.. Every competent judge of the subject, we doubt not, will with us congratulate the Christian world on the laudable exertions of this excellent prelate and other ornaments of the Irish Church, in promoting the study of the Hebrew language, and making it, what it certainly ought to be, a SINE QUA NON of admis

v. 4. O Sidon] Be thou covered with confusion at the sudden fall of thine offspring Tyre, that maritime fortress. v. 5. Concerning Egypt] That Egypt was in dangersion into the church. We have lately heard much of from the arms of Nebuchadnezzar was not a more alarming report to them, than is the news of the capture of Tyre, the trade of Sidon being equally affected by either loss.

v. 6. Of the isle] Tyre at this time was seated on an island: after Alexander's conquest, it was rebuilt on the continent.

v. 7. Of earliest days] It was a strong city even in the time of Joshua: it is called the city of the fortress of Sor, Joshua xix. 29, and the fortress of Sor in the history of David, 2 Sam. xxiv. 7. Lowth.

v. 8. Bestower of crowns] Such as Rome became in after-times.

v. 10. Pass through thy land] Migrate to another country, as freely as a river; there is nothing to hinder thee. This seems to be the sense, whether with Lowth we take for a girdle, and thence figuratively for a mound or bank that confines a river; or, with the Syrian interpreter, suppose it to be a participle from п or to repel; "there is no one to drive thee back."

ib. Daughter of Tarshish] In 1 Kings x. 21, mention is made of Tarshish, a city on the sea, whence a ship of Solomon's brought gold and silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks, i. e. the commodities of India, once in three years; a longer voyage than was requisite to go and come from Tarsus in Cilicia, or Tartessus in Spain. It probably was seated on the Persian gulph, and may have been the mother city of the Sidonians. If so, the reason will be seen why Tyre, the daughter of Sidon, is called also the daughter of

Tarshish.

the attention paid to religious instruction in certain schools, and particularly in one, where Hebrew as well as Greek, is professed to be taught; but without disparaging the exertions there made to form classical

NOTES.

v. 13. Behold] Observe by what instruments Tyre, that celebrated emporium, has been laid in ruins-by the Chaldeans, a people not worthy to be so called, lately drawn together by the Assyrian from an erratic life in the desert, indebted to the Assyrian for all their places of strength and ornament: yet these have been able to ruin Tyre. now has for its nominative, and its suffix refers to - in v. 12. Dan. vii. 17; viii. 20. Its duration (the days allotted to v. 15. Of one king] That is, of one kingdom. See it) from the beginning of Nebuchadnezzar's reign to the saith Jeremiah, xxv. 11, shall serve the king of Babylon taking of Babylon, was seventy years. All these nations, seventy years. Some of them were conquered sooner, some later, and Tyre in particular towards the middle of that period; but the end of it was the common term for the deliverance of them all. Lowth.

v. 17. Play the harlot] Commercial cities are so imaged because they live by attracting a multitude of customers. employed in supporting the worshippers of the true God. v. 18. Before Jehovah] The revenues of Tyre shall be The prophecy intimates, that Tyre should be converted to the religion of Christ, as it was in the earliest times of the Gospel. Of the same event David also had prophesied in Ps. xlv. 13; lxxii. 10; lxxxvii. 4.

scholars, and decrying what is called a classical educa-
tion, we scruple not to assert, that all attainments of
this kind are very subordinate, and ought ever to be
subservient to the study of the Scriptures. Without
this, the means of our best knowledge, are substituted
for the end and the records of Heathenism preferred
to the original Oracles of God."
But-

"EXORITUR PUDIBUNDA DIES!"

with the circumstances in which the people were placed, to produce the political changes; and thus to refer particular facts to general laws, the real business of philosophy. The beautiful specimens of this species of investigation give the chief interest to Mr. Hume's history, which in this distinguished merit stands as yet unequalled.

We believe, however, it will at last be found, that enquiries of this sort, joined to delineations of manners, the history of the arts and sciences, and all the An Historical View of the English Government from the other particulars which serve to constitute the condiSettlement of the Saxons in Britain, to the Revolution of a people, form a combination of objects too complicated to be mixed with that narration of facts, which is more properly the business of history. It is extremely difficult either for the author or reader to attend to so many things at once. Confusion almost necessarily ensues; and the ease both of the memory and the judgment is consulted, when these different subjects are kept separate.

tion in 1688. To which are subjoined some Dissertations connected with the History of the Government, from the Revolution to the present Time. By John Millar, Esq. Professor of Law in the University of Glasgow. 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1803.

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For this reason we are of opinion, that the relation of public events, and transactions, the simple business of history, and disquisitions with respect to the causes and consequences of these transactions, and with respect to the tendency and operation of the political arrangements in any country, which successively take place, form two different subjects, which ought to be treated apart. The first is properly speaking history, the last might be called philosophical considerations on history; or more shortly the one might be denominated history, the other the philosophy of history. It is in this light that the author whose work we are considering, seems to have reviewed this subject; and that work might with no great impropriety be denominated the philosophy of the history of the British islands.

The name of Millar is already well known to those politicians who have made the progress of man in society an object of their study, and who found their conclusions with regard to his social operations, not more upon the obvious facts, which compose the details of the vulgar historian, than upon the general principles of human nature, ascertained by a more refined, and extensive observation. The treatise upon the "Origin of the Distinction of Ranks," by the same author, has long been admired as a most satisfactory elucidation of a very curious particular in the history of society, and as one of the most philosophical pieces which has yet enriched the science of politics. His reputation has been spread to a great extent too, by the persons, in whose education, as a professor for many years in a university, he has had a , share, and upon whose minds he appears to have made an uncommonly deep impression. They have joined in representing his instructions as of the most impor- We have a very celebrated specimen of the same tant kind, and as uniting proofs of the greatest practi-species of writing in Montesquieu's "Considerations cal sagacity, to the most extensive knowledge, and the most profound philosophy.

A part of the work likewise, of which we are about to give our readers a slight sketch, was published as long ago as the year 1786. And has obtained a large share of attention, from all those in every part of Europe (not as yet a very great number) who make the science of government, as distinguished from the mechanical detail of its ordinary affairs, an object of

attention.

sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains, & de leur decadence." This eminent author seems to have been of opinion, that the philosophical reflections, and deductions which may be founded on history, are however, no part of history, and ought not to be mixed with it. And his work in many respects resembles that of Millar, which we here point out to our readers. Each of them has chosen the history of a great people, and each has endeavoured as much as possible to trace the leading facts contained in that history to Mr. Hume was the first author who exhibited the general laws. None of them, however, seems to complete union of history and philosophy. Not satis- have proposed to himself this object, in so general a fied with composing a more elegant narrative, than sense, as it is here expressed. Each has had a parhad been done by any one before him, of the military ticular purpose, which has somewhat modified the transactions of his country, of the succession of her nature of his speculations. Montesquieu's object was kings, and the principal events of their lives, the bu-not so much to give a statement of the conclusions siness of the common historian; he proposed to him- which might be drawn from the whole history of the self as a particular object to describe the mode in Romans, as to point out the particulars, first which led which the people, at every particular period, were to the vast aggrandisement of Rome, and afterwards to sorted, and arranged, the mode in which they were her degradation. The object of Millar again is dif-, connected together, the mode in which they were go-ferent, it is not the progress of the power of Engverned, and the mode in which they lived both at land which is the subject of his enquiry; but the prohome, by themselves, and in the state with others.gress of its government. His purpose is to delineate The last and great point to complete the philosophical delineation, was to point out the manner in which the principles of human nature operated in conjunction

the changes which successively took place in the political arrangements of the country, to refer these if possible to some general law of human affairs, and to

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the Treatise is to take a separate view of these different periods of the English history, and to examine the chief differences of the political system in each of them.

This examination, as far as it regards the first two of these periods, was completed, and published by the author about the latter end of 1786. He continued, it appears, to labour, with a view to complete the undertaking, by investigating in the same manner the concluding period. But death intervened while the work was yet unfinished. A most important part, however, seemed to be left by the author in the state in which he meant to present it to the public; and several dissertations connected with the subject were found among his papers. These works have been added to the part already published, and the present publication formed out of the whole.

point out the tendency, and estimate the value of the regulations which are successively introduced. The power of the Romans is the circumstance which attracted the attention of Montesquieu, and to delineate its changes, and point out their causes, with only a secondary regard to the state of the government, is the subject of his book. The government of England on the other hand, is the circumstance which attracted the attention of Millar, and to delineate its changes, and trace their causes, with only a secondary regard to the state of the power of England is the object which he has proposed to himself. The object of Millar is the more philosophical of the two, and by far the more important. It is of much greater moment to the human race to know the means of obtaining a good government, than to know the means of acquiring exorbitant power. And if Montesquieu had proposed to himself the same object with Millar, The first period contains the conquest of England and applied the force of his rich and sagacious mind by the northern barbarians, the division of the counto delineate the government of Rome, to trace the try under the different chiefs by whom that people changes introduced in it, and point out their causes were conducted, the subsequent union of those prinand effects, he would have written a more instructive cipalities under one sovereign, and the course of pubbook. Even then, however, his subject would not lic transactions under the Saxon and Danish mohave been equally important with that of Millar. narchs. With regard to this period, the author reHowever great may be the dignity of Rome, her marks, "That many writers appear to have looked dignity at its greatest height is not to be compared upon it as too remote, and as affording a prospect too with that of all the European states, whose govern- barren and rude to deserve any particular examination. ments were all originally the same, continued for ages But it ought to be considered that the foundations of to be affected by canses perfectly similar, and at last our constitution were laid in that early period; and began to differ by the operation of causes which must that without examining the principles upon which it be explained to account for the circumstances which is founded, we cannot form a just opinion concerning modified the government in any one of the countries. the nature of the superstructure. To trace the origin The "Histoire raisonnée," then of the government of of a system so singular in its nature, may, at the same one of the European states, has the peculiar advantage time, be regarded as an object of rational curiosity. of being in a great measure the "Histoire raisonnèe" || The British government is the only one in the annals of the government of all the rest. It is thus valuable || of mankind, that has aimed at the diffusion of liberty in an extraordinary degree; as we are more interested through a multitude of people, spread over a wide in the history of our own government, and those co- extent of territory." temporary with it, than we can be in any other; and as that history applies not to one government, but to many in which we are the most deeply interested.

This period is treated by the author, in the following manner. The two first chapters may be regarded as preliminary. The first contains an account of the state of Britain under the dominion of the Romans, and is the clearest, and most distinct delineation of the mode in which that people managed their subject provinces, that we have met with in any author. In the second chapter is described the character, and manners of the Saxons, prior to their invasion of England. As the Saxons were nearly in the same circumstances with the other pastoral tribes which broke into the different provinces of the Roman empire, this is a general enquiry into the character and manners of men in that state of society. The chief circumstance which distinguishes this enquiry is the

As the subject of Millar is one of extraordinary importance, so has he treated it with uncommon ability. This is not the hasty production of a half-informed scribbler. It is the fruit of the labours of a life spent in the prosecution of similar studies, of a mind replete with knowledge in the subject, habi tuated to profound reflection, and which has spent much time in considering the materials of which this work is composed. With regard to the profound.acquaintance with his subject, the clearness of his ideas, his knowledge of human nature, and the sagacity he displays in tracing effects to their causes, there can be but one opinion. And his own views of the contro-sagacity, with which the author, by his profound verted points of the English history he in general accompanies with so many convincing proofs that most readers, we believe, will readily acquiesce in them.

The great series of events in the history of England he thinks may be divided into three parts: the first extending from the settlement of the Saxons in Britain, to the Norman conquest; the second, from the reign of William the Conqueror to the accession of the House of Stewart; the third from the reign of James the First, to the present time. The object of

knowledge of human nature, is able from the faint outlines, afforded us by ancient authors, to fill up the picture. In every part indeed of the work this is a merit which shines conspicuous; and he applies with great penetration the general principles of human nature to explain the particulars conveyed to us respecting the state in which the inhabitants of Europe have been placed, at the different stages of their history.

The settlement of the Saxons in Britain, and the changes which that settlement effected in the state

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