have reason to suspect, and to give to such au- merchandise, effects, and property whatsoever, thorities all the aid in their power with regard arriving at the Mexican ports after the restoration thereto; and every such attempt, when duly of the said custom-houses and previously to the proved and established by sentence of a compe- expiration of sixty days after the day of the sig tent tribunal, shall be punished by the confiscation nature of this Treaty, shall be admitted to entry; of the property so attempted to be fraudulently and no other duties shall be levied thereon than introduced. ART. XIX. With respect to all merchandise, effects, and property whatsoever, imported into ports of Mexico while in the occupation of the orces of the United States, whether by citizens of either Republic, or by citizens or subjects of my neutral nation, the following rules shall be observed: the duties established by the Tariff found in force at such custom-houses at the time of the restoration of the same; and to all such merchandise, effects, and property, the rules established by the preceding article shall apply. ART. XXI. If unhappily any disagreement should hereafter arise between the Governments of the two Republics, whether with respect to the 1. All such merchandise, effects and property, interpretation of any stipulation in this Treaty, or if imported previously to the restoration of the with respect to any other particular concerning custom-houses to the Mexican authorities, as the Political or Commercial relations of the two stipulated for in the third article of this Treaty, nations, the said Governments, in the name of shall be exempt from confiscation, although the those nations, do promise to each other that they importotion of the same be prohibited by the will endeavor, in the most sincere and earnest Mexican Tariff. manner, to settle the differences so arising, and to 2. The same perfect exemption shall be enjoy-preserve the state of peace and friendship in ed by all such merchandise, effects, and property which the two countries are now placing themimported subsequently to the restoration of the selves, using for this end mutual representations custom-houses, and previously to the sixty days and pacific negotiations; and if by these means fixed in the following article for the coming into they should not be enabled to come to an agreeforce of the Mexican Tariff at such ports respec- ment, a resort shall not, on this account, be had to tively; the said merchandise, effects, and proper-reprisals, agression, or hostility of any kind, by ty being, however, at the time of their importa- the one Republic against the other, until the Govtion, subject to the payment of duties, as provided for in the said following article. 3. All merchandise, effects, and property described in the two rules foregoing, shall, during their continuance at the place of importation, and upon their leaving such place for the interior, be exempt from all duty, tax, or impost of every kind, under whatsoever title or denomination. Nor shall they be there subjected to any charge whatsoever upon the sale thereof. 4. All merchandise, effects, and property described in the first and second rules, which shall have been removed to any place in the interior while such place was in the occupation of the forces of the United States, shall, during their continnance therein, be exempt from all tax upon the sale or consumption thereof, and from every kind of impost or contribution, under whatsoever title or denomination. 5. But if any merchandise, effects, or property, described in the first and second rules, shall be removed to any place not occupied at the time by the forces of the United States, they shall, upon their introdution into such place, or upon their sale or consumption there, be subject to the same duties which, under the Mexican laws, they would be required to pay in such cases if they had been imported in time of peace, through the maritime custom-houses, and had there paid the duties conformably with the Mexican Tariff. 6. The owners of all merchandise, effects, or property described in the first and second rules, and existing in any port of Mexico, shall have the right to re-ship the same, exempt from all tax, imp st, or contribution whatever, With respect to the metals or other property, exported from any Mexican port while in the occupation of the forces of the United States, and previously to the restoration of the custom-house at such port, no person shall be required by the Mexican authorities, whether general or State, to pay any tax, duty, or contribution upon any such exportation, or in any manner to account for the same to the said authorities. ART. XX. Through consideration for the interests of Commerce generally, it is agreed that if less than sixty days should elapsed between the date of the signature of this Treaty and the restoration of the custom-houses, conformably with the stipulation in the third article, in such case all ernment of that which deems itself aggrieved shall have maturely considered, in the spirit of peace and good neighborship, whether it would not be better that such difference should be settled by the arbitration of Commissioners appointed on each side, or by that of a friendly nation; and, should such course be proposed by either party, it shall be acceded to by the other, unless deemed by it altogether incompatible with the nature of the difference or the circumstances of the case. ART. XXII. If (which is not to be expected, and which God forbid!) war should unhappily break out between the two Republics, they do now, with a view to such calamity, solemnly pledge themselves to each other and to the world, to observe the following rules-absolutely, where the nature of the subject permits, and as closely as possible in all cases where such absolute observance shall be impossible: 1. The merchants of either Republic then residing in the other shall be allowed to remain twelve months, (for those dwelling in the interior, and six months for those dwelling at the seaports.) to collect their debts and settle their affairs; during which periods they shall enjoy the same protection, and be on the same footing in all respects, as the citizens or subjects of the most friendly nations; and, at the expiration thereof, or at any time before, they shall have full liberty to depart, carrying off all their effects without molestation or hindrance; conformning therein to the same laws which the citizens or subjects of the most friendly nations are required to conform to. Upon the entrance of the armies of either nation into the Territories of the other, women and children, ecclesiastics, scholars of every faculty, cultivators of the earth, merchants, artisans, manufacturers and fishermen, unarmed, and inhabiting unfortified towns, villages, or places, and in general all persons whose occupations are for the common subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continue their respective employments unmolested in their persons. Nor shall their houses or goods be burnt, or otherwise destroyed, nor their cattle taken, nor their fields wasted, by the armed force into whose power, by the events of war, they may happen to fall; but if the necessity arise to take anything from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall be paid for at an equitable price. All churches, hospitals, schools, colleges, | Friendship, Limits and Settlement; and have libraries, and other establishments for charitable hereunto affixed our Seals respectively. and beneficent purposes, shall be respected, and all persons connected with the same protected in the discharge of their duties and the pursuit of their vocations. Done in quintuplicate, at the City of Guadalupe Hidalgo, LUIS G. CUEVAS, [L. 8.] [L. B.] [L. 8. 8.] And, whereas, the said Treaty, as amended. has been duly ratified on both parts, and the respective ratifications of the same were exchanged at Queretaro on the thirtieth day of May last, by Ambrose H. Sevier and Nathan Clifford, Commissioners on the part of the Government of the United States, and by Senor Don Luis de la Rosa, Minister of Relations of the Mexican Republic, on the part of that Government: 2. In order that the fate of prisoners of war may be alleviated, all such practices as those of sending them into distant, inclement, or unwholesome districts, or crowding them into close and noxious places, shall be studiously avoided. They shall not be confined in dungeons, prisonships, or prisons; nor be put in irons, or bound, or otherwise restrained in the use of their limbs. The officers shall enjoy liberty on their paroles, within convenient districts, and have comfortable quarters; and the common soldiers shall be disposed in cantonments, open and extensive enough for air and exercise, and lodged in barracks as Now, therefore, be it known that I, JAMES K. roomy and good as are provided by the party in POLK, President of the United States of America. whose power they are, for its own troops. But have caused the said Treaty to be made public, to if any officer shall break his parole by leaving the end that the same, and every clause and artithe district so assigned him, or any other prisoner cle thereof, may be observed and fulfilled with shall escape from the limits of his cantonment, good faith by the United States and the citizens after they shall have been designated to him, such thereof. individual, officer, or other prisoner shall forfeit Done at the City of Washington this fourth day of July, [L. 8.] of the Independence of the United States the one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, and seventy-third. JAMES K. POLK. By the President: JAMES BUCHANAN, Sec'y of State. ARTICLES REFERRED TO IN THE XVTH ARTICLE OF THE PRECEDING TREATY. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my so much of the benefit of this article as provides hand, and caused the Seal of the United States to for his liberty on parole or in cantonment. And be affixed. if any officer so breaking his parole, or any common soldier so escaping from the limits assigned him, shall afterward be found in arms, previous ly to his being regularly exchanged, the person so offending shall be dealt with according to the established laws of war. The officers shall be daily furnished by the party in whose power they are, with as many rations, and of the some articles, as are allowed, either in kind or by commutation, to officers of equal rank in its own army; and all others shall be daily furnished with such rations as are allowed to a common soldier in its own service; the value of all which supplies shall, at the close of the war, or at periods to be agreed upon between the respective commanders, be paid by the other party, on a mutual adjustment of accounts for the subsistence of prisoners; and such accounts shall not be mingled with or set off against any others, nor the balance due on them be withheld as a compensation or reprisal for any cause whatever, real or pretended. Each party shall be allowed to keep a Commissary of prisoners, appointed by itself, with every cantonment of prisoners in possession of the other; which Commissary shall see the prisoners as often as he pleases; shall be allowed to receive, exempt from all duties or taxes, and to distribute whatever comforts may be sent to them by their friends; and shall be free to transmit his reports in open letters to the party by whom he is employed. And it is declared, that neither the pretence that war dissolves all treaties, nor any other whatever, shall be considered as annulling or suspending the solemn covenant contained in this article. On the contrary, the state of war is precisely that for which it is provided, and during which its stipulations are to be as sacredly observed as the most acknowledged obligations under the iaw of nature or of nations. First and Fifth Articles of the unratified Convention between the United States and the Mexican Republic, of the twentieth of November, 1843. ART. I. All claims of citizens of the Mexican Republic against the Government of the United States, which shall be presented in the manner and time hereinafter expressed; and all claims of citizens of the United States against the Government of the Mexican Republic, which, for whatever cause, were not submitted to, nor considered, nor finally decided, by the Commission, nor by the arbiter appointed by the Convention of 1839, and which shall be presented in the manner and time hereinafter specified, shall be referred to four Commissioners, who shall form a Board, and shall be appointed in the following manner, that is to say: Two Commissioners shall be appointed by the President of the Mexican Republic, and the other two by the President of the United States, with the approbation and consent of the Senate. The said Commissioners, thus appointed, shall, in presence of each other, take an oath to examine and decide impartially the claims submitted to them, and which may lawfully be considered, according to the proofs which shall be presented, the principles of right and justice, the law of nations, and the Treaties between the two Republics. ART. V. All claims of citizens of the United States against the Government of the Mexican Republic, which were considered by the Commissioners, and referred to the umpire appointed under the Convention of the eleventh of April, 1839, and which were not decided by him, shall be referred to and decided by the umpire to be appointed, as provided by this Convention, on the points submitted to the umpire under the late Convention, and his decision shall be final and conclusive. It is also agreed that, if the respective Commissioners shall deem it expedient, they may submit In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipo-to the said arbiter new arguments upon the said tentiaries, have signed this Treaty of Peace, claims. ART. XXIII. This Treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof; and by the President of the Mexican Republic, with the previous approbation of its General Congress; and the ratification shall be exchanged in the City of Washington, or at the seat of Government of Mexico, in four months from the date of the signature hereof, or sooner if practicable. RAILROADS, TELEGRAPHS, AND THE PUBLIC LANDS. IT is an old saying in Europe, that "There's Bain's Telegraph is patented in the United room enough in America for everybody;" and, States, England, Scotland, Ireland, Canada, luring 1848, 350,000 settlers, according to late esti- France, and Belgium; O'Rielly has secured it for nates, will have left their homes in the Old World all his lines; associations are also about to use it with the expectation of improving their circum-on lines between New-York and Buffalo, and stances and increasing their chances of happiness between New-York and Washington, the diviin the New. There are thousands of millions of dends on the old companies being equal to 20 per acres of what are called the Public Lands; the cent. on the actual outlay, after paying all charges Western Passage Company offer to convey pas- and O'Rielly, Marshall Lefferts, and others, with sengers from New-York to Chicago, 1,525 miles, the support of the newspaper press in Newor to Milwaukie, 1,445 miles, by canals and steam- York and Boston, are to establish, immediately, boats, in ten days, for $8; and if the poor man a line from New-York to Halifax, through Newwith a large family could but get rid of the $100 Haven, Boston, Portland, Calais, St. John, &c -a tax on his 80 acre wild lot; if the speculation and route upon which competition is very much land jobbing were effectually checked by the pro-wanted. The trustees of the magnetic telegraph hibition (as in Republican Rome 2,000 years since) patents agreed with O'Rielly in 1845 that he should of any larger estate in the hands of one man than build certain lines, find the means, and give 25 per 360 or 640 acres; and if the curse of negro Slavery cent. in stock for the use of the patent. He perwere excluded from the yet unpeopled West, formed his part of the agreement, and then they the progress of free institutions would be unim- went to law with him to get 50 per cent, that peded from the Atlantic to the Pacific; the crowd- they might be enabled to control all his lines. ed cities of the Atlantic seaboard would get rid Vexatious litigation was the result, which Bain's of an uneasy surplus population, which could well system will probably terminate by superseding be spared in the East, and would soon find itself in the other in many places. a thriving and prosperous condition on the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri. So swift is Bain's Chemical Telegraph in its operation, that it will record accurately the whole The Land Office Report of Dec., 1848, mentions of President Polk's Message of Dec. 7, 1848, at that the public domain lies in 12 States, and in the a number of places or stations, agreed upon, in a Territories, and covers 1,584,243,000 acres, of line of 1,000 miles, more or less, within an hour or which 142,026,003 have been sold. Of the unsold an hour and a half, according to the state of the lands, there are, in Ohio 875,465 acres; in Illinois, weather; the Magnetic system required 24 hours 15,693,076 acres; in Indiana, 3,572,645; in Wisconsin, 28,863,763; in Iowa, 29,868,068; in Missouri, 29,766,740; in Arkansas, 27,669,220; in Louisiana, 23,677,775; in Mississippi, 11,815,040; in Alabama, 17,516,346; and in Florida, 36,137,137 acres. During 1847, the land sales were 2,521,305 acres, also 1,448,240 acres in first 9 months of 1848. Mexican land warrants have been located on 1.775,520 acres; Mexican war warrants have been issued for 6,505,960 acres. Ohio was a wilderness 50 years since, having a few thousand souls scattered over its fertile plaius; it is now a great and powerful community of nearly two millions of free, independent and happy citizens Thirty-eight years since, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa, contained but 42,554 inhabitants; they are now the home of 2,750,000 Americans. The railroad, steamboat and canal have been of infinite service to them, and the electric telegraph forms an additional bond of union. Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Montreal, Quebec, Boston, New-York, Albany, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Charleston, New-Orleans, Nashville, Louisville, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, St. Louis and Galena are already united by the telegraph, and every important event that happens in any one of these cities is communicated with more than lightning speed to the inhabitants of all the others. Within the last twelvemonth, Henry O'Rielly and his associates have completed about 2,000 miles of electric telegraph, and Amos Kendall, S. F. B. Morse, and their coadjutors, nearly 1,500 more, aside from lines previously constructed by both parties. On almost all these lines, the electro-magnetic system of telegraphing, of which Dr. Charles T. Jackson, Mr. Morse, Professor Steinhiel and others, claim to have been the inventors, is in use; although a company between New-York and Philadelphia employs successfully the instrument invented by Professor House, which prints messages in Roman characters of Pica size, quite distinctly. The latest, and it is a wonderful improvement upon all the others, is the instrument made by Alexander Bain. to send the same Message, by the O'Rielly and Rogers lines, from Baltimore to the editors in St. Louis, Cleveland, Louisville, Pittsburg, &c., and even at that it was a most surprising feat. When the types are, set, ít requires but a few minutes to throw off many copies of a newspaper or pamphlet; when a message is prepared by punching a number of small holes through long strips of paper, united ribbon-like, it can be sent along the wires at the rate of a newspaper column of reading matter in three minutes! A short message can be quickly prepared by one person, and still more rapidly transcribed at the other end of the line by another. Long messages, and many of them, would need a corps of compositors and transcribers, if required to be delivered in great haste; but if not, one person, in Europe or on board a steamer to Halifax, &c., could prepare many columns for the tour of the wires, at his leisure; business men might write their letters, get them prepared in any town in France, England, the United States or Canada; order them to be telegraphed at Halifax, Boston, or New-York; and direct their correspondents at the proper terminus to choose a confidential person or persons to transcribe the despatches from the telegraph record. A swift compositor can set over 6,000 emis, or 18,000 letters per 10 hours; Bain's messages can be prepared still quicker by one person; and where haste is requisite, dispatches can be divided among a number, like the takes in setting up a President's Message, or Treasury Report, in a news office. Without interfering with the Post Office Department, an analogous system might be established throughout the Union, based on electricity; but the Government shonld have no more to do with it than to protect it in its fair and lawful operations. Bain's instrument will probably give occupation to many thousands of persons before long; and, aided by phonography, abbreviations, a cypher, &c., an incalculable amount of business will be transacted by its means, at rates far below present prices. About 9,000 miles of telegraph ure now in operation or ready for use, on this Continent, and a line of telegraph to California and Oregon is seriously talked of: it would cost less than 10 miles of Massachusetts railroad. the Hudson River, New-York and Erie, Baltimore and Ohio, Pennsylvania Central. New-York The steamer and the railroad, like the telegraph, and New-Haven, Lake Champlain and Ogdencontinue to increase in speed and usefulness; the burg, Portland and Montreal, Kennebec and Portcars now pass between Buffalo and Albany in less land, and Vermont Central. The Constitution of than 30 hours, charging but $9 75 per passenger; New-York requires general laws for incorpora many lines have been recently re-laid with a tions where possible, and that State has passed a heavy T or H rail. Where human life is endan- general enactment for the formation of railroad gered on railways from carelessness, we rejoice companies. The line of steamers from Oregon to perceive that juries give exemplary damages. to New-York being now in operation, and the The investments in railroads make an immense Panamá Isthmus railroad in a fair way to be speedsum; Massachusetts alone has over 40 millions dily built, it may at length be said that railroads, invested in 910 miles of road; and throughout the canals, coasting aud ocean steamers, and the telUnion about 160 millions are thus employed, yield-egraph, unite together almost all the countries in ing a fair average revenue. Among many rail-the world. roads now in progress towards completion, are, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, REVENUE, DEBT, POSTAGES: THE imports, exports, revenue, &c, during the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1848, were as follow: Imports into the United States, foreign produce, and merchandize, value $154,977,866, of which, to the value of $21,128,010 were exported, leaving for domestic use, articles value $133,849,866.-Exports from the U. S., domestic productions, value $132,904,121, besides the abovenamed amount of foreign goods. Receipts into the U. S. Treasury, same year, exclusive of borrowed money. $35,436,750; being, from duties at the custom-houses, $31,757,071-land sales, $3,328,642-other sources, $351,037.-Expenditures, exclusive of payments of national debt and interest, in same period, $42,811,970. Messrs. Polk and Walker's estimate of U. S. revenue and expenditure, during the year ending June 30, 1849, including money borrowed: Revenue, $57,048,970, of which $32,000,000 will be taken at the custom-houses, $3,000,000 at land offices, $1,200,000 from various other sources, and $21,695,435 borrowed by authority of Congress, being part of the national debt.-Probable expenditure, same year, including interest on the national deb, and $3,000,000 of payments due to Mexico, May 30, 1349, $54,195,275.-The expenditures during 184950 are estimated at $33,213,153, being, for ordinary expenses, $25,874,050-for interest on the national debt, $3,799,102, (to pay which the proceeds of land sales are mortgaged to our foreign and other creditors)-for Mexican compensation, $3,540,000. These arrangements are made apparently with a view to leave large sums of borrowed money on call in the hands of favored institutions, agents, officers, &c, as before the war, while the country is taxed to pay the interest. There was famine in Europe in 1847, which enabled the U. S. to sell grain and provisions there, at high prices, value $68.701,221; this drain of treasure from Europe made our money market easy. Mr. Polk affects to think differently, and ascribes our safety to the Sub-Treasury! Mr. Polk states that the national debt, on July 6, 1848, amounted to $65,778,450, of which he says half a million has been since paid. Our debt is small, he adds, as compared to that of most other nations. Including the debts of the states, and some of the cities, it is 300 millions, paying a yearly interest of nearly 17 millions, much of it being due to persons residing abroad. batch of doctors, &c. to cure them, and the necessary quantity of idle clerks to profess to look over their accounts. Borrowing, to be paid out of the blood and sweat of the pioneer of the west, is very easy, in the estimation of this corrupt instrument of the slavocracy; paying the troops, le tells us, is very laborious work. In May last, Messrs. Polk and Marcy wanted to send an army to Oregon to fight the Indians. In December, the President explains the origin of the quarrel thus: "A few thousand dollars in suitable presents, as a compensation for the country which had been taken possession of by our citizens, would have satisfied the Indians and prevented the war. small amount properly distributed, it is confidently believed, would soon restore quiet." In other words, the whites had seized upon the Indian hunting grounds, dispossessed the owners, and paid them nothing. Such was the cause of Seminole and other wars with Indians, prior to 1848. A Mr. Cave Johnson's report of Dec. 2, 1848, shows, that during the year, up to July last, the gross revenue from postages amounted to $4,371,077, being more than was annually received under the old rates, and $425,184 above last year's income. The year's expenditures, including $100,500 paid for services of Bremen steamers, amounted to $4,198,845; thus leaving a surplus of profits on the conveyance of letters, &c. The mail routes were 163,208 miles in extent. Mr. Johnson recommends a five cents uniform postage rate on half ounce letters; 2 cents for paid and 4 for unpaid would be infinitely better, with postmasters elected by the people. The cost of transporting the mails, during 1847-8, was $584,192, paid to railroad companies; $262,019 to steamboat own ers; $54,063 to "agencies connected therewith;" $796,992 for transportation in coaches; and $ 51.500 when by other modes; foreign mail service, $100,500. There were 4,017 mail contractors, 24 mail agents, 16,159 post-offices and postmasters, and of the latter 4,121 had been appointed withai the year; 1,309 new offices had been opened, and i 296 old ones stopped. The letter postage of 1917-3 amounted to $3,550,304-the newspaper do. $767,334-a steady increase, caused by lowering the old absurd charges on letters. John L Gr ham's charge, of $49,787, for fitting up the old Dutch Church, New York, on lease, for a postoffice, has been paid to him. The estimated postoffice resources of 1849-50 amount to $5,211.07. The 4 cents extra, charged for advertising in New York, and the two cents, in many places, for lu one delivery of letters, daily, over and above the postage rates, might be reduced, and fair incomes allowed to faithful carriers in large cities, for more prompt service. Private post-offices, as in New York, ought not to be required, with a sur Mr. Marcy estimates the expenditures for "the army proper," during 1849-50, at $4,432,286; this is exclusive of pensions, a vast sum said to be paid to Indians in the wilderness, &c. &c. No dependence can be placed on such statements, judging by the past. Mr. Marcy's zeal for the paymasters extra is so overflowing that instead of keeping them a year idle, as has been done, he wants them added to the army lumber, with a plus cent levied on each letter. ELECTION RETURNS, BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES. MAINE.-By Congress Districts. PRESIDENT-1848. Dist's. & Cos. (1.York... 1844. Taylor. Cass. Van B. Clay. Polk. B'y. 106.... 393 907 24 Washington...2501 2446 449....2329 2605 77 VERMONT.-By Congress Districts. 1844. 370 331 104.... 339 165 Orleans......1056 562 536....1192 833 245 *CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS.-York County, and 21 towns MASSACHUSETTS. Counties. Taylor. Cass. Van B. Clay. over Cass, 12,174. Total vote, 1844.-Clay, 26,770; Polk, 18,041; NEW-HAMPSHIRE. Dist's, & Cos. Taylor. Cass. Carroll..... 539 1835 3.Cheshire...1881 2076 1844. Van B. Clay. Polk. B'v. Hillsboro' .2799 4773 1257....3124 4583 675 1844. Polk. Bir'y. 1415 251 Total...C1.070 35,281 38,058 67,418 52,846 10,860 Total..14,781 27,763 7,560 17,866 27,160 4,161 Cass over Taylor 12,982; over V. Buren 20,203; Polk over Clay 9,294; over Clay & Birney 5,095. CONNECTICUT. 1844. Dist's. & Cos. Taylor. Cass, Van B. Clay. Polk, Biry. Total....30,314 27,046 5005 32,832 29,841 1943 712 Clay over Polk 2,991; over Polk & Birney 1.049. |