energy, was removed from office, and Colonel Monroe appointed Secretary at War in his stead. Mr. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, was assigned to the Treasury department—and vigorous measures were adopted for sustaining the national honour, increasing the finances, and placing upon a firm footing the credit of the country.

The repose of General Jackson, and the troops whom he commanded. was interrupted by the arrival at Pensacola, in August, of three British ships of war, bringing three hundred soldiers, and arms and ammunition to be distributed among the Indians of Florida. The troops were permitted, by the Spaniards, to take possession of the fort, and the commander issued a proclamation, indicating an intention of carrying on war against the adjacent parts of the Republic. General Jackson, with characteristic promptness, took instant and efficient measures for calling to his aid the patriotic militia, who had before been victorious under his banners. Hav. ing remonstrated in vain with the governor of Pensacola for affording shelter and protection to the enemies of the United States, he, near the end of October, at the head of a body of regulars and two thousand mounted volunteers, marched against that place. A flag, sent to demand redress, was fired on from the batteries. He immediately marched into the city, stormed the fort, obtained entire possession, and compelled the British to evacuate Florida.

Returning to his head-quarters at Mobile, he there received intelligence that a powerful expedition was on the way to attack New Orleans. Without delay he marched with his troops to that city, and found it in a state of confusion and alarm. The militia, composed of men of all nations, was imperfectly organized; many, feeling no attachment to the Republic, had refused to enter the ranks. No fortifications existed on the various routes by which the place could be approached; and fears were entertained that the reinforcements of militia which were expected from Kentucky and Tennessee could not arrive in time to take part in the contest. Undismayed by the difficulties which surrounded him, General Jackson adopted the most decided and efficient means for the safety of this rich and important city. He visited in person every exposed point, and designated the positions to be fortified. He mingled with the citizens, and infused into the greater part his own spirit and energy. By his presence and ex hortations, they were animated to exertions of which before they were not supposed to be capable. All who could wield a spade, or carry a musket, were put to work upon the fortifications, or trained in the art of defending them.

On the 21st of December, four thousand well-arrayed militia arrived from Tennessee. On the 22d, the enemy, having previously landed, took a position near the main channel of the river, about eight miles below the city. They numbered not far from eight thousand men. In the evening of the 23d, General Jackson made a sudden and furious attack upon their camp. They were thrown into disorder, but soon rallied, and fought with a bravery equal to that of their assailants. Satisfied with the advantages first gained, he withdrew his troops, fortified a strong position four miles below New Orleans, and supported it by batteries erected on the west bank of the river. On the 28th of December, and 1st of January, vigorous but unsuccessful attacks were made upon these fortifications by the enemy. In the meantime, both armies had received reinforcements; and General Packenham, the British commander, resolved to exert all his strength in a combined attack upon the American positions on both sides of the river. With almost incredible industry, he caused a canal to be made, leading from a creek emptying into Lake Borgne to the main channel of the Mis sissippi, that he might remove a part of his boats and artillery to the latter. All things being prepared, the 8th of January was assigned for the division of the "booty and beauty" which the city of New Orleans might have contained.

In the night, a regiment was transported across the river, to storm the works on the western bank, and turn the guns on the American troops on the eastern. Early in the morning, the main body of the enemy, consisting of more than eight thousand men, marched from their camp to the assault. While approaching, fearless and undaunted, showers of grape-shot thinned their ranks. When they came within musket-shot, a vivid stream of fire burst from the American lines. General Jackson having placed his troops in two ranks, those in the rear loaded for those in front, enabling them to fire with scarcely a moment's intermission. The militia of the west, trained from infancy to the use of the rifle, seldom took unsteady or uncertain aim. The plain was soon covered with dead and wounded; some British regiments faltered and fell back; but others advanced and presented new victims. While bravely leading to the walls the regiment which bore the ladders, General Packenham was killed. In attempting to restore order and to rally the fugitives, General Gibbs, the second in command, was wounded mortally, and General Keane severely. Without officers to direct them, the troops first halted, then fell back, and soon fled in disorder to their camp. In little more than an hour, two thousand of the enemy were laid prostrate upon the field; while of the Americans but seven were killed and six wounded-a disproportion of loss without a par.

allel in the annals of warfare.

General Lambert, upon whom the command of the British army devolved, despairing of success, prepared to return to his shipping. In his retreat he was not molested: General Jackson wisely resolving to hazard nothing that he had gained in attempting to gain still more. The events

of the day on the west side of the river, present a striking contrast to those which occurred opposite them. The Americans were thrice the number of their assailants, and were well protected by intrenchmentsyet they ingloriously fled. The British closely pursued, until they learned the defeat of the main army, when they returned.

Rejoicings for the splendid preservation of New Orleans had hardly ceased, when a special messenger arrived from Europe bringing with him a treaty of peace. Affairs had taken a new turn in Ghent, it seems, so that the treaty was signed at that place on the 24th of December, 1814, and in London, by the Prince Regent, four days later. The British government had receded from all its former exorbitant demands; and as the orders in council had been repealed, and all motive for the impressment of seamen had ceased with the war in Europe, no stipulation in regard to those subjects was inserted in the treaty-which provided merely for the restoration of peace and the revision of boundaries. The treaty was immediately ratified by the president and senate.

The war, however, did not cease on the ocean, until additional victories had imparted a brighter lustre to the republican flag. In February, the Constitution, then cruizing under the command of Captain Stewart, captured the Cyane and the Levant, whose forces united were superior to hers: and in March, the sloop Hornet captured the brig Penguin, stronger in guns and men than the victor.

Details of battles can hardly be considered appropriate in a work like this; yet in order to render complete the chain of events which leads from one prominent point in history to another, it is due that allusion should be made to them.

With reference to authorities consulted in the compilation of these pages, it is proper to observe also that none but the best have been consid ered worthy of attention.

The annexed summary, we have been at some pains to procure, for the purpose of showing the reader at a glance, the total amount of life de stroyed in the course of this conflict:

BATTLES ON LAND,

Fought between the Americans and British during the war of 1812-14,-with dates, names of commanding officers, and their respective losses.

BROWNSTOWN, August 4th, 1812, American, Major Van Horn, loss 47; British and Indians, loss unknown.

MAGUAGO Aug. 9th, 1812, American, Colonel Miller, loss 76; British, Major Muir loss 129.

DETROIT August 16th, 1812, American, General Hull, surrendered 2340; British, General Brock, loss 0.

PICOLATA, Sept. 27, 1812, American, Colonel Newman, loss 12; Creeks and Seminoles, loss 70.

QUEENSTOWN, Oct. 13th, 1812, American, General Van Rensselaer, loss 950; British, General Brock, loss 150.

TIPPECANOE, Nov. 7th, 1811, American, General Harrison, loss 188; Indians, Tecum seh, loss 301.

MASSASINEWA, Dec. 18th, 1812, American, Colonel Campbell, loss 36, Indians, Pro phet, loss 77.

FRENCHTOWN, Jan. 18th, 1813, American, Colonel Lewis, loss 67; British, Major Reynolds, loss 83.

FRENCHTOWN, Jan. 22, 1813, American, General Winchester, loss 958; British, Col Proctor, loss 305.

YORK, (U. C.) April 27th, 1813, American, General Pike, loss 269, British, General Sheaffe, loss 695.

FORT MEIGS, May 5th, 1813, American, General Harrison, loss 188; Indians, 43 prisoners.

RAPIDS OF MIAMI, May 5th, 1813, American, Colonel Dudley, loss 750; British, General Proctor, loss 60.

FORT GEORGE, May 27th, 1813, American, General Dearborn, loss 160; British, Gen eral Vincent, loss 557.

SACKETT'S HARBOUR, May 27th, 1813, American, General Brown, loss 131; British, Sir George Prevost, loss 164.

STONY CREEK, June 6th, 1813, American, General Chandler, loss 155; British, General Vincent, loss 50.

CRANEY ISLAND, June 22d, 1813, American, Colonel Beatty, loss 0; British, Admi ral Warren, loss 222.

BEAVER DAMS, June 24th, 1813, American, Colonel Boerstler, loss 535; British, Col Bishop, loss 65

FORT SANDUSKY, Aug. 2d, 1813, American, Major Croghan, loss 8; British, Genera Proctor, loss 176.

MORAVIAN TOWN, Oct. 5th, 1813, American, General Harrison, loss 29; British anc Indians, loss 635.

WILLIAMSBURG, Oct. 11, 1813, American, General Boyd, loss 339; British, Colone Morrison, loss 180.

TALLUSHATCHIE, Nov. 3d, 1813, American, General Coffee, loss 46; Creek Indians loss 270.

TALLADEGA, Nov. 8th, 1813, American, General Jackson, loss 30; Creek Indians, loss 290.

HILLIBEE TOWNS, Nov. 18th, 1813, American, General White, loss 5; Creek Indians, loss 250.

AUTOSSEE, November 29th, 1813, American, General Floyd, loss 65; Autossee King loss 200.

ECCANOCHOO, Dec. 23d, 1813, American, General Claiborne, loss 7; Wetherford, loss 30.

CAMP DEFIANCE, January 27th, 1814, American, General Floyd, loss 149; Indians, loss 87.

ENOTACHOPCO CREEK, Jan. 23d, 1814, American, General Jackson, loss 95; Indians, loss 189.

ALLAPOOSA BEND, March 27th, 1814, American, General Jackson, loss 132; Indians loss 850