seives through Illinois, where formerly they had dweit, and burned and murdered all before them which bore any marks of civilization. Generals Atkinson and Scott were despatched against them. The several garrisons on the seaboard, from Fort Monroe, in Virginia, to New-York harbour, were directly ordered to Buffalo; and there were embarked upon steamboats with all haste for the scene of action. Now, most unhappily, from the heated and crowded manner in which the troops under Scott's command were obliged to travel (having been hurried through the country one thousand eight hundred miles in eighteen days), the cholera, which had just made its appearance in the country, broke out among them, and began to rage terribly. Language cannot depict the distress which ensued, both before and after the troops were landed. Many died, many deserted; and many perished in the woods from absolute starvation. At length the panic and distress partially subsided; and a few of the men were by forced marches enabled to reach General Atkinson's encampment. But the first action of consequence was fought by the mounted volunteer's under generals Dodge and Henry, who came upon Black Hawk's warriors on the banks of the Winconsin, July 21st. A sharp contest ensued, in which the Indians were worsted and put to flight, leaving nearly one hundred of their people on the field-the victors returning to General Atkinson for provisions.

An incident is related as occurring in a skirmish called by the Indians the battle of the Bad Axe. They were surprised by the whites at daylight in their huts, when women and children were unavoidably killed, from being indiscriminately mingled with the men. Among the rest, a young squaw, with her papoose, was flying for the river's bank, when a rifle ball pierced her breast, causing instant death to her, and breaking an arm of the infant. Her body fell upon that of the child so as to prevent its releasing itself—and for two hours and a half its cries were heard at intervals by the attacking party. At length, when the firing had abated, an officer of the assailants made his way to the little complainer, and had it as soon as possible conveyed to the garrison at Prairie du Chien, and confided to the best offices of the surgeon. It has since grown into a sprightly girl-the pet of the company.

In a general engagement at the mouth of the Upper Iowa, on the 2d of August, the Indians were completely routed and dispersed; the chiefs shortly after were delivered up, and the fugitives consented to return at once to their appointed quarters west of the Mississippi. Black Hawk, his son, and several warriors of note were conveyed to Fortress Monice, where they were detained a few months; and then carried through the principal cities of the United states, and the civilization and works of defence of the nation exhibited to them. They were then sent home to their people, convinced of the folly of attempting to contend against the power and discipline of the whites, with the unmanageable fury of their wild bands. In consideration of the lands which they left to the states upon taking possession of their new territories, the federal government pays to the Winnebagoes $10,000 per annum for twenty-seven years from the date of their leaving. To the Sacs and Foxes, it pays $20,000 annually for thirty years from the same time.

The Cholera pestilence this year ravaged the entire Union. It appears to have crossed the Atlantic with a company of emigrants in ships bound to Quebec and Montreal, from thence spreading quickly in every direc on, though mainly and with most severity pursuing the great courses of travel. It broke out in several cities of the United States about the same time, in the month of July, and raged unti! autumn set in. In the city of New-York, four thousand persons are computed to have fallen its victims. Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, and New-Orleans, suffered in nearly the same ratio, in defiance of all the usual precautionary measures.

Boston, and the New-England states, were scourged less severely. On the American continent, nothing but the frosts of winter appeared effect · nally to arrest its progress: yet, amid the everlasting snows of Russia, it had manifested itself with true Asiatic virulence. Climate seemed to be no safeguard, nor ocean-wide barriers any defence. In mild southern France, the number of its victims was frightfully enormous; in the cities of Mexico, one-fourth of the population was destroyed: and on the island of Cuba, $100,000,000 worth of slaves are said to have perished in less than ninety days. It is stated, that on this island the coffee-planters mostly escaped the affliction, while the neighbouring sugar plantations were completely depopulated.

Death, in various forms, visited the great names of the earth, in the course of 1832. In New-York, of the prevailing epidemic, died William H. Maynard, eminent as a state senator, who left by his will the sum of twenty thousand dollars to establish a law professorship in Hamilton college. In Boston, the celebrated Doctor Spurzheim, founder, in connection with Doctor Gall, of the science of phrenology. In Ohio, the Rt. Rev. Roman Catholic Bishop Fenwick. In Georgia, Thomas Cobb, a revolutionary character, aged 120. In Maryland, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, Æ 96. In New-Hampshire, Captain Joseph Pratt, a naval commander of much esteem in the annals of revolutionary coasting. In Rhode Island, Captain Stephen Olney, of whom it is said, he was the first to scale the enemy's fortifications, and then shout the command, "Captain Olney's company will form here!" In New-Jersey, Philip Freneau, an early and prolific writer of American fugitive poetry. In Connecticut, Judge Hillhouse, a distinguished statesman and lawyer. At Abbottsford, Great Britain, Sir Walter Scott, "the wizard of the north." In London, Baron Tenterden, chief-justice of the king's bench. In France, General Lamarque, one of Napoleon's officers. Also, Champollion, the renowned French touristand, Casimir Perier, a statesman of celebrity in Paris. In Rome, Madame Letitia, mother of Bonaparte, & 82. At the palace of Schoenbrunn, near Vienna, 21, Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph, duke Reichstadt. only son of Napoleon Bonaparte.

A. D. 1833. It is proper now to take a farewell glance at that monsterspirit of the South, known as nullification, which once stalked with fearful mien among us. The electioneering campaign of '32 had merged all

minor considerations, in the unusual exacerbation with which it was conducted. But when the result became known, and General Jackson, a southern man, was declared re-elected with increased majorities, together with Martin Van Buren, of New-York, "a northern man with southern principles," as his opponents termed him in derision for his lack of political bitterness. When this ticket was found to be triumphant, we say southern agitators grew rampant. They looked upon such men as a god send for their especial purposes: and in full confidence a legislative convention was called at Columbia, South Carolina, where the acts of Congress imposing duties for protection, were pronounced unconstitutional. and of no binding force in that state. Governor Hamilton in his message recommended the legislature to pass laws for preventing the enforcement of the revenue statutes by United States' collectors, and advised immediate preparations of a warlike nature to be made, placing the state in the best posture of defence. To the astonishment of these ultras, Generai Jackson at once, and in the most admirable spirit, issued a proclamation, calling on them to beware lest they should incur the penalties of such rashness and treason, while he set forth in a tone of candor and decision the principles and powers of the general government, and his firm deter mination in any event to maintain the laws. This seemed only to increase the exasperation in South Carolina; the governor of the state, by author

ity of the legislature, issued a counter-proclamation, urging the people to be faithful to their primary allegiance to the state, and to resist to the last any efforts of the United States' authorities to collect the tariff dues. A purchase was made of ten thousand stand of small arms, with appropriate munitions, &c., and general orders issued to raise volunteers for repelling invasion; messengers were also dispatched to neighbouring states, soliciting their co-operation and support. General Jackson hereupon addressed a message to Congress, recommending the adoption of such measures as would enable the executive to suppress this spirit of insubordination, and maintain inviolate the laws of the United States. Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie were accordingly reinforced with government troops, and Commodore Elliott ordered to rendezvous in Charleston bay with a fleet. John C. Calhoun had resigned the vice-presidency at the close of 1832, in order to take a seat in the United States' Senate for the purpose of lending his efficient aid to the support of the measures of his state. Thus everything betokened a civil war: but a timely appeal from the general assembly of Virginia, deprecatory of haste and passion, together with a momentary gleam from the better judgment of the leading men of South Carolina, produced a suspension of aggressive measures for a short time; when HENRY CLAY'S celebrated "compromise bill" being at this precise juncture introduced in Congress, was passed rapidly through both houses, and had the effect of most happily dispelling, at once and forever, it is to be hoped, the dark and portentous storm which lowered around.

Hardly had the ferment consequent upon a disorganizing movement among the states been allayed, when a new source of excitement came into public view. The United States' bank had from the first been the depositary of a large amount of government funds; and as the bank's charter was now about to expire, without a hope of renewal (the president having already vetoed a bill for its continuance), Congress was in his message recommended to remove the deposits to some more safe place of keeping. This was refused, in the representatives, by the unusually strong vote of 109 to 46. Nothing daunted, the executive began to plan his measures for rescuing the public funds in spite of Congress. By the act creating the United States' Bank, it was provided that the secretary of the treasury might remove the public deposits, but he was required to lay his reasons upon so doing directly before Congress. W. J. Duane, of Pennsylvania, being then at the head of the treasury department, iminediately upon the recess of Congress was desired by General Jackson to issue an order for the transfer of the public monies, on account of the following-named reasons: first, a general unsafeness of the bank; second, the bank's improper conduct in postponing the redemption of the government three per cents., and thereby delaying the liquidation of the public debt, which was a favourite measure of the administration; third, its exaction of damages ($170,041), for dishonour of the government's draft on France for four millions of francs, being the first instalment due under a recent treaty with the French; and fourth, interference with politics. Mr. Duane not deeming these reasons sufficient, refused either to give the desired order, or to resign his office. Not to be thwarted thus, the president summarily dismissed the refractory officer, and appointed in his stead Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, who immediately complied with the wishes of the executive, and the deposits were removed. They were transferred to the care of several state banks; the opposition choosing to consider such institutions equally unsafe as the "mother bank," the whole matter presently became a subject of fierce recrimination and debate, both in and out of Congress. The bank party were strongly in majority; yet they suffered the government funds to remain where they had been confided by the new secretary, contenting themselves with placing upon record in the senate a resolution denouncing in the strongest terms the

conduct of the executive. This was, however, subsequently "expunged, through the exertions of Mr. Benton and his associates, when the "de mocracy" came into power.

General Jackson's cabinet, on the commencement of his second term, underwent a considerable modification. Altogether, he seems to have ex perienced a deal of difficulty in the selection of his constitutional advisers none of them appeared to view things exactly in the light he did. The gentleman he now called around him, were the following: Edward Liv. ingston, of New-York, Secretary of State; Louis M'Lane, of Delaware, Secretary of the Treasury; Lewis Cass, of Michigan, Secretary of War; Mahlon Dickerson, of New-Jersey, Secretary of the Navy; Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, Attorney General; William T. Barry, of Kentucky, Post Master General.

This year was promulgated the particulars of a treaty between the United States and Russia, which was negotiated at St. Petersburgh between Count Nesselrode on the part of the emperor, and James Buchanan in behalf of the States. By its provisions, the present liberal system of commerce carried on between the two nations was put upon a permanent basis.

Some have a curious fancy for noticing the departure, from among men, of distinguished characters: we observe, in the year's obituary, several names of note. Commodore Bainbridge died at Philadelphia, 57. Gen eral Coffee, at Florence, Alabama, 62. Governor Scott, of Mississippi. Ex-governors Wolcott, of Connecticut, Skinner, of Vermont, and Ed. wards, of Illinois. John Randolph, of Roanoke, in Philadelphia, Æ 61. Judge Hall, of North- Carolina, a distinguished jurist. Colonel Amos Binney, of Massachusetts, 65. Colonel John Neilson, of New-Jersey, a revolutionary hero. Colonel Nicholas Fish, of New-York, the same Near the mouth of Red River, by explosion on the steamboat Lioness Senator Johnson, of Louisiana, and fourteen others: strange to relate this sad occurrence did not take place on account of a race, but was owing to a quantity of gunpowder being stowed carelessly. In England, Lieu tenant-colonel Tarleton, the indefatigable tory opponent of Sumpter and Marion, at the South. Also, Hannah More, the authoress; Wilberforce, the humanitist; Keane, the actor; and Rammohun Roy, the philosopher. In Paris, Marshal Jourdan, and Savary, duke of Rovigo, noted once as Bonapartists. In Germany, Goethe. In Spain, Ferdinand VII.

A. D. 1834.-We observe in the chronicles of this epoch, an unusual tendency to rioting. Small matters seem in various sections to have been magnified into importance, and the populace incited to acts which resulted in the destruction of life and property. At New-Orleans, a canal riot broke out between adverse parties of Irish labourers; a body of gens d'armes being sent to quell the disturbance, were fired upon by the mob, which was in turn charged on by the police, when much bloodshed and distress ensued. In New-York, the abolition riots prevailed for several days; a number of churches and private dwellings were destroyed, with a large amount of property. In Charlestown, Massachusetts, the Ursuline convent was barbarously demolished, its lady abbess being thrown into hysterics, and its young lady-inmates considerably frightened.

That a better spirit was about that time pervading the higher class of citizens, we have much satisfaction in knowing: the evidence of this is particularly apparent in an energetic movement to suppress the prevalent pernicious practice of lottery-gambling. In New-York and Pensylvania, more especially, popular feeling had been manifested in favour of the nuisance, to a very discreditable degree; but the good sense of the lawmakers triumphed, and, maugre the infatuation of the brawlers, effectual penal prohibitory statutes were enacted.

A treaty rather favourable than otherwise to our commercial interests.

was this year concluded in the city of Madrid, between C. P. Van Ness, minister of the U. S. and Don Jose de Heredia, commissioner for the acting government of her youthful Majesty Doña Ysabel II., of Spain.Also, another commercial arrangement, promising well for the trade of the two countries, was about the same time negotiated, between the North American envoy at Valparaiso and the authorities of the republic of Chili, South America.

The savans of this hemisphere were subject to an unusual excitement, about the month of November. In the previous autumn, an astronomical phenomenon of an astonishing and singularly beautiful character had been witnessed the "shower of stars," as it was termed, had been seen along the whole line of the American continent, and afforded ample food for much curious conjecture with the learned both of this country and Europe. A recurrence of the phenomenon was now looked for, and there were nightly watchers on many house-tops, anxious either for the sake of philosophy in particular, or an indefinite desire for“ enlightenment" in general. The professors at New Haven were applied to, and after devoting a reasonable share of attention to the probabilities of the case, consented to deputize a proper individual to make observations; but in this instance we believe, their assiduity was of no avail, as it did not result in any peculiarly valuable scientific elucidations.

In the obituary for this year, appears a name which still shines brilliant in American annals: that of General the Marquis de Lafayette, deceased at Paris, May 20th, in the 76th year of his age. In England, Prince Hoare, G. Lamb, and S. T. Coleridge, each of celebrity for literary attainments.Also, in London, George Clymer, of Pa., and Earl Spencer, Earl Bathirst, Lord Breadalbane, and the duke of Sutherland. In the United States, Hon. Jonas Platt, of N. Y.; Cadwallader D. Colden, do.; governors, Porter of Mich. : Breathitt, of Ky.; Ex-governors, Jennings, of Ia.; Lloyd, of Md. Col. William Polk, Æ 76, at Raleigh, N. C.; General Brodnax, of Va. General Leavenworth, U. S. Army, near Fort Towson. In Georgia, William H. Crawford, celebrated in the political antag onism between Clay, Calhoun, Jackson, and Adams. At Washington city, Hon. J. Blair, of S. C., in a fit of insanity committed suicide; also, Hon. Mr. Bouldin, of Va., in the house of representatives fell dead in his place, while speaking in memory of Randolph, his predecessor; in the same city, William Wirt, Æ 62; in Georgetown, D. C., Lorenzo Dow, the eccentric itinerant preacher, who had travelled throughout this country and Europe, and probably addressed a greater variety of persons than any other divine since the days of Whitfield.

:

A. D. 1835.-From first to last of this year, the public mind was kept in agitation respecting the near prospect of a collision with France. Our readers have been apprized of the origin of this difficulty, i. e., a non-compliance with the terms of the Rives treaty of '31, completed in good faith between that minister and the government of the French monarch. The Chambers of France had in this case certainly exhibited an extremely dilatory and unusual spirit, in neglecting to make provision for the pay ment of their just dues; whereupon the hot blood of his warlike excellency, Andrew Jackson, began to boil, and he was betrayed by his indignation forthwith into an assumption of the extreme prerogatives of his magisterial office-to the surprise of his own people, and the astonishment of the French. His message to Congress in December, '34, was replete with belligerent breathings; immediate attention to the defences of the nation was demanded, appropriations for increase of the navy, &c., recommended, and reprisals upon the commerce of France, as soon as practicable, strongly advised. Fortunately, the senate at once and unanimously refused to act upon the executive suggestions; and the house, wherein the president was slightly in majority, handled the matter so