try round, were studiously improved and embellished. After the overthrow of the power of the caliphs, and the accession of the Turkish dynasty of Seljuck, Shiras fell into the possession of a petty dynasty of Attabegs. It was afterwards ruled by four princes of the Mozaffar family, who were driven out by one of the sons of Timur. Shiras continued to share in the perpetual revolutions of the Persian empire, and suffered particularly by the invasion of the Afghans; but it revived under Kurreem Khan, who, during his reign of 22 years, made it the seat of his empire, and not only fortified, but embellished it with a great variety of public buildings. In the dreadful civil wars which followed his death, Shiras not only suffered neglect, but was taken by Aga Mahommed, who levelled all its fortifications to the ground, leaving only a mud wall for the defence of the city. The environs of Shiras are described as almost unrivalled in point of beauty and fertility. They are laid out to a great extent in magnificent gardens, the flowers and fruits of which form a favourite theme of eastern poetry. Hafiz, the Anacreon of the east, was a native of Shiras, and composed most of his productions in these delightful retreats. He is buried in a small garden, about half a mile from the town, and a tomb has been erected to him by Kurreem Khan, consisting merely of a block of white marble, in the form of a tomb, on which are inscribed two of his poems, and the date of his death. His works are not, as has been stated, chained to the tomb; but a splendid copy of them is always kept in an adjoining house. Near this spot is the garden of Jehan Nama, the most beautiful in the neighbourhood of this place, and known in the time of Kurreem, by the title of the Vakeel's garden. Adjoining are the stream of Racknabad, and the bower of Mossella, so celebrated in the verses of the poet; the former consisting merely of a small rivulet of the clearest water, not more than two feet wide; while of the bower not a shrub now remains, and its site is only marked by the ruins of an ancient tower. The appearance of Shiras, seen amid this beautiful scenery, is rather pleasing than grand. The lofty domes of the mosques, discovered from afar amid the trees, diversify and enrich the view. The internal aspect of the place presents a striking contrast, usually observed in oriental cities, particularly those of Persia. The narrow, winding, and dirty streets, and the paltry houses, excite no idea answering to the second city of Persia, and one of the most celebrated in the east. Its magnificence consists solely in a few public buildings, of which the most remarkable is the great bazar, or market

place, built by Kurreem Khan. It is in length about a quarter of a mile, made of yellow burnt brick, and arched at the top, having numerous skylights, which, with its doors and windows, always admit sufficient light and air, whilst the sun and rain are completely excluded. This bazar is allotted to the different traders of the city, all of whom have their assigned quarters, which they possess under strict regulations. The ark, or citadel, which forms the residence of the governor, is a fortified square, of eighty yards. The royal palace within is far from being an elegant structure; and some pillars, which were its greatest ornament, were removed by Aga Mahommed, to adorn his palace at Jehraun. Shiras still boasts a population of 40,000, and carries on an extensive commerce, which, during the tranquillity of the last few years, has greatly increased. It consists chiefly in receiving from Bushire the spices and cotton goods of India, and transmitting them to Ispahan and Yezd. The sides also of the hills which bound the plain of Shiras, produce a wine which has the highest reputation of any in Persia, or even in the east. Long. 52. 44. E. Lat. 29. 36. N.

SHIRAVERD, a village of Ghilan, 30 miles S. of Astara.

SHIRBEY, a village of Syria, in the pachalic of Aleppo, 15 miles E. of Aleppo.

SHIRBORN, a small river of England, in Warwickshire, which runs into the Sow at Whitby.

SHIRBORNE, a parish of England, in Oxfordshire, 4 miles S. by E. of Tetsworth. SHIRCOAT, a township of England, West Riding of Yorkshire, adjoining to Halifax. Population 2823.

SHIREBURN. Sce Sherborne.

SHIREHAMPTON, a hamlet of England, in Gloucestershire, 5 miles N. W. of Bristol.

SHIRENEWTON, a village and parish of England, in Monmouthshire, 4 miles W. of Chepstow. Population of parish, 622.

SHIRLAND, a parish of England, in Derbyshire, 24 miles N. by W. of Alfreton. Population 1197.

SHIRLEY, a township of England, in Derbyshire, 44 miles N. E. of Ashborne.

SHIRLEY, a post township of the United States, in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 41 miles W. N. W. of Boston. Population 814.-2d, Of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. Population 862.

SHIRLEYSBURG, a post village of the United States, in Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania.

SHIRVAN, a province in the north of Persia, forming the largest and most important division of the southern Caucasus. It consists of a large triangular peninsula, the point of which stretches into the Cas

mains of Danish intrenchments are still visible.

SHOCCOE SPRINGS, mineral springs in the United States, in Warren county, North Carolina, which are much resorted to.

SHOCHIE, a small river of Scotland, in the county of Perth, which falls into the Tay at Luncartie.

of them had their hair shaved or cut short off, leaving only a few locks behind, or on one side. As a covering for the head they wore a hood of skins, and a bonnet apparently of wood. One part of their dress was a kind of girdle, very neatly made of skin, with trappings depending from it, and passing between the legs, so as to conceal the adjoining parts. By the use of such a girdle, it should seem that they sometimes go naked, even in this high latitude, for they hardly wear it under their own clothing. The canoes were made of skins, like all the others we had lately seen; except that these were broader, and the hole in which the man sits was wider than in any I had before met with." Long. 198. 12. E. Lat. 60. N.

SHOALS, ISLES OF, or SMITH'S ISLANDS, seven islands on the coast of New Hampshire, 11 miles S. E. of Portsmouth. Long. 70. 33. W. Lat. 42. 59. N. Staten island, on which is the town of Gosport, belongs to New Hampshire; the rest belong to Maine. They are inhabited by about 100 fishermen.

SHOAL-WATER BAY, a bay on the east coast of New Holland, visited by captain Flinders in 1802, who mentions that it offers no advantages to ships which may not be had on any other part of the coast, except that the tides rise higher, and that in the winter season fish are more plentiful than farther to the south. Long. of Aken's island, situated at its entrance, 150. 15. E. Lat. 22. 21. 35. S.

SHOAL-WATER BAY, a bay on the west coast of North America. Long. 124. 10. W. Lat. 46. 50. N.

SHOAL WATER CAPE, a high and bluff headland on the north-west coast of North America, so called by captain Mears. Long. 235. 11. E. Lat. 46. 47. N.

SHOBA, a town of Darfur, in Central Africa, 42 miles W. S. W. of Cobbe.

SHOBDON, a village and parish of England, in the county of Hereford. The church here has been elegantly rebuilt at the expence of lord viscount Bateman, who has an elegant seat in the neighbourhood, called Shobdon Court. Population 501. 8 miles from Leominster.

SHOBROOKE, a parish of England, in Devonshire, 2 miles E. N. E. of Crediton. Population 724.

SHOBURY, NORTH and SOUTH, two villages of England, in Essex, near the mouth of the Thames, and opposite the buoy of the Nore. South Shobury is situated on a point of land called Shobury Ness, 2 miles from the rising village of Southend. It contains only about 200 inhabitants, but it is recorded to have been anciently a town of some consequence, and many re

SHOCKLACH CHURCH, a village of England, county of Chester, 13 miles S. by E. of Chester.

SHOCKLACH OVIAT, a village in the above county, 1 mile S. by E. of the foregoing.

SHOE, a small island in the Pacific ocean, near the coast of Waygoo. Long. 130. 53. E. Lat. 0. 1. S.

SHOKET, a village of Syria, in the pachalic of Damascus, on the Orontes. miles N. of Damascus.

140

SHOLAPOOR, a district of Hindostan, province of Bejapore, situated about the 18th degree of northern latitude. Part of it belongs to the Nizam, the remainder to the Mahrattas. It is advantageously situated between the rivers Kistna and Beemah, and under a good government would be very productive.

SHOLAPOOR, the capital of the above mentioned district. It is a fortified town, and was formerly a place of considerable conse quence. It is delightfully situated on the northern bank of the river Kistna, and belongs to the Nizam. It was taken by the army of Aurungzebe, from the king of Bejapore, and was then considered as the strongest bulwark of the capital towards Ahmednagur. Long. 75. 40. E. Lat. 17. 43. N.

SHOLAVANDEN, a town of the south of India, province of the Carnatic. Long. 78. 10. E. Lat. 9. 50. N.

1

SHOLDEN, a hamlet of England, in Kent, mile W. of Deal.

SHOLINGUR, a town of the south of India, province of the Carnatic, rendered famous by the defeat of Hyder Aly, in November 1781, by a very inferior British force under the command of sir Eyre Coote. Long. 79. 30. E. Lat. 13. 8. N.

SHOOTER'S HILL, a village of England, in the county of Kent, situated on a hill of the same name, beyond Blackheath, on the road to Dartford. This hill commands

SHOOTER'S HILL, a hill of England, in Kent, 446 feet in height.

SHOOTING POINT, a cape of Scotland, on the south coast of the county of Fife, and east side of Largo bay.

SHOPLAND, a parish of England, in Essex, 1 mile N. E. of Prittlewell.

SHOREDITCH, a parish of England, in Middlesex, situated on the north-eastern extremity of the metropolis, on the road to Hackney, and 1 mile from London bridge. Population 43,930.

SHOREHAM, a parish of England, in Kent, 23 miles E. of Chichester, and 55 S. by W. of London. Population 806.

SHOREHAM, a post township of the United States, in Addison county, Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 49 miles S. of Burlington. Population 2033.

SHOREHAM, OLD, a parish of England, in Sussex, half a mile north of New Shoreham.

SHORENIAM, NEw, a market town and borough of England, in the county of Sussex, situated on the coast of the English channel, on the east side of the river Adur. This town owes its origin to the decay of Old Shoreham, which is now a very trifling village, but appears anciently to have been a place of very considerable importance. The town stands about one mile from the sea, and has a long wooden bridge across the river, for the convenience of travelling between Chichester, Arundel, Brighton, &c. The church here is a curious and interesting specimen of ancient Norman architecture. At present only the east end is fitted up and appropriated to divine service, as the nave or part westward of the tower has been entirely destroyed. It consisted of a nave, transept, tower, and choir; and, by the style of architecture, appears to have been built near the end of the 12th century. Within the church the architectural details are remarkable for their elegance, richness, and diversity; and the building may be altogether considered as an excellent school for the study of our ancient architecture. Besides the church, the only other public building deserving of notice is the market-house, situated in the middle of the town, and supported by Doric pillars. Before the reformation, New Shoreham had a priory of Carmelites or White Friars, founded by sir John Mowbray; and also a hospital dedicated to St James. Shoreham is noted for ship-building, which, with its dependent branches, forins the principal business carried on in the town. Vessels of 700 tons burden have been launched here. The harbour of Shoreham, which is a tide harbour, is not very commodious, and is rendered dangerous from the frequent shifting of the

sands, and by a long flat rock visible at low water. In spring tides it has about 18 feet water, about 12 in common, and not more than 3 feet at ebb. It runs along by the town, parallel with the sea, with which it communicates about half a mile eastward of the place. Notwithstanding these inconveniences, being the best of this part of the coast, it is frequented by ships of con siderable burden, and has a custom-house, with a collector, comptroller, and clerk. New Shoreham is governed by two constables annually elected. It is a borough by prescription, and has sent members to parliament since the year 1295, the 23d of Edward I. In 1771, a remarkable scene of corruption was developed in the election of members; the majority of the electors having formed themselves into a society called the Christian club, but the real object of which was to sell their votes to the highest bidder. In consequence of this, an act of parliament was passed, disfranchising every member of the Christian society, and ex tending the votes for Shoreham to the whole rape of Bramber; so that the right of election was imparted to about 1300 freeholders. Shoreham is noted in history for being built on the spot where Ella the Saxon landed with supplies from Germany, in aid of his countrymen Hengist and Horsa. According to the population returns of 1811, the parish contained 168 houses, and 770 inhabitants. Market on Saturday. 16 miles N. N. W. of Newhaven, and 56 S. by W. of London. Long. 0. 16. W. Lat. 50. 50. N.

SHOREHAM, NEW, a post township of the United States, in Newport county, Rhode Island, on Black island. Popula tion 722.

SHORELAND, a small hamlet of England, in Kent, 4 miles from Ashford.

SHORESWOOD, a hamlet of England, be longing to the county of Durham, though locally situated in the northern extremity of Northumberland, 6 miles S. W. of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

SHORNE, a village and parish of Eng land, in the county of Kent. Its situation is very pleasant and romantic. In the chancel of the church are some antique monuments, and here is a curious old octangular font of Petworth marble. Population 624. 3 miles S. E. of Gravesend.

SHORTGRAVE, a hamlet of England, in Essex, 2 miles from Saffron Walden.

SHORWELL, a village and parish of England, in the Isle of Wight, beautifully situated in a valley. The church has a neat spire and a stone pulpit, and contains seve ral handsome monuments of the Leigh fi mily. Population 561. 5 miles from Newport.

SHOSHONEES, a small tribe of Indians in North America, belonging to the nation of the Snake Indians, a vague denomination, which embraces at once the inhabitants of the southern parts of the Rocky mountains, and of the plains on each side. They amount to about 100 warriors, and three times that number of women and children. Within their own recollection they formerly lived in the plains, but they have been driven into the mountains by the Pawkees, or the roving Indians of the Sascatchawain, and are now obliged to visit occasionally, and by stealth, the country of their ancestors. Their lives are indeed migratory. From the middle of May to the beginning of September, they reside on the waters of the Columbia, where they consider themselves perfectly secure from the Pawkees, who have never yet found their way to that retreat. During this time they subsist chiefly on salmon, and as that fish disappears on the approach of autuinn, they are obliged to seek subsistence elsewhere. They then cross the ridge to the waters of the Missouri, down which they proceed slowly and cautiously, till they are joined near the three forks by other bands, either of their own nation or of the Flatheads, with whom they associate against the common eneiny. Being now strong in numbers, they venture to hunt buffaloe in the plains eastward of the mountains, near which they spend the winter, till the return of the salmon invites them to the Columbia. But such is their terror of the Pawkees, that as long as they can obtain the scantiest subsistence, they do not leave the interior of the mountains; and as soon as they collect a large stock of dried meat, they again retreat, thus alternately obtaining their food at the hazard of their lives, and hiding themselves to consume it. In this loose and wandering existence they suffer the extremes of want: for two-thirds of the year they are forced to live in the mountains, passing whole weeks without meat, and with nothing to eat but a few fish and roots. Nor can any thing be imagined more wretched than their condition in the autumn, when the salmon is fast retiring, when roots are becoming scarce, and they have not yet acquired strength to hazard an encounter with their enemies. This tribe are all mounted on horseback. Their stock of horses is ample. They had, while Lewis and Clarke resided with them, about 700, among which were 40 colts, and half that number of mutes. There are few wild horses in this part of America: they are all appropriated by the natives, and are generally very fine, of a good size, vigorous, and patient of fatigue,as well as hunger. Each warrior has one or two tied to a stake near

VOL. V. PART II.

his hut both day and night, so as to be ske ways prepared for action. The mules are obtained in the course of trade from the Spaniards, with whose brands several of them are marked, or stolen from them by the frontier Indians. They are the finest animals of the kind seen, and at this distance from the Spanish colonies are very highly valued. The worst are considered as worth the price of two horses, and a good mule cannot be obtained for less than three, and sometimes four horses. Lewis and Clarke mention that they also saw a bridle bit, stirrups, and several other articles, which, like the mules, come from the Spanish colonies, which the Shoshonees say they reach in a route of ten days, by the Yellowstone river. As war is the chief occupation, bravery is the first virtue among the Shoshonees. None can hope to be distinguished without having given proofs of it, nor can there be any prefer ment or influence among the nation," without some warlike achievement. Those important events which give reputation to a warrior, and which entitle him to a new name, are killing a white bear, stealing individually the horses of the enemy, leading ont a party who happen to be successful either in p'undering horses or destroying the enemy, and lastly, scalping a warrior. These acts seem of nearly equal dignity; but the last, that of taking an enemy's scalp, is an honour quite independent of the act of vanquishing him. To kill your adversary is of no importance, unless the scalp is brought from the field of battle; and were a warrior to slay any number of his enemies in action, and others were to obtain the scalps, or first touch the dead, they would have all the honours, since they have borne off the trophy. Although inucht oppressed by the Minnetarees, the Shosho nees are still a very military people. Their cold and rugged country inures them to fatigue; their long abstinence makes them support the dangers of mountain warfare, and although they are often worn down by want of sustenance, they still retain a look of fierce and adventurous courage. The Shoshonce warrior always fights on horseback; he possesses a few bad guns, which are reserved exclusively for war; but his common arms are the bow and arrow, a shield, a lance, and a weapon called by the Chippeways, by whom it was formerly used, the poggamoggon. The bow is made of cedar or pine, covered on the outer side with sinews and glue. It is about two and a half feet long, and does not differ in shape from those used by the Sioux, Mandans, and Mintretarees. Sometimes, however, the bow is made of a single piece of the horn of

20