SEVENTH RULE OF SYNTAX. 63. THE NOUN OR PRONOUN ADDRESSED OR SPOKEN TO, IS OF THE SECOND PERSON, AND IS CALLED THE NOMINATIVE CASE INDEPENDENT. EIGHTH RULE OF SYNTAX. 64. WHEN TWO OR MORE NOUNS, OR A NOUN AND PRONOUN, COME TOGETHER, AND MEAN THE SAME PERSON OR THING, THEY ARE SAID TO BE IN APPOSITION, AND AGREE IN CASE. Parse the following sentences, and apply the three preceding rules. Hush! boys, in that seat. Holla! master, with your cart full of apples. Hail, to your lordship. Alas! poor country! All hail! thou lovely queen of night! Bright empress of the starry sky! Before thy glory, harvest moon. Oh, blissful days! Ah me! how soon ye pass! Lights of the world, and demigods of fame. Hail, ye mighty masters of the lay! Nature's true sons, the friends of man and truth. Oh! deep-enchanting prelude of repose, VERBS. 65. A Verb is a word which expresses what is said or affirmed of persons or things; as, He sleeps. John loves Charles. Charles is loved by John. Tell the verbs in the following sentences. The child cries. John laughed. Charles spoke to Henry. Mary dressed a doll. George raised his kite. The cat caught a mouse. William kicked his football. The ball was kicked by William. was loved by David. milk. The bell has tolled. has passed the school-house. David loved Jonathan. Jonathan The horse neighed. The cow gives The dog barks. The carriage Boys love to play. 66. The noun or pronoun, which is the subject of the verb, is the nominative case to the verb, and may be generally known by asking the question, Who? or What? as, The child cries. By asking the question, Who cries? the answer is, The child. Therefore the word child is the nominative case to the verb cries. Tell the nominative case and the verbs in the following sentences. The The child cries. John spoke. The fire burns. We should be industrious. I love. Thou art improved. birds sing. Horses neigh. The dog barks in the street. Trees grow in the garden. The boys play in the field. The girls laughed in the school-room. The master frowned. A liar will be punished. The truant will not escape. Sharp scissors will cut. Mischievous boys will be whipped. Idle girls will be reproved by their teacher. The master's desk has been painted. Mary's advice was followed by her younger brother. 67. The noun or pronoun, which is the object of the verb, is in the objective case, and governed by the verb. It may generally be known by asking the question, Whom? or What? as, John struck Charles. By asking the question, Whom did John strike? the answer is, Charles. Therefore Charles is the objective case, and governed by the verb struck. Tell the nominative and objective cases in the following sentences. We love him. James loves me. It amuses him. We shall conduct them. They will divide the spoil. Soldiers should defend their country. Friends invite friends. She can read her lesson. Enemies pursue enemies. She may play a tune. You might please her. Thou mayest ask him. He may have betrayed us. We might have seen the children. John can deliver the message. Charlotte recited her lesson. Thou hast obeyed my voice. I honour my father. supports me. My mother took care of me. He 68. There are three kinds of verbs; Active Verbs, Passive Verbs, and Neuter Verbs. 69. Active verbs are those which are followed by a noun or pronoun in the objective case; as, William called me; I obeyed William. John struck a ball. 70. Passive verbs express the receiving of an action, and generally have a nominative case which receives the action, and are followed by an objective case expressed or understood, by which the action is performed; as, A ball was struck by John. 71. The word neuter means neither. All verbs which are neither active nor passive, are called neuter verbs. 72. Verbs have moods, tenses, numbers, and persons. 73. There are five moods; the Indicative, Subjunctive, Potential, Imperative, and Infinitive. 74. There are six tenses; the Present, the Imperfect, the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Future Perfect tenses. 75. The indicative and subjunctive moods have all the six tenses. The potential has four; namely, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, and the pluperfect. The infinitive has two; namely, the present, and the perfect; and the imperative has none. 76. Verbs have three participles; the Present Participle, the Perfect Participle, and the Compound Perfect Participle. 77. There are two forms of verbs, called Regular and Irregular. The imperfect tense and perfect participle of regular verbs are formed by adding ed to the present tense; as, Present. Bless, Esteem, Imperfect. Favoured, Blessed, Esteemed, Perfect Participle. 78. When the present tense ends in e, the imperfect tense and perfect participle are formed by adding d only; as, 79. To conjugate a verb, is to name its present tense, imperfect tense, and perfect participle. Conjugate the following regular verbs. Love, approve, move, esteem, favour, admire, roll, walk, dress, cease, seize, engage, dine, pass, bless, pray, remove, inquire, crack, join, jump, believe, close, strengthen, continue, augment, enhance, look, espouse, resign, present, watch, punish, thrash, suggest, repose, toll, receive, share, roar, pour. 80. The imperfect tense and perfect participle of irregular verbs, are not formed by adding d or ed to the present tense; 81 Perfect Participle Seen. Run. Gone. Known. Written. LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS. The verbs marked r admit also the regular form. |