than from any experience of their utility; but this need not hinder the learner from attending to them, whenever he finds fuch compounds of any fervice.

There is no other form for gerunds and fupines, than the infinitive, ở perfect participle, as already explained in page 109; to be here illuftrated by the subsequent examples:

Souda yih kea kurega nit is qudur ka rona

Alum ko ae deewane mut fath le deobona.

سودا یوه کیا کریگا نت استندر کا رونا

عالم گودی دیوانی مست ساتهه ای و بونا

What will this conftant weeping of your's come to, Souda? tears, O, mad man!

Deluge not the world with thy

In which, as in other places, the infinitive is fubftituted for the imperative, and like this, admits of the negative, mut.

My wounds are mortal, then what can accrue from fitching them? Death even is now acceptable; for what can I expect from living thus? Will the thirst of defire be abated by fuch coldnefs? Or can my foul rejoice, O cup-bearer, by drinking fo fparingly of wine ?

مجھی اوسکی کہی سنتی اور اپنی کچھ نہیں کہنی

Mooj,he oos kee kuhee foonnee our upnee koochh nuheeň kuhneee

avoided by pee fukta, and fo on. The fcholar muft alfo recollect what has been before said of the preterite occurring for the infinitive; becaufe this in the oblique, cannot with chubeef, oportet, be substituted for that; although it be admiffible uninflected, as the following will prove :— Moojhe oofko kuhna (or kuha) chuhee,e, mean, me oportet ei dicere, or rather, mihi dicendum est illi: But, mooj,he oos ko kuhne ko chuheee, fignifies, that I require fomething as a subject to tell him. The complete, like the contracted, infinitive, is alfo the fimple noun, khana, to eat; bich hanna, to spread; orhna, to cover; rumna, to range; belna, to roll; being likewise, food; a bed, a cover, a range or park, a roller; and when a, becomes ee, the noun of instrument is formed, chalna, to fift; chalnee, a fifter; likhna, to write; likhnee, a pen; kuturna, to clip; kuturnee, fciffars; foonghna, to fmell; foonghnee, fnuff. There, however, belong to another feation, as they are properly rather objects of derivation, than conjugation, to be confidered fully hereafter.

Puree

پري بين ابتد کهانی گالیان اور بولیان سہنی Parse byid ab to khanee galeet our boleeat fubnet

Puřee hyň ub fuhnee.

FYZ.

I must now hear her upbraiding, without faying a word in return; put up with abuse, and patiently submit to every farcafm.

And in these verfes from the fame author:

Gool ne luga,ee hurchund ch,hatee se pur yih fhub num

Uzbus ki lařlee hy keuň kur nu howe ronce.

گل نی لگائی ہر چند جهاني سي پر بهر شب نم از بکه لاد لی ہی کیونکر نهودي روني

Though the flowers cherish the morning dew in their bofom, as a darling, how can it be otherwise than weeping child? (or daughter of the skies?).

The intelligent reader will, in the preceding quotations obferve, how parallel the Hindoostanee gerund is to the Latin, in dum, or participle, in dus, in several particulars; and that the inflected infinitive, with or without a poftpofition, fecms equivalent to the fupines in um, and u.

As I do not conceive it incumbent on me to enter into a difquifition on the nature and properties of this or that mood; fuffice it here to mention, that, as in English, much depends on the tone, emphasis, and posture of the words that compofe fentences, whofe verb belongs to the indicative or conjunctive moods; whether as declarative, negative, interrogative, or requifitive therein; and that the learner must truft more to practical than didactick inftruction, in this part of his progress through the Hindooftanee language.

The paffive voice requires no immediate illustration, fince it may be found in many places of this work; and it must be obvious to every body, that numberlefs intranfitives want it entirely. Perhaps no tongue can boast of a form of conjugation fo alluringly fimple as the prefent, but perfection is not to be expected in what the most regular of all modern languages, compared with this, is remarkably deficient; I fhall, therefore, confider in Section III. the feveral auxiliary and irregular verbs, which, till now, could not well be the objects of our attention, that the scholar may be furnished, as far as in my power, with every thing requifite for a complete knowledge of this important subject. See Perfian Grammar, page 57 to 69.

SECTION

SECTION III.

OF AUXILIARY, IMPERSONAL, IRREGULAR, DEFECTIVE,
AND OTHER VERBS.

to

Hona C and jana ɩɩ fo completely anfwer every purpose of be, have, do, as to leave little room for expatiating on them more fully than has already been done in the first fection; where they appear not only in their various independant tenfes, but also combined as real auxiliaries with the tranfitive verb marna to beat, in both its active and paffive voices; at the fame time accompanied, with fuch occafional notes and obfervations, as will I trust be found pertinent and instructive. Rubna continue, is a regular neuter verb, like manere, and not unfrequent as a fimple auxiliary instead of hona, but generally implying a continuance of action like the tenfes named (a) Imperfect or Continuative; which, may therefore with ruhna, be advantageously formed. Jana, to go, be, &c. is alfo often used as an auxiliary in the fame way, and fubfervient to the formation likewife of many imperatives, both in a fucceffive and precative fenfe. See page 108, note (5), and the following examples:

Soobh hote booh gye fare chiragh

Dagh i dil ta fham julta hee ruha. (a)

FIGHAN.

صبح ہوتي بجه گي ساري چراغ داغ دل تا شام جانتا ہی رہا

When the dawn appeared, every lamp went out, but the flame of defire burned on even till night.

Khoon mera dooshmun jo peeta jafga

Yih nu fumjhe woh ki jeeta jaga.

خون میرا دشمن جو پیتا جار گا روہ کہ جیتا جا کا

The enemy who fall thirst after my blood muft not believe that he shall live.

(a) Iftimraree or mordamee: In ruhna, the oriental scholar will at once recognise basheedun, of the Perfian, in jana, fhoodun, and in hona, boodun; though I do not pretend to fay that they are all exactly parallel in both languages.

(b) Continued burning on, &c. The bee above has been long ago explained in pages 66, 67, ai a compatible affix to verbs, &c. of which there are feveral examples in this work.

Ae afeerani qufus bagh meň ate jap

Ch,hoote ho qyd se ub nachte gate jap.

FYZ.

اي اسير ان قفس باغ بين آتي جاو چہوتي ہو قیدی اب ناچتی گاتی جاو

Come to the garden, ye captives from cages, now you are free from your prifon; trip and fing (continue tripping and finging) around.

Kabe ko bhee nu jaeee dyr ko bhee nu keejee e moon h.

DURD.

Go not to the holy mofque, nor turn thy face to the temple.

Lazim nuheen ki chhor mooj,he ee,ar jaece

Bihtur yih hy ki jee se mõõj,he mar jaeee.

FYZ.

ک بے کو بھی تھائی ویر کو بھی کبھی مونہہ د بهي نتيجي به نمائي

لازم نهین که چهور مجھی یار جاني باتريه هي كه جي سي تجري مارجائي

It is not becoming, my fair, to caft me off thus; better at once deprive me of life,

Keejeee, in the line from Durd, is evidently a contraction of kee-jaeee, as the other irregular verbs have a similar imperative, to be inferted a little further on in its proper place.

Let, as a distinct auxiliary, is for the most part expreffed by the imperative of dena to give, which follows the inflected infinitive of the principal verb, as may be seen in the feveral inverfe imperatives; though in some cafes lena to take, with the contracted form of its accompanying verb, feems to fupply the other's place; a-le, let him come; ja-le, let him go; unless we refer this to the regular imperative of the compounded verbs, like pee-lena for peena, to drink, fo common in this language; to be noticed at full length in the next fection. What is above faid, and all that here follows relative to auxiliaries, have no connection with the auxiliary figns inherent in the tenses of verbs, as Sukna to be able, is regularly conjugated exhibited in the first fection. like marna, both as an independent verb, and auxiliary: myň fukta hy, I can; myň fuka, I could; myn chul Sukoonga, I fhall be able to walk; too See pages 108 and 137. Ana is chul fuke, (if) thou be able to walk. and jana leven, may thus reprefent can

or could: moojhe bhee pyr ata

I alfo can fwim ; yefterday I could not walk at all; kulh مجھی ہی پیر آتا ہی hy مجهي بهي 2 کله مجه سي مطلق چلا نہیں جاتا تہا majh fe modeluq chula nuheer jata tha

an

Pana

indirect mode of fpeech, common in the Hindooftanee tongue.

O o

il

Pana ↓↓ invenire, and milna licere, occafionally exprefs may, might.

Kifee ko oos fhuhi khooban tuluk jana nuheeň milta

کسیکو اوس شه خوبان تلک جانانه این مارتا

مگر خلوت مین اوسکی ایک مین ہی جانی پاتا ہوں . Mugur khilwut meit oofke ek myihe jane pata hai

FYZ.

No one may approach that paragon of beauty, but I alone may go into her presence.

Gye we din kidhur faqee ki peene jami my pae.

گی دی دن که هر ساقي که پيني جام مي پائي ي ديدن

FYZ.

Where, O cup-bearer, are those days gone, when we might enjoy the fparkling glafs

Age humko is fhuhr men ghore bechne mile the pur ub nuheen.

Formerly we might fell horfes in this city; but not now. That is to say, we were allowed, or permiffion was granted us to fell, &c. See page 133.

With boga, ufed imperfonally, like the Perfian fhaed, may be (perhaps) is often expreffed, and is deducible from the future of the fubjunctive by contraction, as myň mara hooonga or hoga. See pages 103, 104, and 113.

Will, would, shall, should, must and ought, as they relate to inclination, duty, propriety, neceflity, &c. are variously denoted by these regular verbs, chahna to will, need, require; purna l to happen, bunna, to be made, and to them we may add hona, jana; fince the infinitive or verbal noun fignifies, with these as in Latin, shall, muft, &c. See page 139. They are all much used imperfonally, thus, chabeeta by oporteat; chabece thay cred opus eft; milta licet;* for

oportebat; purta" """

oportet; chabece (c)

evenit; buna by

in fact the imperfonals here, are complete verbs in the third perfon, and require in the active voice mčoj, he? mihi, tooj be " tibi; but moojh se sap

G

صبا کرلی اوراق گل تک زرافشان پري رو گو یک خط لکھا چاہتا ہوں

Ye zephyrs, prepare some orient leaves in the garden, and I will (or wish to) write a letter to my angelic chariner.

(c) This is the requifitive form of the aorist in the third perfon, and generally used for the present above. They both come from chahna or chubna, rather anomaloufly; unless it be granted that this verb was formerly chuheena, like buheena, kubeena, &c. of old, for the modern buhna, to flow; kuhna, to say.

Ghumzu